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Open AccessArticle
Determination of the Microbial Shift in the Gingival Sulcus of Women during Each Trimester of Pregnancy: A Cross-Sectional Study
by
Abdulaziz Alsakr
Abdulaziz Alsakr 1,*,
Ahmed Tawfig
Ahmed Tawfig 2,
Faisal Talal Almutairi
Faisal Talal Almutairi 3,
Ibrahim Mansour Ababtain
Ibrahim Mansour Ababtain 4,
Hind Mohammed Saeed Alasmari
Hind Mohammed Saeed Alasmari 5,
Banna Alnufaiy
Banna Alnufaiy 1 and
Khalid Gufran
Khalid Gufran 1,*
1
Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
2
Department of Preventive Dentistry, College of Medicine and Dentistry, Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh 12734, Saudi Arabia
3
Adan Specialized Dental Center, Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, , Ministry of Health, Al-Adan 47402, Kuwait
4
General Directorate of Health Affairs in Riyadh Region, Department of Dentistry, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 12822, Saudi Arabia
5
Department of Periodontics, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 13717, Saudi Arabia
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Medicina 2024, 60(10), 1598; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60101598 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 27 August 2024
/
Revised: 27 September 2024
/
Accepted: 27 September 2024
/
Published: 28 September 2024
Abstract
Background and Objectives: This study aims to identify types of bacterial species in women visiting obstetrics/gynecology centers in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia, during different pregnancy trimesters. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among pregnant and nonpregnant women seeking care at Alyamamah Hospital, obstetrics/gynecology center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A total of 110 [pregnant = 90 and nonpregnant = 20] individuals were recruited based on inclusion/exclusion criteria. Personal data, plaque index (PI), and gingival index (GI) were recorded. Bacterial samples were collected using sterile absorbent paper points from the gingival sulcus of pregnant females during the first, second, and third trimesters and compared to a control group of nonpregnant females. Thioglycolate broth containing the absorbent paper points was incubated at 37 °C for 24–48 h. After growth, the microorganisms were subjected to a Gram stain. The VITEK 2 system and conventional methods were used to identify various types of bacterial species from the gingival sulcus of pregnant and nonpregnant women. Chi-square tests and nonparametric tests were applied to the data. Results: The bacterial characterization indicated that Actinomyces Naeslundii (AN) was the most predominant bacteria found in the study participants, followed by Lactobacillus fermentum (LF) (23.6%), Veillonella (VL) (10%), and unidentified organisms (9.1%). When the presence of subgingival bacterial species was compared between pregnant and nonpregnant women, a statistically significant difference was observed (p < 0.001). LF was the predominant bacteria in 9 nonpregnant women (45%) and 8 pregnant women in the first pregnancy trimester (44.4%). However, during the second (17 women: 48.6%) and third pregnancy (17 women: 45.9%) trimesters, AN becomes the predominant bacteria. A statistically significant difference was observed when the prevalence of various bacterial species was compared across the three pregnancy trimesters (p = 0.010). The plaque and gingival scores of pregnant and nonpregnant women showed no significant difference. Conclusions: In different trimesters of pregnancy, pregnant women’s gingival crevices showed significant microbial changes without affecting gingival inflammation.
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MDPI and ACS Style
Alsakr, A.; Tawfig, A.; Almutairi, F.T.; Ababtain, I.M.; Alasmari, H.M.S.; Alnufaiy, B.; Gufran, K.
Determination of the Microbial Shift in the Gingival Sulcus of Women during Each Trimester of Pregnancy: A Cross-Sectional Study. Medicina 2024, 60, 1598.
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60101598
AMA Style
Alsakr A, Tawfig A, Almutairi FT, Ababtain IM, Alasmari HMS, Alnufaiy B, Gufran K.
Determination of the Microbial Shift in the Gingival Sulcus of Women during Each Trimester of Pregnancy: A Cross-Sectional Study. Medicina. 2024; 60(10):1598.
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60101598
Chicago/Turabian Style
Alsakr, Abdulaziz, Ahmed Tawfig, Faisal Talal Almutairi, Ibrahim Mansour Ababtain, Hind Mohammed Saeed Alasmari, Banna Alnufaiy, and Khalid Gufran.
2024. "Determination of the Microbial Shift in the Gingival Sulcus of Women during Each Trimester of Pregnancy: A Cross-Sectional Study" Medicina 60, no. 10: 1598.
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60101598
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