Gender, Obesity, Fat Distribution and 25-Hydroxyvitamin D
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
- -
- a higher median age in android women than in gynoid women: 54 (40–63) years versus 36 (20–48) years (p < 0.001);
- -
- a higher waist circumference (p < 0.001) in android women than in gynoid women;
- -
- higher visceral fat level in android women than gynoid subjects (p < 0.05).
- -
- increase in neck circumference, greater in men than in android women: 44 (43–47) cm for men and 36 (35–42) cm for android women (p < 0.001);
- -
- greater lean mass in men (66 kg) than in android women (50 kg) (p < 0.001) and, directly related, greater basal metabolism in men (2111 kcal) compared to android women (1705 kcal) (p < 0.001);
- -
- higher level of visceral fat in men (22) than in women (11) (p < 0.001);
- -
- increase in HDL cholesterol in android women (55 mg/dL) compared to men (41 mg/dL) (p < 0.001);
- -
- triglycerides (p < 0.01), uric acid (p < 0.001), creatinine (p < 0.001) and HOMA index (p < 0.02) are higher in men than in android women.
4. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Obeses Subjects | Overweight Subjects | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Number | 147 | 20 | |
Male/Female | 49/98 | 10/10 | - |
Age (years) | 53 (41–65) | 57 (47–70) | NS i |
Duration of Obesity (years) | 15 (8–20) | - | - |
Weight (Kg) | 99 (87–116) | 72 (66–78) | <0.001 |
Height (cm) | 163 (156–171) | 164 (157–169) | NS |
BMI (Kg/m2) a | 38 (34–42) | 27 (26–28) | <0.001 |
Neck Circumference (cm) | 41 (39–44) | 37 (36–39) | <0.001 |
Waist Circumference (cm) | 121 (113–131) | 99 (93–101) | <0.001 |
Hip Circumference (cm) | 121 (113–130) | 100 (97–106) | <0.001 |
WHR b | 1 (0.9–1.1) | 1 (0.9–1.0) | 0.001 |
Fat Mass (Kg) | 42 (35–53) | 21 (17–25) | <0.001 |
Free Fat Mass (Kg) | 54 (47–61) | 47 (40–59) | 0.019 |
Visceral Fat (level) c | 15 (12–21) | 10 (7–12) | <0.001 |
Basal Metabolism (Kcal) | 1745 (1532–2001) | 1454 (1273–1785) | <0.001 |
Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 201 (171–219) | 191 (161–206) | NS |
HDL Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 47 (40–55) | 52 (46–65) | 0.026 |
LDL Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 124 (102–142) | 118 (84–129) | NS |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 124 (96–166) | 85 (61–122) | 0.001 |
Uric Acid (mg/dL) | 6 (5–7) | 5 (4–6) | 0.022 |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1 (0.7–0.9) | 1 (0.7–0.9) | NS |
FBG (mg/dL) d | 96 (90–106) | 97 (89–100) | NS |
OGTT 120′ (mg/dL) e | 119 (104–148) | 120 (99–135) | NS |
Insulin (µU/mL) | 16 (10–22) | 8 (5–14) | <0.001 |
HOMA INDEX | 4 (2–6) | 2 (1–3) | <0.001 |
TSH (µU/mL) f | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–2) | NS |
25(OH)D (ng/mL) | 19 (14–23) | 36 (33–47) | <0.001 |
SBP (mmHg) g | 140 (120–145) | 117 (110–124) | <0.001 |
DBP (mmHg) h | 80 (80–90) | 70 (70–80) | <0.001 |
Obeses Subjects (n = 147) | Overweight Subjects (n = 20) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
rho | p-Value | rho | p-Value | |
Weight (kg) | −0.20 | <0.05 | −0.23 | NS i |
Height (cm) | −0.01 | NS | −0.17 | NS |
BMI (kg/m2) a | −0.22 | <0.001 | −0.16 | NS |
Neck Circumference (cm) | −0.10 | NS | −0.25 | NS |
Waist Circumference (cm) | −0.23 | 0.006 | 0.04 | NS |
Hip Circumference (cm) | −0.15 | NS | 0.18 | NS |
WHR b | −0.13 | NS | −0.10 | NS |
Fat Mass (kg) | −0.24 | <0.001 | 0.23 | NS |
Free Fat Mass (kg) | −0.07 | NS | −0.40 | NS |
