Effects of Rhythm Step Training on Foot and Lower Limb Balance in Children and Adolescents with Flat Feet: A Radiographic Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedures
2.3. Experimental Design and Measurements
2.4. Q-Angle Measurement
2.5. CPA Measurement
2.6. CFMA Measurement
2.7. Navicular–Cuboid OR Measurement
2.8. GFFT and RST Exercise Programs
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Q-Angle Changes
3.2. CPA Changes
3.3. CFMA Changes
3.4. Navicular–Cuboid OR Changes
4. Discussion
4.1. Q-Angle Changes
4.2. CPA Changes
4.3. CFMA Changes
4.4. Navicular–Cuboid OR Changes
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sex | GFFT (n = 80) | RST (n = 80) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | F | M | F | ||
Variables | 40 | 40 | 37 | 43 | |
Age (year) | 8.40 ± 1.84 | 7.88 ± 1.54 | 8.14 ± 1.95 | 8.60 ± 2.18 | |
Height (cm) | 125.93 ± 10.22 | 122.18 ± 9.95 | 126.54 ± 12.90 | 127.44 ± 14.32 | |
Weight (kg) | 30.30 ± 9.87 | 25.10 ± 6.08 | 28.86 ± 8.52 | 28.00 ± 7.00 | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 15.43 ± 2.51 | 16.38 ± 2.52 | 17.84 ± 3.57 | 17.03 ± 2.67 |
Intensity | RPE | Exercise | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
GFFT | RST | |||
Warm-up | 1–12 weeks 30 reps × 3 sets | 6–9 | Foam rolling exercise | |
Main Exercise | 1–2 weeks (5 s × 10 reps) × 3 sets | 10–12 | Toe exercise Calf raise Hip cell Hip bridge | Toe exercise Full squat Calf raise Cat and dog core Jump |
3–7 weeks 30 reps × 3 sets | Squat Lunge Balance | Forward and backward Jump step (mat and trek) Side jump step (mat and trek) Cross step (mat and trek) Total jump step (mat and trek) | ||
8–12 weeks 30 reps × 3 sets | Step box up and down Step box side up and down Step box jumping | One leg forward step Back jump step Turn 180 jump step | ||
Cool-down | 1–12 weeks 30 reps × 3 sets | 6–9 | Achilles tendon stretching and foam rolling exercise |
Variables | Group | Pre Intervention | Post Intervention | F | p | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower limbs | Q-angle | Lt | GFFT | 6.60 ± 1.53 | 6.53 ± 1.17 | G | 31.876 | 0.000 *** |
T | 20.973 | 0.000 *** | ||||||
RST | 6.97 ± 1.52 | 8.22 ± 1.39 ###††† | ||||||
G × T | 26.538 | 0.000 *** | ||||||
Rt | GFFT | 6.94 ± 1.45 | 6.48 ± 1.45 † | G | 17.731 | 0.000 *** | ||
T | 11.534 | 0.000 *** | ||||||
RST | 6.81 ± 1.37 | 8.12 ± 1.26 ###††† | ||||||
G × T | 49.582 | 0.000 *** | ||||||
Arch | CPA | Lt | GFFT | 18.93 ± 1.53 | 19.85 ± 3.31 †† | G | 4.844 | 0.029 * |
T | 50.327 | 0.000 *** | ||||||
RST | 19.03 ± 3.48 | 21.62 ± 2.59 ###††† | ||||||
G × T | 11.394 | 0.001 ** | ||||||
Rt | GFFT | 19.15 ± 3.45 | 18.54 ± 3.01 † | G | 5.642 | 0.019 * | ||
T | 17.617 | 0.000 *** | ||||||
RST | 18.55 ± 3.16 | 21.30 ± 3.56 ###††† | ||||||
G × T | 43.623 | 0.000 *** | ||||||
CFMA | Lt | GFFT | 135.56 ± 12.20 | 136.18 ± 5.42 | G | 3.061 | 0.082 | |
T | 6.203 | 0.014 * | ||||||
RST | 136.51 ± 6.24 | 131.86 ± 5.90 ###††† | ||||||
G × T | 10.646 | 0.001 ** | ||||||
Rt | GFFT | 136.80 ± 6.05 | 136.19 ± 5.53 | G | 8.733 | 0.004 ** | ||
T | 15.062 | 0.000 *** | ||||||
RST | 135.77 ± 5.81 | 132.78 ± 4.88 ###††† | ||||||
G × T | 6.602 | 0.011 * | ||||||
Navicular–cuboid OR | Lt | GFFT | 67.81 ± 11.70 | 64.17 ± 11.66 † | G | 5.569 | 0.020 * | |
T | 67.296 | 0.000 *** | ||||||
RST | 69.48 ± 13.61 | 54.61 ± 13.88 ###††† | ||||||
G × T | 24.765 | 0.000 *** | ||||||
Rt | GFFT | 68.00 ± 12.89 | 64.59 ± 10.53 † | G | 8.717 | 0.004 ** | ||
T | 84.457 | 0.000 *** | ||||||
RST | 69.02 ± 5.81 | 53.84 ± 12.57 ###††† | ||||||
G × T | 33.917 | 0.000 *** |
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Park, J.-M.; Min, B.-C.; Cho, B.-C.; Hwang, K.-R.; Kim, M.-K.; Lee, J.-H.; Choi, M.-J.; Kim, H.-H.; Kang, M.-S.; Min, K.-B. Effects of Rhythm Step Training on Foot and Lower Limb Balance in Children and Adolescents with Flat Feet: A Radiographic Analysis. Medicina 2024, 60, 1420. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60091420
Park J-M, Min B-C, Cho B-C, Hwang K-R, Kim M-K, Lee J-H, Choi M-J, Kim H-H, Kang M-S, Min K-B. Effects of Rhythm Step Training on Foot and Lower Limb Balance in Children and Adolescents with Flat Feet: A Radiographic Analysis. Medicina. 2024; 60(9):1420. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60091420
Chicago/Turabian StylePark, Ji-Myeong, Byung-Cho Min, Byeong-Chae Cho, Kyu-Ri Hwang, Myung-Ki Kim, Jeong-Ha Lee, Min-Jun Choi, Hyeon-Hee Kim, Myung-Sung Kang, and Kyoung-Bin Min. 2024. "Effects of Rhythm Step Training on Foot and Lower Limb Balance in Children and Adolescents with Flat Feet: A Radiographic Analysis" Medicina 60, no. 9: 1420. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60091420