Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Dry Eye Disease: Considerations for Clinical Management
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Prevalence
3. Demographic Risk Factors
3.1. Age
3.2. Female Sex
3.3. Genetics
3.4. Ethnicity
4. Systemic Risk Factors
4.1. Systemic Inflammation
4.2. Diabetes
4.3. Androgen Deficiency
4.4. Mental Health Conditions
4.5. Systemic Medications
5. Ocular Risk Factors
5.1. Blepharitis
5.2. Contact Lenses
5.3. Ophthalmic Procedures
5.4. Ophthalmic Medications
6. Modifiable Lifestyle Risk Factors
6.1. Environmental Factors
6.2. Digital Screen Time
6.3. Sleep and Sleep Disorders
6.4. Diet
6.5. Cosmetics and Cosmetic Procedures
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Systemic Conditions |
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Androgen deficiency Anxiety Atopy Benign prostate hyperplasia Chronic pain condition, including back pain and other pain syndromes Cicatricial pemphigoid Connective tissue disease Depression Diabetes Ectodermal dysplasia syndrome Fibromyalgia Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation Irritable bowel syndrome Menopause Migraine headaches Parkinson’s disease Pemphigoid Polycystic ovarian syndrome Psoriasis Rosacea Sjögren syndrome Sleep disorders Stevens-Johnson syndrome Thyroid disease Toxic epidermal necrolysis Turner syndrome |
Systemic medications |
Anti-androgens Antidepressants Antihistamines Anxiolytics Hormone replacement therapy Isotretinoin |
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Britten-Jones, A.C.; Wang, M.T.M.; Samuels, I.; Jennings, C.; Stapleton, F.; Craig, J.P. Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Dry Eye Disease: Considerations for Clinical Management. Medicina 2024, 60, 1458. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60091458
Britten-Jones AC, Wang MTM, Samuels I, Jennings C, Stapleton F, Craig JP. Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Dry Eye Disease: Considerations for Clinical Management. Medicina. 2024; 60(9):1458. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60091458
Chicago/Turabian StyleBritten-Jones, Alexis Ceecee, Michael T. M. Wang, Isaac Samuels, Catherine Jennings, Fiona Stapleton, and Jennifer P. Craig. 2024. "Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Dry Eye Disease: Considerations for Clinical Management" Medicina 60, no. 9: 1458. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60091458