International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

Editorial

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3 pages, 256 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Why Are New Tobacco Control Interventions Needed?

by Gera E. Nagelhout^1,2,*

, Lucy Popova³ and Mirte A. G. Kuipers⁴

¹ IVO Addiction Research Institute, 2595 AA The Hague, The Netherlands

² Department of Health Promotion and Department of Family Medicine, Maastricht University (CAPHRI), 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands

³ Division of Health Promotion and Behavior, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA

⁴ Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 658; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040658 - 2 Apr 2018

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3895

Abstract

It has been known for years which policies and interventions work to decrease tobacco use in the population[...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development and Evaluation of New Tobacco Control Interventions)

2 pages, 249 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Emerging Trends in Health Promotion for People with Disabilities

by Brooks C. Wingo^1,*

and James H. Rimmer²

¹ Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1720 2nd Ave. S, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA

² UAB/Lakeshore Research Collaborative, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 742; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040742 - 13 Apr 2018

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4714

Abstract

The need among people with disabilities to improve their own health and prevent/manage secondary conditions requires a better balance between reactive and anticipatory care. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Promotion Interventions for People with Disabilities)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review, Other

12 pages, 1145 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cycling for Transportation in Sao Paulo City: Associations with Bike Paths, Train and Subway Stations

by Alex Antonio Florindo^1,2,*

, Ligia Vizeu Barrozo³, Gavin Turrell⁴

, João Paulo dos Anjos Souza Barbosa²

, William Cabral-Miranda³, Chester Luiz Galvão Cesar⁵ and Moisés Goldbaum⁶

¹ School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo City 03828-000, Brazil

² Graduate Program in Nutrition in Public Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo City 01246-904, Brazil

³ Department of Geography, School of Philosophy, Literature and Human Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo City 05508-080, Brazil

⁴ Institute for Health and Ageing, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC 3065, Australia

⁵ Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo City 01246-904, Brazil

⁶ Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo City 01246-903, Brazil

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 562; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040562 - 21 Mar 2018

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 10559

Abstract

Cities that support cycling for transportation reap many public health benefits. However, the prevalence of this mode of transportation is low in Latin American countries and the association with facilities such as bike paths and train/subway stations have not been clarified. We conducted [...] Read more.

Cities that support cycling for transportation reap many public health benefits. However, the prevalence of this mode of transportation is low in Latin American countries and the association with facilities such as bike paths and train/subway stations have not been clarified. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of the relationship between bike paths, train/subway stations and cycling for transportation in adults from the city of Sao Paulo. We used data from the Sao Paulo Health Survey (n = 3145). Cycling for transportation was evaluated by a questionnaire and bike paths and train/subway stations were geocoded using the geographic coordinates of the adults’ residential addresses in 1500-m buffers. We used multilevel logistic regression, taking account of clustering by census tract and households. The prevalence of cycling for transportation was low (5.1%), and was more prevalent in males, singles, those active in leisure time, and in people with bicycle ownership in their family. Cycling for transportation was associated with bike paths up to a distance of 500 m from residences (OR (Odds Ratio) = 2.54, 95% CI (Confidence interval) 1.16–5.54) and with the presence of train/subway stations for distances >500 m from residences (OR = 2.07, 95% CI 1.10–3.86). These results are important to support policies to improve cycling for transportation in megacities such as Sao Paulo. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Mobility, Spatiotemporal Context, and Environmental Health: Recent Advances in Approaches and Methods)

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19 pages, 10079 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Towards the Identification of an In Vitro Tool for Assessing the Biological Behavior of Aerosol Supplied Nanomaterials

by Luisana Di Cristo^1,*

, Ciaran Manus Maguire^1,2

, Karen Mc Quillan¹, Mattia Aleardi³

, Yuri Volkov², Dania Movia¹

and Adriele Prina-Mello^1,2,*

¹ Laboratory for Biological Characterization of Advanced Materials (LBCAM) and Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland

² AMBER Centre, CRANN Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland

³ Department of Earth Sciences, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 563; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040563 - 21 Mar 2018

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4998

Abstract

Nanoparticles (NP)-based inhalation systems for drug delivery can be administered in liquid form, by nebulization or using pressurized metered dose inhalers, and in solid form by means of dry powder inhalers. However, NP delivery to the lungs has many challenges including the formulation [...] Read more.

Nanoparticles (NP)-based inhalation systems for drug delivery can be administered in liquid form, by nebulization or using pressurized metered dose inhalers, and in solid form by means of dry powder inhalers. However, NP delivery to the lungs has many challenges including the formulation instability due to particle-particle interactions and subsequent aggregation, causing poor deposition in the small distal airways and subsequent alveolar macrophages activity, which could lead to inflammation. This work aims at providing an in vitro experimental design for investigating the correlation between the physico-chemical properties of NP, and their biological behavior, when they are used as NP-based inhalation treatments, comparing two different exposure systems. By means of an aerosol drug delivery nebulizer, human lung cells cultured at air–liquid interface (ALI) were exposed to two titanium dioxide NP (NM-100 and NM-101), obtained from the JRC repository. In parallel, ALI cultures were exposed to NP suspension by direct inoculation, i.e., by adding the NP suspensions on the apical side of the cell cultures with a pipette. The formulation stability of NP, measured as hydrodynamic size distributions, the cell viability, cell monolayer integrity, cell morphology and pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion were investigated. Our results demonstrated that the formulation stability of NM-100 and NM-101 was strongly dependent on the aggregation phenomena that occur in the conditions adopted for the biological experiments. Interestingly, comparable biological data between the two exposure methods used were observed, suggesting that the conventional exposure coupled to ALI culturing conditions offers a relevant in vitro tool for assessing the correlation between the physico-chemical properties of NP and their biological behavior, when NP are used as drug delivery systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Bio Interactions: Nanomedicine and Nanotoxicology)

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14 pages, 354 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Black–White Differences in Housing Type and Sleep Duration as Well as Sleep Difficulties in the United States

by Dayna A. Johnson¹, Roland J. Thorpe²

, John A. McGrath³

, W. Braxton Jackson³ and Chandra L. Jackson^4,*

¹ Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02131, USA

² Program for Research on Men’s Health, Hopkins Center for Health Disparities Solutions, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA

³ Social & Scientific Systems, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA

⁴ Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 111 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 564; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040564 - 21 Mar 2018

Cited by 39 | Viewed by 5860

Abstract

Housing environments can directly and indirectly affect sleep, and blacks are more likely than whites to live in suboptimal housing conditions, which may independently contribute to sleep disparities. However, few large-scale epidemiological studies consider the potential influence of housing type on sleep health. [...] Read more.

