A Higher Polygenic Risk Score Is Associated with a Higher Recurrence Rate of Atrial Fibrillation in Direct Current Cardioversion-Treated Patients
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Group
2.2. Genetic Analysis
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Multiple Regression Analysis of the Case and Control Groups Regarding the Risk of Developing AF for Each SNV and for a PRS of >7
3.2. Multiple Regression Analysis of AF Patients with Known DCC Outcomes for the Risk of AF Recurrence for Each SNV and for a PRS of >7
3.3. Multiple Regression Analysis of AF Patients with Known DCC Outcomes and Transthoracic Echocardiography Data (n = 50) for the Risk of AF Recurrence for a PRS of >7
4. Discussion
4.1. Discussion of Results
4.2. Limitations
4.3. Broad View
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gene | Locus | SNV | Risk Allele | MAF | Location | GWAS Reporting an AF Link |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CAV1 | 7q31 | rs3807989 | G | 0.61 | Intron | Ellinor et al., 2012 [3] |
SOX5 | 12p12 | rs11047543 | A | 0.10 | Upstream | Pfeufer et al., 2010 [4] |
MYH7 | 14q11 | rs28631169 | T | 0.12 | Intron | Roselli et al., 2018 [5] |
ZFHX3 | 16q22 | rs2106261 | T | 0.24 | Intron | Ellinor et al., 2012 [3] |
KCNN3 | 1q21 | rs13376333 | T | 0.27 | Intron | Ellinor et al., 2010 [16] |
KCNJ5 | 11q24 | rs75190942 | A | 0.09 | Downstream | Christophersen et al., 2017 [7] |
PITX2 | 4q25 | rs2200733 | T | 0.15 | Upstream | Gudbjartsson et al., 2007 [8] |
PITX2 | 4q25 | rs6838973 | C | 0.43 | Upstream | Other studies: Rudaka et al., 2020, Kiliszek et al., 2011 [9,10] |
Variable | Cases (n = 259) | Controls (n = 108) | p Value 1 | OR 2 | 95% Confidence Interval |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex
| 99 (38.2) 160 (61.8) | 39 (36.1) 69 (63.9) | <0.001 | 0.350 | 0.219–0.557 |
Age 3, years | 64.5 ± 9.77 | 61.4 ± 9.92 | 0.007 | 1.032 | 1.009–1.056 |
Body Mass Index 3, kg/m2 | 31.3 ± 5.41 | 29.5 ± 5.44 | 0.005 | 1.066 | 1.019–1.116 |
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension, n (%) | 201 (77.6) | 80 (74.1) | 0.467 | 1.213 | 0.721–2.040 |
Congestive Heart Failure, n (%) | 161 (62.2) | 14 (13.0) | <0.001 | 11.031 | 5.963–20.404 |
Coronary Heart Disease, n (%) | 50 (19.3) | 3 (2.8) | <0.001 | 8.373 | 2.551–27.479 |
Stroke, n (%) | 11 (4.2) | 8 (7.4) | 0.213 | 0.554 | 0.217–1.419 |
Diabetes (Type 1 and 2), n (%) | 24 (9.3) | 20 (18.5) | 0.013 | 0.449 | 0.236–0.854 |
Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 86 (33.2) | 64 (59.3) | <0.001 | 0.342 | 0.215–0.543 |
Chronic Respiratory Disorders, n (%) | 17 (6.6) | 5 (4.6) | 0.477 | 1.447 | 0.520–4.027 |
Variable 1 | AF Recurred (n = 58) | AF Did Not Recur (n = 39) | p Value 2 | OR 3 | 95% Confidence Interval |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex
| 35 (60.3) 23 (39.7) | 31 (79.5) 8 (20.5) | 0.047 | 2.546 | 0.996–6.509 |
Age 4, years | 61.7 ± 10.1 | 62.1 ± 10.4 | 0.882 | 0.997 | 0.958–1.038 |