Visceral Fat (level) c | −0.21 | <0.05 | −0.01 | NS |
Basal Metabolism (kcal) | −0.12 | NS | −0.41 | NS |
Total Cholesterol(mg/dL) | −0.16 | <0.05 | −0.04 | NS |
HDL-Cholesterol(mg/dL) | 0.15 | NS | 0.18 | NS |
LDL-Cholesterol (mg/dL) | −0.17 | <0.05 | −0.01 | NS |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | −0.15 | NS | −0.46 | <0.05 |
Uric Acid (mg/dL) | −0.05 | NS | −0.32 | NS |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.01 | NS | −0.25 | NS |
FBG (mg/dL) d | −0.20 | <0.05 | −0.24 | NS |
OGTT-120′(mg/dL) e | −0.32 | <0.001 | −0.03 | NS |
Insulin (µU/mL) | −0.32 | <0.001 | −0.22 | NS |
HOMA INDEX | −0.36 | <0.001 | −0.24 | NS |
TSH (µU/mL) f | 0.01 | NS | 0.17 | NS |
SBP (mmHg) g | −0.21 | <0.05 | 0.04 | NS |
DBP (mmHg) h | −0.26 | <0.001 | −0.05 | NS |
White blood cells (103/L) | −0.24 | <0.001 | −0.44 | NS |
Android Obese Women (n = 91) | Obese Men (n = 49) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
rho | p-Value | rho | p-Value | |
Weight (kg) | −0.15 | NS | −0.28 | NS i |
Height (cm) | −0.01 | NS | −0.12 | NS |
BMI (kg/m2) a | −0.26 | <0.05 | −0.34 | <0.05 |
Neck Circumference (cm) | −0.05 | NS | −0.16 | NS |
Waist Circumference (cm) | −0.28 | <0.05 | −0.29 | <0.05 |
Hip Circumference (cm) | −0.09 | NS | −0.30 | <0.05 |
WHR b | −0.14 | NS | −0.03 | NS |
Fat Mass (kg) | −0.27 | <0.001 | −0.36 | <0.05 |
Free Fat Mass (kg) | −0.05 | NS | −0.04 | NS |
Visceral Fat (level) c | −0.11 | NS | −0.36 | <0.05 |
Basal Metabolism (kcal) | −0.12 | NS | −0.12 | NS |
Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) | −0.28 | <0.05 | −0.32 | <0.05 |
HDL-Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 0.16 | NS | 0.11 | NS |
LDL-Cholesterol (mg/dL) | −0.30 | <0.05 | −0.30 | <0.05 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | −0.20 | <0.05 | −0.20 | NS |
Uric Acid (mg/dL) | 0.01 | NS | −0.07 | NS |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | −0.01 | NS | 0.13 | NS |
FBG (mg/dL) d | −0.23 | <0.05 | −0.20 | NS |
OGTT-120′ (mg/dL) e | −0.27 | <0.001 | −0.37 | <0.001 |
Insulin (µU/mL) | −0.30 | <0.001 | −0.38 | <0.001 |
HOMA INDEX | −0.34 | <0.001 | −0.42 | <0.001 |
TSH (µU/mL) f | −0.01 | NS | 0.03 | NS |
SBP (mmHg) g | −0.19 | NS | −0.26 | NS |
DBP (mmHg) h | −0.26 | <0.05 | −0.27 | NS |
White blood cells (103/L) | −0.24 | <0.05 | −0.24 | NS |
Overweight Women (n = 10) | Overweight Men (n = 10) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
rho | p-Value | rho | p-Value | |
Weight (kg) | 0.12 | NS | −0.40 | NS i |
Height (cm) | 0.19 | NS | −0.20 | NS |
BMI (kg/m2) a | −0.05 | NS | −0.55 | <0.05 |
Neck Circumference (cm) | −0.01 | NS | −0.26 | NS |
Waist Circumference (cm) | 0.22 | NS | 0.16 | NS |
Hip Circumference (cm) | 0.31 | NS | −0.30 | NS |
WHR b | 0.07 | NS | 0.38 | NS |
Fat Mass (kg) | 0.16 | NS | 0.01 | NS |
Free Fat Mass (kg) | −0.19 | NS | −0.56 | NS |
Visceral Fat (level) c | 0.07 | NS | 0.62 | NS |
Basal Metabolism (kcal) | −0.16 | NS | −0.62 | <0.05 |
Total Cholesterol (mg/dl) | 0.05 | NS | −0.36 | NS |
HDL-Cholesterol (mg/dl) | 0.26 | NS | −0.21 | NS |
LDL-Cholesterol (mg/dl) | 0.06 | NS | −0.24 | NS |
Triglycerides (mg/dl) | −0.65 | <0.05 | −0.49 | NS |
Uric Acid (mg/dL) | −0.31 | NS | −0.08 | NS |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | −0.63 | <0.05 | 0.58 | NS |
FBG (mg/dl) d | −0.37 | NS | −0.14 | NS |
OGTT-120′ (mg/dl) e | −0.21 | NS | 0.16 | NS |
Insulin (µU/mL) | −0.43 | NS | −0.15 | NS |
HOMA INDEX | −0.45 | NS | −0.14 | NS |
TSH (µU/mL) f | 0.22 | NS | −0.08 | NS |