Housing environments can directly and indirectly affect sleep, and blacks are more likely than whites to live in suboptimal housing conditions, which may independently contribute to sleep disparities. However, few large-scale epidemiological studies consider the potential influence of housing type on sleep health. Using data from the 2004–2015 National Health Interview Survey, we investigated overall and Black-White differences in the association between housing type (house/apartment versus mobile home/trailer) and sleep duration as well as sleep difficulties among 226,208 adults in the U.S. Poisson regression with robust variance was used to estimate sex-specific prevalence ratios (PR) for sleep categories, first comparing houses/apartments to mobile homes/trailers and then blacks to whites within housing types. All models were adjusted for age, educational attainment, income, occupational class, self-reported general health status, and region of residence. Compared to participants living in houses/apartments, the prevalence of short sleep was higher for men (PR = 1.05 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.02–1.08)) and women (PR = 1.07 (95% CI: 1.04–1.09)) in mobile homes/trailers. Black men (PR = 1.26 (95% CI: 1.21–1.30)) and women (PR = 1.24 (95% CI: 1.20–1.27)) in a house/apartment were more likely to be short sleepers than their white counterparts. There was generally no significant difference in sleep characteristics (except long sleep) between black and white men in mobile homes/trailers after adjustments, and black men in houses/apartments as well as black women in both housing types were less likely to report sleep difficulties although being more likely to report short sleep. Overall, individuals in mobile homes/trailers, which may represent suboptimal housing, had worse sleep than those in houses/apartments; and racial differences in the quality of houses and apartments are likely to greatly vary in ways that still contribute to sleep disparities. Race–sex group differences in sleep duration among residents in a house/apartment and even a lack of racial difference among individuals living in mobile homes/trailers support the need for more research on residential environments and eventually multi-level interventions designed to reduce sleep disparities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sleep Health)

20 pages, 846 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modelling a Compensation Standard for a Regional Forest Ecosystem: A Case Study in Yanqing District, Beijing, China

by Tan Li^1,*, Qingguo Zhang¹ and Ying Zhang²

¹ Department of Statistics, School of Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China

² School of Economics and Management, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 565; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040565 - 21 Mar 2018

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4535

Abstract

The assessment of forest ecosystem services can quantify the impact of these services on human life and is the main basis for formulating a standard of compensation for these services. Moreover, the calculation of the indirect value of forest ecosystem services should not [...] Read more.

The assessment of forest ecosystem services can quantify the impact of these services on human life and is the main basis for formulating a standard of compensation for these services. Moreover, the calculation of the indirect value of forest ecosystem services should not be ignored, as has been the case in some previous publications. A low compensation standard and the lack of a dynamic coordination mechanism are the main problems existing in compensation implementation. Using comparison and analysis, this paper employed accounting for both the costs and benefits of various alternatives. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method and the Pearl growth-curve method were used to adjust the results. This research analyzed the contribution of each service value from the aspects of forest produce services, ecology services, and society services. We also conducted separate accounting for cost and benefit, made a comparison of accounting and evaluation methods, and estimated the implementation period of the compensation standard. The main conclusions of this research include the fact that any compensation standard should be determined from the points of view of both benefit and cost in a region. The results presented here allow the range between the benefit and cost compensation to be laid out more reasonably. The practical implications of this research include the proposal that regional decision-makers should consider a dynamic compensation method to meet with the local economic level by using diversified ways to raise the compensation standard, and that compensation channels should offer a mixed mode involving both the market and government. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Decision Models in Green Growth and Sustainable Development)

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23 pages, 6779 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Estimating Vehicle Fuel Consumption and Emissions Using GPS Big Data

by Zihan Kan¹, Luliang Tang^1,*

, Mei-Po Kwan^2,3

and Xia Zhang⁴

¹ State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China

² Department of Geography & Geographic Information Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1301 W Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA

³ Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80125, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands

⁴ School of Urban Design, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430070, China

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 566; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040566 - 21 Mar 2018

Cited by 84 | Viewed by 10567

Abstract

The energy consumption and emissions from vehicles adversely affect human health and urban sustainability. Analysis of GPS big data collected from vehicles can provide useful insights about the quantity and distribution of such energy consumption and emissions. Previous studies, which estimated fuel consumption/emissions [...] Read more.

The energy consumption and emissions from vehicles adversely affect human health and urban sustainability. Analysis of GPS big data collected from vehicles can provide useful insights about the quantity and distribution of such energy consumption and emissions. Previous studies, which estimated fuel consumption/emissions from traffic based on GPS sampled data, have not sufficiently considered vehicle activities and may have led to erroneous estimations. By adopting the analytical construct of the space-time path in time geography, this study proposes methods that more accurately estimate and visualize vehicle energy consumption/emissions based on analysis of vehicles’ mobile activities (MA) and stationary activities (SA). First, we build space-time paths of individual vehicles, extract moving parameters, and identify MA and SA from each space-time path segment (STPS). Then we present an N-Dimensional framework for estimating and visualizing fuel consumption/emissions. For each STPS, fuel consumption, hot emissions, and cold start emissions are estimated based on activity type, i.e., MA, SA with engine-on and SA with engine-off. In the case study, fuel consumption and emissions of a single vehicle and a road network are estimated and visualized with GPS data. The estimation accuracy of the proposed approach is 88.6%. We also analyze the types of activities that produced fuel consumption on each road segment to explore the patterns and mechanisms of fuel consumption in the study area. The results not only show the effectiveness of the proposed approaches in estimating fuel consumption/emissions but also indicate their advantages for uncovering the relationships between fuel consumption and vehicles’ activities in road networks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Mobility, Spatiotemporal Context, and Environmental Health: Recent Advances in Approaches and Methods)

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13 pages, 344 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Challenges and Opportunities for Tribal Waters: Addressing Disparities in Safe Public Drinking Water on the Crow Reservation in Montana, USA

by John T. Doyle^1,2,3,4, Larry Kindness^1,2,4, James Realbird^1,4, Margaret J. Eggers^2,5,6,*

and Anne K. Camper^2,5,7

¹ Apsaalooke Water and Wastewater Authority, P.O. Box 126, Crow Agency, MT 59022, USA

² Crow Environmental Health Steering Committee, Little Big Horn College, Crow Agency, MT 59022, USA

³ Crow Water Quality Project, Little Big Horn College, P.O. Box 370, Crow Agency, MT 59022, USA

⁴ Crow Tribe of Indians, P.O. Box 159, Crow Agency, MT 59022, USA

⁵ Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, P.O. Box 173980, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA

⁶ Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Montana State University, P.O. Box 173520, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA

⁷ College of Engineering, Montana State University, P.O. Box 173820, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 567; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040567 - 21 Mar 2018

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 7999

Abstract

Disparities in access to safe public drinking water are increasingly being recognized as contributing to health disparities and environmental injustice for vulnerable communities in the United States. As the Co-Directors of the Apsaálooke Water and Wastewater Authority (AWWWA) for the Crow Tribe, with [...] Read more.