Body Mass Index 4, kg/m2 | 31.5 ± 5.66 | 31.6 ± 5.77 | 0.954 | 0.998 | 0.929–1.072 |
Duration Since Initial Diagnosis 4, months | 58.6 ± 95.8 | 27.9 ± 43.2 | 0.059 | 1.010 | 1.000–1.021 |
Age At Initial Diagnosis 4, years | 56.9 ± 12.6 | 59.8 ± 10.4 | 0.247 | 0.979 | 0.945–1.015 |
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension, n (%) | 43 (74.1) | 27 (69.2) | 0.597 | 1.274 | 0.519–3.130 |
Congestive Heart Failure, n (%) | 38 (65.5) | 26 (66.7) | 0.768 | 0.877 | 0.367–2.098 |
Coronary Heart Disease, n (%) | 7 (12.1) | 7 (17.9) | 0.419 | 0.627 | 0.201–1.956 |
Stroke, n (%) | 3 (5.2) | 2 (5.1) | 0.992 | 1.009 | 0.161–6.335 |
Diabetes (Type 1 and 2), n (%) | 4 (6.9) | 7 (17.9) | 0.339 | 0.092 | 0.092–1.247 |
Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 21 (36.2) | 16 (41.0) | 0.632 | 0.816 | 0.355–1.877 |
Chronic Respiratory Disorders, n (%) | 3 (5.2) | 4 (10.3) | 0.343 | 0.477 | 0.101–2.262 |
CHA2DS2–VASc, n (%) | 50 (86.2) | 37 (94.9) | 0.169 | 0.338 | 0.068–1.685 |
Non-CHA2DS2–VASc Comorbidities, n (%) | 47 (81.0) | 36 (92.3) | 0.121 | 0.356 | 0.092–1.371 |
Variable 1 | AF Recurred (n = 35) | AF Did Not Recur (n = 15) | p Value | OR 2 | 95% Confidence Interval |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex
| 14 (40.0) 21 (60.0) | 2 (13.3) 13 (86.7) | 0.064 | 4.333 | 0.845–22.230 |
Comorbidities, n (%) | 30 (85.7) | 15 (100) | 0.123 | 1.500 | 1.220–1.844 |
Body Mass Index 3, kg/m2 | 32.5 ± 5.95 | 33.8 ± 6.35 | 0.484 | 0.965 | 0.872–1.067 |
Duration Since Initial Diagnosis 3, months | 58.3 ± 112 | 31.6 ± 60.0 | 0.425 | 1.005 | 0.993–1.018 |
Age At Initial Diagnosis 3, years | 56.1 ± 12.9 | 61.2 ± 12.9 | 0.206 | 0.967 | 0.919–1.019 |
Left Atrial Volume Index 3, mL/m2 | 41.6 ± 11.8 | 40.8 ± 8.44 | 0.818 | 1.007 | 0.950–1.066 |
Ejection Fraction 3, % | 54.1 ± 11.7 | 53.9 ± 8.45 | 0.956 | 1.002 | 0.946–1.060 |
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Vogel, S.; Rudaka, I.; Rots, D.; Isakova, J.; Kalējs, O.; Vīksne, K.; Gailīte, L. A Higher Polygenic Risk Score Is Associated with a Higher Recurrence Rate of Atrial Fibrillation in Direct Current Cardioversion-Treated Patients. Medicina 2021, 57, 1263. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57111263
Vogel S, Rudaka I, Rots D, Isakova J, Kalējs O, Vīksne K, Gailīte L. A Higher Polygenic Risk Score Is Associated with a Higher Recurrence Rate of Atrial Fibrillation in Direct Current Cardioversion-Treated Patients. Medicina. 2021; 57(11):1263. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57111263
Chicago/Turabian StyleVogel, Simon, Irina Rudaka, Dmitrijs Rots, Jekaterīna Isakova, Oskars Kalējs, Kristīne Vīksne, and Linda Gailīte. 2021. "A Higher Polygenic Risk Score Is Associated with a Higher Recurrence Rate of Atrial Fibrillation in Direct Current Cardioversion-Treated Patients" Medicina 57, no. 11: 1263. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57111263