SBP (mmHg) g | −0.07 | NS | 0.67 | <0.05 |
DBP (mmHg) h | −0.13 | NS | −0.06 | NS |
White blood cells (103/L) | −0.77 | <0.001 | −0.01 | NS |
Android Women | Gynoid Women | p-Value (1) | Men | p-Value (2) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | 91 | 7 | - | 49 | |
Age (years) | 54 (40–65) | 36 (20–48) | 0.006 | 53 (44.5–67) | NS |
Duration of Obesity (years) | 12 (8–20) | 10 (6–20) | NS | 15 (8–30) | NS |
Weight (kg) | 94.2 (82.8–110) | 98.3 (89.5–110.8) | NS | 113 (96.9–132.6) | <0.001 |
Height (cm) | 158 (152–162) | 163 (158–166) | NS | 172 (166–177) | <0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 38.3 (34.2–42.1) | 36.1 (32.4–42.7) | NS | 38.2 (33.4–43.3) | NS |
Neck Circumference (cm) | 39 (38–42) | 36 (35–42) | NS | 44 (43–47) | <0.001 |
Waist Circumference (cm) | 121 (113–128) | 103 (96–110) | <0.001 | 127 (116–138) | 0.014 |
Hip Circumference (cm) | 121 (116–130) | 130 (128–137) | 0.028 | 116 (109.5–127.5) | 0.048 |
WHR | 0.9 (0.9–1.0) | 0.8 (0.7–0.8) | <0.001 | 1.04 (1.0–1.1) | <0.001 |
Fat Mass (kg) | 42.7 (35.6–53.1) | 42.4 (36.7–54.7) | NS | 39.3 (32.4–53.2) | NS |
Free Fat Mass (kg) | 49.4 (44.1–53.9) | 50.1 (47.2–55.1) | NS | 66.1 (58.8–75.8) | <0.001 |
Visceral Fat (level) | 13 (11–16) | 11 (8–12) | 0.032 | 22 (18–26.5) | <0.001 |
Basal Metabolism (kcal) | 1615 (1415–1781) | 1705 (1527–1845) | NS | 2111 (1864–2459.5) | <0.001 |
Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 201 (179–223) | 186 (158–202) | NS | 202 (168.5–219.5) | NS |
HDL-Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 51 (44–57) | 55 (43–65) | NS | 41 (36.5–46) | <0.001 |
LDL-Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 125.8 (101.8–141.6) | 112.4 (72.6–129.2) | NS | 123.4 (103.1–147.3) | NS |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 118 (87–146) | 103 (79–128) | NS | 146 (116–189.5) | 0.001 |
Uric Acid (mg/dL) | 5.3 (4.6–6.1) | 4.5 (3.2–5.7) | NS | 6.4 (5.6–7.4) | <0.001 |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.7 (0.6–0.8) | 0.7 (0.7–0.8) | NS | 0.9 (0.8–1) | <0.001 |
FBG (mg/dL) | 94 (90–105) | 91 (88–101) | NS | 100 (93–115.5) | 0.010 |
OGTT-120′ (mg/dL) | 119 (110–143) | 113 (66–127) | NS | 117 (93.5–150) | NS |
Insulin (µU/mL) | 15 (10–20) | 8 (7–13) | NS | 17 (11.1–26) | NS |
HOMA INDEX | 3.6 (2.3–5.2) | 1.9 (1.4–3.3) | NS | 4.4 (2.8–6.4) | 0.010 |
TSH (µU/mL) | 2.1 (1.4–2.9) | 1.6 (1.3–4.2) | NS | 2.1 (1.1–2.7) | NS |
Vitamin D (ng/mL) | 19.7 (13.8–22.7) | 19 (16–23.8) | NS | 18.5 (12.3–22.8) | NS |
SBP (mmHg) | 130 (120–145) | 130 (130–140) | NS | 140 (127.5–150) | NS |
DBP (mmHg) | 80 (80–90) | 80 (80–85) | NS | 80 (75–92.5) | NS |
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Guagnano, M.T.; D’Ardes, D.; Di Giovanni, P.; Rossi, I.; Boccatonda, A.; Bucci, M.; Cipollone, F. Gender, Obesity, Fat Distribution and 25-Hydroxyvitamin D. Medicina 2023, 59, 1123. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59061123
Guagnano MT, D’Ardes D, Di Giovanni P, Rossi I, Boccatonda A, Bucci M, Cipollone F. Gender, Obesity, Fat Distribution and 25-Hydroxyvitamin D. Medicina. 2023; 59(6):1123. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59061123
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuagnano, Maria Teresa, Damiano D’Ardes, Pamela Di Giovanni, Ilaria Rossi, Andrea Boccatonda, Marco Bucci, and Francesco Cipollone. 2023. "Gender, Obesity, Fat Distribution and 25-Hydroxyvitamin D" Medicina 59, no. 6: 1123. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59061123