Disparities in access to safe public drinking water are increasingly being recognized as contributing to health disparities and environmental injustice for vulnerable communities in the United States. As the Co-Directors of the Apsaálooke Water and Wastewater Authority (AWWWA) for the Crow Tribe, with our academic partners, we present here the multiple and complex challenges we have addressed in improving and maintaining tribal water and wastewater infrastructure, including the identification of diverse funding sources for infrastructure construction, the need for many kinds of specialized expertise and long-term stability of project personnel, ratepayer difficulty in paying for services, an ongoing legacy of inadequate infrastructure planning, and lack of water quality research capacity. As a tribal entity, the AWWWA faces additional challenges, including the complex jurisdictional issues affecting all phases of our work, lack of authority to create water districts, and additional legal and regulatory gaps—especially with regards to environmental protection. Despite these obstacles, the AWWWA and Crow Tribe have successfully upgraded much of the local water and wastewater infrastructure. We find that ensuring safe public drinking water for tribal and other disadvantaged U.S. communities will require comprehensive, community-engaged approaches across a broad range of stakeholders to successfully address these complex legal, regulatory, policy, community capacity, and financial challenges. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Achieving Environmental Health Equity: Great Expectations)

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16 pages, 4448 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Qualitative Study of Airborne Minerals and Associated Organic Compounds in Southeast of Cairo, Egypt

by Kamal T. Hindy¹, Ashraf R. Baghdady²

, Fares M. Howari^3,* and Ahmed S. Abdelmaksoud^1,4

¹ Air Pollution Research Department, Environmental Research Division, National Research Center, Giza 12622, Egypt

² Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Ain-Shams University, Cairo 1156, Egypt

³ College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, Abu Dhabi 144534, UAE

⁴ Environmental Science Department, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 568; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040568 - 21 Mar 2018

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4036

Abstract

This study is concerned with the identification of the mineralogical composition of dust fall samples collected from southeast of Cairo, Egypt. The mineralogical identification was conducted by means of the polarizing microscope, infra-red spectroscopy (IR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The relationship between the [...] Read more.

This study is concerned with the identification of the mineralogical composition of dust fall samples collected from southeast of Cairo, Egypt. The mineralogical identification was conducted by means of the polarizing microscope, infra-red spectroscopy (IR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The relationship between the mineralogical composition of dust fall samples and 10 rock samples from the surrounding terrains were investigated. The major mineralogical species existing in the atmosphere of the study area are: carbonates mainly in the form of calcite in addition to the appearance of the dolomite form in traces overall the study area, but with considerable observation in the southern region; quartz which is less than calcite in its abundance; sulphates in the form of gypsum which may also be present as traces in the anhydrite form. Trace constitution of feldspars; clay minerals in the form of kaolinite, illite, and montimorillonite; and halite are also observable in the same samples. Organic compounds are present in the atmosphere of the area mainly as alkanes with presence of traces of phosphines. This study qualitatively shows the mineralogy of air particulate over rock processing area and the obtained results indicates that the main pollution source in the study area is the industrial activities with minor contribution of the natural sources, especially erosion and dust carried by winds from the surrounding terrains Cairo in the southern direction. This study provides useful results for the contribution of rock processing activities to the mineral composition of atmospheric particulates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Science and Engineering)

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9 pages, 7981 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Stratified Meta-Analysis of the Association between Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke during Childhood and Adulthood and Urothelial Bladder Cancer Risk

by Frits H. M. Van Osch^1,2,*

, Sylvia H. J. Jochems^1,2

, Anke Wesselius¹, Frederik J. Van Schooten³, Richard T. Bryan² and Maurice P. Zeegers^1,4

¹ Department of Complex Genetics, Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (School NUTRIM), Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands

² Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

³ Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands

⁴ Department of Complex Genetics, Public Health and Primary Care (School CAPHRI), Maastricht University, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 569; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040569 - 22 Mar 2018

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4664

Abstract

Background: Active smoking is a major risk factor for urothelial bladder cancer (UBC). However, the evidence that exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) either in childhood or adult life is also associated with UBC risk is ambiguous. With this meta-analysis, we aim [...] Read more.

Background: Active smoking is a major risk factor for urothelial bladder cancer (UBC). However, the evidence that exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) either in childhood or adult life is also associated with UBC risk is ambiguous. With this meta-analysis, we aim to summarise how exposure to ETS is associated with UBC risk. Methods: In total, 11 studies (3 cohort studies, 8 case-control studies) were included in this meta-analysis and summary odds ratios (SORs) for UBC risk were calculated for never smokers who were exposed to ETS during childhood at home, during adulthood at home, or during adulthood in a work environment compared to never smokers who were never exposed to ETS. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to test the robustness of findings. Results: Never smokers exposed to ETS during childhood (SOR = 1.04, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.82–1.26), during adulthood at work (SOR = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.78–1.18) or at home (SOR = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.83–1.15) were at a similar risk of UBC compared to never smokers who were never exposed to ETS. Results for males and females were similar. Also, when pooling all estimates during both childhood and adulthood, no effect was observed (SOR = 1.00, 95% CI = 0.89–1.10). Conclusions: Although measurement of exposure to ETS was imprecise, there does not seem to be an association between UBC risk and exposure to ETS during childhood or adulthood. However, the current body of evidence mostly overlooks the duration and intensity of exposure to ETS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Tobacco Smoke: Exposure and Effects)

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17 pages, 1588 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design, Intervention Fidelity, and Behavioral Outcomes of a School-Based Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Cluster-Randomized Trial in Laos

by Anna N. Chard

and Matthew C. Freeman^*

Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 570; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040570 - 22 Mar 2018

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 11016

Abstract

Evidence of the impact of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) in schools (WinS) interventions on pupil absence and health is mixed. Few WinS evaluations rigorously report on output and outcome measures that allow for comparisons of effectiveness between interventions to be made, or [...] Read more.

Evidence of the impact of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) in schools (WinS) interventions on pupil absence and health is mixed. Few WinS evaluations rigorously report on output and outcome measures that allow for comparisons of effectiveness between interventions to be made, or for an understanding of why programs succeed. The Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene for Health and Education in Laotian Primary Schools (WASH HELPS) study was a randomized controlled trial designed to measure the impact of the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) Laos WinS project on child health and education. We also measured the sustainability of intervention outputs and outcomes, and analyzed the effectiveness of group hygiene activities on behavior change and habit formation. Here, we present the design and intermediate results from this study. We found the WinS project improved the WASH environment in intervention schools; 87.8% of schools received the intervention per design. School-level adherence to outputs was lower; on average, schools met 61.4% of adherence-related criteria. The WinS project produced positive changes in pupils’ school WASH behaviors, specifically increasing toilet use and daily group handwashing. Daily group hygiene activities are effective strategies to improve school WASH behaviors, but a complementary strategy needs to be concurrently promoted for effective and sustained individual handwashing practice at critical times. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Related Disease)

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15 pages, 7353 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Horizontal and Vertical Distributions of Chromium in a Chromate Production District of South Central China

by Bin Zhou^1,2,3, Daoyou Huang^1,*, Jinshui Wu¹, Qihong Zhu¹ and Hanhua Zhu¹

¹ Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China

² University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

³ Yonker Environmental Protection Company, Ltd., Changsha 410330, China

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 571; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040571 - 22 Mar 2018

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4529

Abstract

To study the horizontal and vertical distribution of chromium (Cr) in the soil of a chromate production site (CPS) and its nearby area (NA-CPS) in south central China, 61 profiles (depth: 14 m) in the CPS and 69 samples (topsoil) were excavated following [...] Read more.

To study the horizontal and vertical distribution of chromium (Cr) in the soil of a chromate production site (CPS) and its nearby area (NA-CPS) in south central China, 61 profiles (depth: 14 m) in the CPS and 69 samples (topsoil) were excavated following a grid-sampling method. The geographic coordinates, elevation, and types of soil layers were recorded, and the total Cr in the soil and the total Cr and Cr(VI) in the leachate of the soil and in the groundwater were determined. Migration of Cr in surface soils may be represented in terms of a multiple linear regression equation (R²_adj = 0.632). Distance, elevation, and pH are the primary factors that influence the horizontal distribution of Cr content in the surface soils, while the Cr concentration in different soil profiles mostly obeys the positive or negative binomial distributions. For a positive distribution, the Cr concentration decreases with increasing depth in the 0.0–8.0 m soil layer, under the fixing effect of soil. However, it shows an upward trend with a depth in the 8–14 m soil layer under the influence of Cr-polluted phreatic water. Under a negative distribution, Cr content is stable in the 0–6 m layer because of the influence of chromite ore processing residue mixed with miscellaneous fills, but it decreases obviously in the 6–14 m layer under the fixing effect of soil. Similar vertical distributions were observed for pH, L_Cr, L_Cr⁶⁺, and P_Cr⁶⁺. The decreasing amplitude of the Cr concentration for binomial distributions is mainly affected by the Cr concentration, pH, and LR_Cr of the soil. Moreover, P_Cr⁶⁺ of soil increases with pH, and the type of soil layer is the primary factor influencing LR_Cr in the soil profiles. Our results of the horizontal and vertical distributions of Cr could be used to guide investigations that are focused on reducing the number of samples in the horizontal and vertical directions at CPSs, and to improve risk assessments of CPSs and nearby areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Pollution and Remediation)

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12 pages, 3308 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing the Effectiveness and Cost-Benefit of Test-and-Vaccinate Policy for Supplementary Vaccination against Rubella with Limited Doses

by Masaya M. Saito^1,2, Keisuke Ejima^3,4

, Ryo Kinoshita^2,5 and Hiroshi Nishiura^2,5,*

¹ The Institute of Statistical Mathematics, 10-3 Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8562, Japan

² Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan

³ Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan

⁴ School of Public Health, Indiana University Bloomington, 1025 E 7th St #111, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA

⁵ Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15 Jo Nishi 7 Chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-9638, Japan

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 572; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040572 - 22 Mar 2018

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4552

Abstract

Elevating herd immunity level against rubella is essential to prevent congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). Insufficient vaccination coverage left susceptible pockets among adults in Japan, and the outbreak of rubella from 2012 to 2013 resulted in 45 observed CRS cases. Given a limited stock [...] Read more.

Elevating herd immunity level against rubella is essential to prevent congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). Insufficient vaccination coverage left susceptible pockets among adults in Japan, and the outbreak of rubella from 2012 to 2013 resulted in 45 observed CRS cases. Given a limited stock of rubella-containing vaccine (RCV) available, the Japanese government recommended healthcare providers to prioritize vaccination to those confirmed with low level of immunity, or to those likely to transmit to pregnant women. Although a test-and-vaccinate policy could potentially help reduce the use of the limited stockpile of vaccines, by selectively elevating herd immunity, the cost of serological testing is generally high and comparable to the vaccine itself. Here, we aimed to examine whether random vaccination would be more cost-beneficial than the test-and-vaccinate strategy. A mathematical model was employed to evaluate the vaccination policy implemented in 2012–2013, quantifying the benefit-to-cost ratio to achieve herd immunity. The modelling exercise demonstrated that, while the test-and-vaccinate strategy can efficiently achieve herd immunity when stockpiles of RCV are limited, random vaccination would be a more cost-beneficial strategy. As long as the herd immunity acts as the goal of vaccination, our findings apply to future supplementary immunization strategy. Full article

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14 pages, 2196 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Real-Time Estimation of Population Exposure to PM_2.5 Using Mobile- and Station-Based Big Data

by Bin Chen^1,2, Yimeng Song³, Tingting Jiang¹, Ziyue Chen⁴

, Bo Huang^3,* and Bing Xu^1,4,5,*

¹ Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China

² Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA

³ Department of Geography and Resource Management, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China

⁴ State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China

⁵ Department of Geography, University of Utah, 260 S. Central Campus Dr., Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 573; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040573 - 23 Mar 2018

Cited by 86 | Viewed by 10039

Abstract

Extremely high fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) concentration has been a topic of special concern in recent years because of its important and sensitive relation with health risks. However, many previous PM_2.5 exposure assessments have practical limitations, due to the assumption [...] Read more.

Extremely high fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) concentration has been a topic of special concern in recent years because of its important and sensitive relation with health risks. However, many previous PM_2.5 exposure assessments have practical limitations, due to the assumption that population distribution or air pollution levels are spatially stationary and temporally constant and people move within regions of generally the same air quality throughout a day or other time periods. To deal with this challenge, we propose a novel method to achieve the real-time estimation of population exposure to PM_2.5 in China by integrating mobile-phone locating-request (MPL) big data and station-based PM_2.5 observations. Nationwide experiments show that the proposed method can yield the estimation of population exposure to PM_2.5 concentrations and cumulative inhaled PM_2.5 masses with a 3-h updating frequency. Compared with the census-based method, it introduced the dynamics of population distribution into the exposure estimation, thereby providing an improved way to better assess the population exposure to PM_2.5 at different temporal scales. Additionally, the proposed method and dataset can be easily extended to estimate other ambient pollutant exposures such as PM₁₀, O₃, SO₂, and NO₂, and may hold potential utilities in supporting the environmental exposure assessment and related policy-driven environmental actions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Mobility, Spatiotemporal Context, and Environmental Health: Recent Advances in Approaches and Methods)

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12 pages, 331 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Association between Potential Exposure to Magazine Ads with Voluntary Health Warnings and the Perceived Harmfulness of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS)

by Ce Shang^1,*

, Scott R. Weaver², Nahleen Zahra³, Jidong Huang², Kai-Wen Cheng¹ and Frank J. Chaloupka^1,3,4

¹ Health Policy Center, Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60608, USA

² School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 300303, USA

³ Department of Economics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60608, USA

⁴ Division of Health Policy and Administration, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60608, USA

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 575; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040575 - 23 Mar 2018

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 5180

Abstract

(1) Background: Several brands of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) carry voluntary health warning messages. This study examined how potential exposure to ENDS magazine ads with these voluntary health warnings were associated with the perceived harmfulness of ENDS. (2) Methods: Risk perception measures [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Several brands of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) carry voluntary health warning messages. This study examined how potential exposure to ENDS magazine ads with these voluntary health warnings were associated with the perceived harmfulness of ENDS. (2) Methods: Risk perception measures and self-reported exposure to ENDS ads were obtained from the 2014 Georgia State University (GSU) Tobacco Products and Risk Perceptions Survey of a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults. We examined the association between potential exposure to magazine ads with warnings and the perceived harms of ENDS relative to cigarettes, using binary logistic regressions and controlling for general ENDS ad exposure and socio-demographic characteristics. (3) Results: Potential exposure to ENDS magazine ads with warnings was associated with a lower probability of considering ENDS to be more or equally harmful compared to cigarettes, particularly among non-smokers (OR = 0.16; 95% CI: 0.04–0.77). In addition, ad exposure, ENDS use history, race/ethnicity, gender, education, and income were also associated with harm perceptions. (4) Conclusions: This study did not find evidence that magazine ads with warnings increased misperceptions that ENDS are equally or more harmful than cigarettes. With more ENDS advertisements carrying warnings, more research is needed to determine how the warnings in advertisements convey relative harm information to consumers and the public. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development and Evaluation of New Tobacco Control Interventions)

12 pages, 8959 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements as Non-Point Sources of Contamination in the Upper Crocodile Catchment Area, North-West Province, South Africa

by Samuel Che Nde^1,* and Manny Mathuthu²

¹ Department of Geography and Environmental Science, North-West University, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa

² Centre for Applied Radiation Science and Technology, North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 576; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040576 - 23 Mar 2018

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4469

Abstract

The concentration of potential toxic elements (PTEs) in the Upper Crocodile river catchment area in North-west Province, South Africa, was investigated. Water and sediment samples were collected among different land uses in the upper Crocodile River catchment area and analysed using inductively-coupled plasma–mass [...] Read more.

The concentration of potential toxic elements (PTEs) in the Upper Crocodile river catchment area in North-west Province, South Africa, was investigated. Water and sediment samples were collected among different land uses in the upper Crocodile River catchment area and analysed using inductively-coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP–MS). Several guidelines were used to gauge the level of contamination and possible toxic effect of PTEs. The physicochemical analysis showed that electrical conductivity (EC), pH, and total dissolved solids (TDS) values complied with the recommended values of Department of Water and Forestry (DWAF) guidelines for South Africa. The average concentration of Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn, As, Cr, Al, and Mn in the water samples were lower than the recommended levels for water-quality guidelines for aquatic environments except for Fe, which exceeded the recommended values of DWAF of 0.1 mg/L and EPA (US) of 0.3 mg/L. The level of contamination was measured using the enrichment factor, contamination factor, and geoaccumulation index. The level of Cr was above the stipulated threshold limit of the sediment quality guideline for adverse biological effects, suggesting an ecotoxicology risk of anthropogenic origin, which was confirmed by statistical analysis. The non-point sources of PTEs are spatially distributed according to land-use types and are strongly correlated to land use. Full article

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14 pages, 8451 KiB

Open AccessArticle

How Long Are Cancer Patients Waiting for Oncological Therapy in Poland?

by Karolina Osowiecka^1,2,*, Monika Rucinska^1,3, Jacek J. Nowakowski⁴ and Sergiusz Nawrocki⁵

¹ Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital of the Ministry of Internal Affairs with Warmia and Mazury Oncology Center in Olsztyn, Al. Wojska Polskiego 37, 10-228 Olsztyn, Poland

² Department of Public Health, Epidemiology and Microbiology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Al. Warszawska 30, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland

³ Department of Oncology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Al. Wojska Polskiego 37, 10-228 Olsztyn, Poland

⁴ Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Pl. Łódzki 3, 10-727 Olsztyn, Poland

⁵ Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Ul. Ceglana 35, 40-514 Katowice, Poland

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 577; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040577 - 23 Mar 2018

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3738

Abstract

Background: The five-year relative survival rate in Poland is approximately 10% lower compared with the average for Europe. One of the factors that may contribute to the inferior treatment results in Poland could be the long time between cancer suspicion and the beginning [...] Read more.

Background: The five-year relative survival rate in Poland is approximately 10% lower compared with the average for Europe. One of the factors that may contribute to the inferior treatment results in Poland could be the long time between cancer suspicion and the beginning of treatment. The aim of the study was to determine the real waiting time for cancer diagnosis and treatment in Poland. Methods: The study was carried out in six cancer centers on a group of 1373 patients, using a questionnaire to interview patients. The median waiting time was estimated as follows: (A) from suspicion (the date of the first visit, with symptoms, to a doctor or a preventive or screening test) until histopathological diagnosis; (B) from suspicion until initial treatment; and (C) from diagnosis until initial treatment. Results: The median times from suspicion to treatment, from suspicion to diagnosis, and from diagnosis to treatment, were 10.6, 5.6, and 5.0 weeks, respectively. Using multivariate analysis, the strongest influence was estimated, in a case of tumor localization, to be the method of initial treatment and facilities. Conclusion: The waiting time for cancer treatment in Poland is too long. The highest influence on waiting time was determined, in the case of tumors, as the type of cancer and factors related to the health care system. Full article

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27 pages, 1498 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating the Effect of Personality, Internet Literacy, and Use Expectancies in Internet-Use Disorder: A Comparative Study between China and Germany

by Benjamin Stodt¹

, Matthias Brand^1,2, Cornelia Sindermann³

, Elisa Wegmann¹

, Mei Li⁴, Min Zhou⁵, Peng Sha⁶ and Christian Montag^3,7,*

¹ General Psychology: Cognition and Center for Behavioral Addiction Research (CeBAR), University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany

² Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 45141 Essen, Germany

³ Department of Molecular Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany

⁴ Student Counselling Centre, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100037, China

⁵ Institute of Medical Statistics, Informatics and Epidemiology, University of Cologne, 50923 Cologne, Germany

⁶ School of Journalism and Communication, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China

⁷ Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation/Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 579; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040579 - 23 Mar 2018

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 8836

Abstract

Research on Internet-use Disorder (IUD) has increased rapidly, indicating its clinical and global importance. Past studies suggested cultural diversity regarding the prevalence of an IUD, e.g., between Asian and European countries. Additionally, it was found that personality factors, Internet-related cognitions and specific competences [...] Read more.

Research on Internet-use Disorder (IUD) has increased rapidly, indicating its clinical and global importance. Past studies suggested cultural diversity regarding the prevalence of an IUD, e.g., between Asian and European countries. Additionally, it was found that personality factors, Internet-related cognitions and specific competences seem to influence IUD tendencies, but research lacks in cultural comparative studies regarding these mechanisms. This study focuses on differences between Germany and China regarding the above-mentioned characteristics. German (n = 411; M = 20.70 years, SD = 3.34 years) and Chinese participants (n = 410; M = 20.72 years, SD = 2.65 years) answered the short Internet Addiction Test, Big Five Inventories, the Internet-use Expectancies Scale, as well as the Internet Literacy Questionnaire. The results revealed higher occurrence of IUD symptoms in China. Furthermore, Chinese participants scored significantly higher on neuroticism and agreeableness, whereas German participants scored higher on extraversion and openness. Compared to German participants, Chinese showed higher expectancies to avoid negative feelings online and to be positively reinforced. Regarding Internet literacy, German participants indicated higher skills concerning the reflection and critical analysis of online content, whereas Chinese showed higher expertise in producing and interacting online. Further, simple slope analyses indicated that certain Internet literacy domains were related differentially to IUD symptoms in Germany and China. While Chinese participants with higher reflective skills indicated highest IUD symptoms, reflective skills revealed no effect in Germany. Additionally, higher self-regulative skills correlated with lower IUD symptoms in the German, but not in the Chinese sample. The results give a hint to potential cultural differences regarding IUD, especially on the predictive and protective role of Internet literacy domains. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Internet and Mobile Phone Addiction: Health and Educational Effects)

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12 pages, 329 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mortality and Morbidity during Extreme Heat Events and Prevalence of Outdoor Work: An Analysis of Community-Level Data from Los Angeles County, California

by Kevin Riley^1,*, Holly Wilhalme², Linda Delp¹ and David P. Eisenman^3,4

¹ UCLA Labor Occupational Safety and Health Program, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA

² Department of Medicine Statistics Core, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA

³ Division of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA

⁴ Center for Public Health and Disasters, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 580; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040580 - 23 Mar 2018

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 8438

Abstract

Heat is a well-recognized hazard for workers in many outdoor settings, yet few investigations have compared the prevalence of outdoor work at the community level and rates of heat-related mortality and morbidity. This analysis examines whether heat-related health outcomes occur more frequently in [...] Read more.

Heat is a well-recognized hazard for workers in many outdoor settings, yet few investigations have compared the prevalence of outdoor work at the community level and rates of heat-related mortality and morbidity. This analysis examines whether heat-related health outcomes occur more frequently in communities with higher proportions of residents working in construction, agriculture, and other outdoor industries. Using 2005–2010 data from Los Angeles County, California, we analyze associations between community-level rates of deaths, emergency department (ED) visits, and hospitalizations during summer heat events and the prevalence of outdoor work. We find generally higher rates of heat-related ED visits and hospitalizations during summer heat events in communities with more residents working outdoors. Specifically, each percentage increase in residents working in construction resulted in an 8.1 percent increase in heat-related ED visits and a 7.9 percent increase in heat-related hospitalizations, while each percentage increase in residents working in agriculture and related sectors resulted in a 10.9 percent increase in heat-related ED visits. The findings suggest that outdoor work may significantly influence the overall burden of heat-related morbidity at the community level. Public health professionals and healthcare providers should recognize work and employment as significant heat risk factors when preparing for and responding to extreme heat events. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Public Health and Disasters)

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13 pages, 494 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lack of Substantial Post-Cessation Weight Increase in Electronic Cigarettes Users

by Cristina Russo¹, Fabio Cibella²

, Enrico Mondati^3,4, Pasquale Caponnetto^4,5, Evelise Frazzetto^3,4, Massimo Caruso^3,4

, Grazia Caci³

and Riccardo Polosa^3,4,5,*

¹ MCAU ARNAS Garibaldi, 95123 Catania, Italy

² National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, 90100 Palermo, Italy

³ Institute of Internal and Emergency Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria “Policlinico-V. Emanuele”, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy

⁴ Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy

⁵ Centro per la Prevenzione e Cura del Tabagismo (CPCT), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria “Policlinico-V. Emanuele”, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 581; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040581 - 23 Mar 2018

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 9030

Abstract

Minimization of post-cessation weight gain in quitters is important, but existing approaches (e.g., antismoking medications) shows only limited success. We investigated changes in body weight in smokers who quit or reduced substantially their cigarette consumption by switching to electronic cigarettes (ECs) use. Body [...] Read more.

Minimization of post-cessation weight gain in quitters is important, but existing approaches (e.g., antismoking medications) shows only limited success. We investigated changes in body weight in smokers who quit or reduced substantially their cigarette consumption by switching to electronic cigarettes (ECs) use. Body weight and smoking/vaping history were extracted from medical records of smokers and ex-smokers to match three study groups: (1) regular EC users on at least two consecutive follow-up visits; (2) regular smokers (and not using ECs); (3) subjects who reported sustained smoking abstinence after completing a cessation program. Review of their medical records was conducted at two follow-up visits at 6- (F/U 6m) and 12-months (F/U 12m). A total of 86 EC users, 93 regular smokers, and 44 quitters were studied. In the EC users study group, cigarettes/day use decreased from 21.1 at baseline to 1.8 at F/U 12m (p < 0.0001). Dual usage was reported by approximately 50% of EC users. Both within factor (time, p < 0.0001) and between factor (study groups, p < 0.0001) produced significant effect on weight (% change from baseline), with a significant 4.8% weight gain from baseline in the quitters study group at F/U 12m. For the EC users, weight gain at F/U 12m was only 1.5% of baseline. There was no evidence of post-cessation weight increase in those who reduced substantially cigarette consumption by switching to ECs (i.e., dual users) and only modest post-cessation weight increase was reported in exclusive EC users at F/U 12m. By reducing weight gain and tobacco consumption, EC-based interventions may promote an overall improvement in quality of life. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development and Evaluation of New Tobacco Control Interventions)

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18 pages, 10217 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatiotemporal Characteristics and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in PM_2.5 in Zhejiang Province

by Xiaofeng Wang¹, Shengliang He¹, Shuchang Chen², Yongli Zhang³, Aihong Wang⁴, Jinbin Luo⁵, Xialiang Ye⁶, Zhe Mo¹, Lizhi Wu¹, Peiwei Xu¹, Gaofeng Cai^1,*, Zhijian Chen^1,* and Xiaoming Lou^1,*

¹ Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Binsheng Road 3399, Hangzhou 310051, China

² Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Mingshi Road 568, Hangzhou 310021, China

³ Zhoushan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wengshan Road 568, Zhoushan 316021, China

⁴ Ningbo Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yongfeng Road 237, Ningbo 315010, China

⁵ Jinhua Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinou Road 1366, Jinhua 321002, China

⁶ Lishui Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shouerfu Road 28, Lishui 323000, China

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 583; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040583 - 24 Mar 2018

Cited by 61 | Viewed by 6736

Abstract

The spatiotemporal characteristics and human health risks of 12 heavy metals (Al, As, Be, Cd, Cr, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl) in fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) in Zhejiang Province were investigated. The annual average PM_2.5 concentration was [...] Read more.

The spatiotemporal characteristics and human health risks of 12 heavy metals (Al, As, Be, Cd, Cr, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl) in fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) in Zhejiang Province were investigated. The annual average PM_2.5 concentration was 58.83 µg/m³ in 2015 in Zhejiang. Element contents in PM_2.5 varied greatly with the season and locations. Al, Pb, and Mn were the most abundant elements among the studied metal(loid)s in PM_2.5. The non-carcinogenic risks of the 12 elements through inhalation and dermal contact exposure were lower than the safe level for children and adults. However, there were potential non-carcinogenic risks of Tl, As, and Sb for children and Tl for adults through ingestion exposure. The carcinogenic risks from As, Be, Cd, Cr, Pb, and Ni through inhalation exposure were less than the acceptable level (1 × 10⁻⁴) for children and adults. Pb may carry a potential carcinogenic risk for both children and adults through ingestion. More attention should be paid to alleviate non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks posed by particle-bound toxic elements through ingestion exposure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Change, Extreme Temperatures, Air Pollution, and Health)

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12 pages, 372 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Importance of Footwear for Preventing Xerosis and Hyperkeratosis in Older People with Psychiatric Disorders Living in an Institution

by Ana María Pérez-Pico¹

, Félix Marcos-Tejedor¹

, María José Iglesias-Sánchez² and Raquel Mayordomo Acevedo^3,*

¹ Department of Nursing, Centro Universitario de Plasencia, Universidad de Extremadura, 10600 Plasencia, Cáceres, Spain

² Department of Pharmacology, Centro Universitario de Plasencia, Universidad de Extremadura, 10600 Plasencia, Cáceres, Spain

³ Department of Anatomy and Human Embryology, Centro Universitario de Plasencia, Universidad de Extremadura, 10600 Plasencia, Cáceres, Spain

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 584; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040584 - 24 Mar 2018

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 5324

Abstract

Few studies have focused on the relation between the use and characteristics of footwear and the presence of foot lesions in people with psychiatric disorders. This work analyzes the influence of different footwear habits on the presence of deformities and ungueal and dermal [...] Read more.

Few studies have focused on the relation between the use and characteristics of footwear and the presence of foot lesions in people with psychiatric disorders. This work analyzes the influence of different footwear habits on the presence of deformities and ungueal and dermal pathologies of the foot of institutionalized people with psychiatric disorders compared to people without these disorders. A transversal and observational study was conducted on 107 participants, divided into two groups who have used different types of shoes throughout their lives. The control group comprised 63 autonomous people who mainly use leather footwear and a study group of 44 institutionalized people with intellectual disabilities and psychiatric disorders who mainly use textile footwear. There were significant differences between populations. The group with psychiatric disorders presented more xerosis and hyperkeratosis. Footwear with inappropriate characteristics is a possible causal agent of skin alterations. Wearing footwear with quality textile uppers, e.g., fabric or felt, could influence the appearance of these alterations. Leather footwear is recommended for institutionalized people to reduce symptoms of xerosis and improve their quality of life. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Aging and Public Health)

16 pages, 14741 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Algae Age and Population on the Response to TiO₂ Nanoparticles

by David M. Metzler¹, Ayca Erdem^2,* and Chin Pao Huang³

¹ School of Arts and Sciences, Gwynedd Mercy University, Gwynedd Valley, PA 19437, USA

² Department of Environmental Engineering, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07058, Turkey

³ Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 585; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040585 - 25 Mar 2018

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5005

Abstract

This work shows the influence of algae age (at the time of the exposure) and the initial algae population on the response of green algae Raphidocelis subcapitata to titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂ NPs). The different algae age was obtained by changes in [...] Read more.

This work shows the influence of algae age (at the time of the exposure) and the initial algae population on the response of green algae Raphidocelis subcapitata to titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂ NPs). The different algae age was obtained by changes in flow rate of continually stirred tank reactors prior to NP exposure. Increased algae age led to a decreased growth, variations in chlorophyll content, and an increased lipid peroxidation. Increased initial algae population (0.3−4.2 × 10⁶ cells/mL) at a constant NP concentration (100 mg/L) caused a decline in the growth of algae. With increased initial algae population, the lipid peroxidation and chlorophyll both initially decreased and then increased. Lipid peroxidation had 4× the amount of the control at high and low initial population but, at mid-ranged initial population, had approximately half the control value. Chlorophyll a results also showed a similar trend. These results indicate that the physiological state of the algae is important for the toxicological effect of TiO₂ NPs. The condition of algae and exposure regime must be considered in detail when assessing the toxicological response of NPs to algae. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Bio Interactions: Nanomedicine and Nanotoxicology)

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10 pages, 438 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association between Cervical Spondylosis and Migraine: A Nationwide Retrospective Cohort Study

by Wang-Sheng Lin^1,†, Tung-Fu Huang^2,3,†, Tien-Yow Chuang¹, Cheng-Li Lin^4,5 and Chia-Hung Kao^6,7,8,*

¹ Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan

² Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan

³ Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan

⁴ Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan

⁵ College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan

⁶ Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science and School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, No. 2, Yuh-Der Road, Taichung 404, Taiwan

⁷ Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan

⁸ Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 587; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040587 - 25 Mar 2018

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 6939

Abstract

Background: Few studies have investigated the longitudinal association between cervical spondylosis (CS) and migraine by using a nationwide population-based database. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study from 2000 to 2011 identifying 27,930 cases of cervical spondylosis and 111,720 control subjects (those without [...] Read more.

Background: Few studies have investigated the longitudinal association between cervical spondylosis (CS) and migraine by using a nationwide population-based database. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study from 2000 to 2011 identifying 27,930 cases of cervical spondylosis and 111,720 control subjects (those without cervical spondylosis) from a single database. The subjects were frequency-matched on the basis of sex, age, and diagnosis date. The non- cervical spondylosis cohort was four times the size of the cervical spondylosis cohort. To quantify the effects of cervical spondylosis on the risk of migraine, univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analyses were used to calculate the hazard ratio (HR), and 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: After a 10-year follow-up controlling for potential confounding factors, overall migraine incidence was higher in the cervical spondylosis cohort than in the non-cervical spondylosis cohort (5.16 and 2.09 per 1000 people per year, respectively; crude hazard ratio = 2.48, 95% confidence interval = 2.28–2.69), with an adjusted hazard ratio of 2.03 (95% confidence interval = 1.86–2.22) after accounting for sex, age, comorbidities, and medication. Individuals with myelopathy in the cervical spondylosis cohort had a 2.19 times (95% confidence interval = 1.80–2.66) higher incidence of migraine when compared than did those in the non- cervical spondylosis cohort. Conclusions: Individuals with cervical spondylosis exhibited a higher risk of migraine than those without cervical spondylosis. The migraine incidence rate was even higher among individuals with cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Full article

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12 pages, 17077 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Roma Housing and Eating in 1775 and 2013: A Comparison

by Michal Kozubik¹, Jitse P. Van Dijk^2,3,4,* and Barbora Odraskova⁵

¹ Department of Social Work and Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences and Health Care, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, 949 74 Nitra, Slovak Republic

² Department of Community & Occupational Medicine, University Medical Centre Groningen, University Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands

³ Olomouc University Society and Health Institute, Palacký University, 771 47 Olomouc, Czech Republic

⁴ Department of Social Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, 771 47 Olomouc, Czech Republic

⁵ Institute of Romany Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences and Health Care, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, 949 74 Nitra, Slovak Republic

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 588; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040588 - 25 Mar 2018

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5715

Abstract

We compared housing and the eating habits of Roma. Contemporary findings (2013) were compared with those from the first monothematic work on Roma (1775), which depicts their housing and eating habits, especially regarding the differences between social classes. Data were obtained from a [...] Read more.

We compared housing and the eating habits of Roma. Contemporary findings (2013) were compared with those from the first monothematic work on Roma (1775), which depicts their housing and eating habits, especially regarding the differences between social classes. Data were obtained from a journal (1775) and from semi-structured interviews (2013) with more than 70 Roma women and men who live in segregated and excluded settlements at the edges of villages or scattered among the majority. Data were collected in two villages and one district town in the Tatra region, where the data from the 1775 measurements originated. We used classical sociological theory to interpret the obtained data. The main findings showed differences between specific social classes then and now regarding housing, as well as the eating habits related to both conditions among the Roma in the Tatra region. The houses of rich Roma families did not differ from the houses of the majority population. The huts of the poorest inhabitants of settlements did not meet any hygiene standards. Typical Roma foods such as gója or marikľa were the traditional foods of Slovak peasants living in poverty in the country. We concluded that the housing and eating habits of the citizens of poor settlements located in the eastern parts of Slovakia are still similar to those of two centuries ago. The existing social exclusion may be explained partly from this finding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Roma Health)

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9 pages, 314 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Concentrations of 2,4-Dichlorophenol and 2,5-Dichlorophenol in Urine of Korean Adults

by Hyejin Park¹ and Kisok Kim^2,*

¹ Department of International Healthcare Administration, Daegu Catholic University, Kyungbuk 38430, Korea

² College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 589; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040589 - 25 Mar 2018

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 4348

Abstract

Humans are exposed to the environmental pollutants 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) and 2,5-dichlorophenol (2,5-DCP) through air, the use of water and the consumption of products. In this study, we evaluated the urinary concentrations of these compounds in Korean people between the ages of 18 to [...] Read more.

Humans are exposed to the environmental pollutants 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) and 2,5-dichlorophenol (2,5-DCP) through air, the use of water and the consumption of products. In this study, we evaluated the urinary concentrations of these compounds in Korean people between the ages of 18 to 69 years, by making use of data from the Korean National Human Biomonitoring Survey that was completed in 2009. Of 1865 representative Koreans, 63.4% and 97.9% were found to have concentrations of 2,4-DCP and 2,5-DCP > 0.05 μg/L (limit of detection) in their urine, respectively. The geometric mean of urinary concentrations was 0.14 μg/L (confidence interval of 95% = 0.13–0.16) and 0.44 μg/L (confidence interval = 0.41–0.48), respectively. It was found that the adjusted proportional changes in 2,4-DCP concentrations were significantly associated with body mass index, whereas those of 2,5-DCP concentrations were influenced by place of residence. From these findings, it is evident that most adults in Korea have levels of 2,4-DCP and 2,5-DCP that are detectable in their urine and the burden of these compounds on their bodies varies depending on numerous demographic factors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Health)

10 pages, 1653 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Trauma and Depression among North Korean Refugees: The Mediating Effect of Negative Cognition

by Subin Park¹

, Yeeun Lee¹ and Jin Yong Jun^2,*

¹ Department of Research Planning, Mental Health Research Institute, National Center for Mental Health, Seoul 04933, Korea

² Department of Social Psychiatry and Rehabilitation, National Center for Mental Health, Seoul 04933, Korea

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 591; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040591 - 25 Mar 2018

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 7038

Abstract

North Korean refugees experience adaptation difficulties, along with a wide range of psychological problems. Accordingly, this study examined the associations between early traumatic experiences, negative automatic thoughts, and depression among young North Korean refugees living in South Korea. Specifically, we examined how different [...] Read more.

North Korean refugees experience adaptation difficulties, along with a wide range of psychological problems. Accordingly, this study examined the associations between early traumatic experiences, negative automatic thoughts, and depression among young North Korean refugees living in South Korea. Specifically, we examined how different factors of negative automatic thoughts would mediate the relationship between early trauma and depressive symptoms. A total of 109 North Korean refugees aged 13–29 years were recruited from two alternative schools. Our path analysis indicated that early trauma was positively linked with thoughts of personal failure, physical threat, and hostility, but not with thoughts of social threat. The link with depressive symptoms was only significant for thoughts of personal failure. After removing all non-significant pathways, the model revealed that early traumatic experiences were positively associated with depressive symptoms (ß = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.48–0.73) via thoughts of personal failure (ß = 0.17, 95% CI = 0.08–0.28), as well as directly (ß = 0.44, 95% CI = 0.27–0.59). Interventions that target negative cognitions of personal failure may be helpful for North Korean refugees at risk of depression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Refugee, Migrant and Ethnic Minority Health)

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13 pages, 4545 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Geographic Variation of Mental Health Risk and Service Utilization of Doctors and Hospitals in Toronto: A Shared Component Spatial Modeling Approach

by Jane Law^1,2,*

and Christopher Perlman²

¹ School of Planning, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada

² School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 593; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040593 - 26 Mar 2018

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 5933

Abstract

Mental Health has been known to vary geographically. Different rates of utilization of mental health services in local areas reflect geographic variation of mental health and complexity of health care. Variations and inequalities in how the health care system addresses risks are two [...] Read more.

Mental Health has been known to vary geographically. Different rates of utilization of mental health services in local areas reflect geographic variation of mental health and complexity of health care. Variations and inequalities in how the health care system addresses risks are two critical issues for addressing population mental health. This study examines these issues by analyzing the utilization of mental health services in Toronto at the neighbourhood level. We adopted a shared component spatial modeling approach that allows simultaneous analysis of two main health service utilizations: doctor visits and hospitalizations related to mental health conditions. Our results reflect a geographic variation of both types of mental health service utilization across neighbourhoods in Toronto. We identified hot and cold spots of mental health risks that are common to both or specific to only one type of health service utilization. Based on the evidence found, we discuss intervention strategies, focusing on the hotspots and provision of health services about doctors and hospitals, to improve mental health for the neighbourhoods. Limitations of the study and further research directions are also discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Systems and Services)

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8 pages, 317 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Classification Accuracy of a Wearable Activity Tracker for Assessing Sedentary Behavior and Physical Activity in 3–5-Year-Old Children

by Wonwoo Byun^1,*

, Jung-Min Lee², Youngwon Kim^1,3 and Timothy A. Brusseau¹

¹ Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Recreation, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA

² School of Physical Education, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea

³ Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CBD 0SP, UK

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 594; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040594 - 26 Mar 2018

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 5331

Abstract

This study examined the accuracy of the Fitbit activity tracker (FF) for quantifying sedentary behavior (SB) and varying intensities of physical activity (PA) in 3–5-year-old children. Twenty-eight healthy preschool-aged children (Girls: 46%, Mean age: 4.8 ± 1.0 years) wore the FF and were [...] Read more.

This study examined the accuracy of the Fitbit activity tracker (FF) for quantifying sedentary behavior (SB) and varying intensities of physical activity (PA) in 3–5-year-old children. Twenty-eight healthy preschool-aged children (Girls: 46%, Mean age: 4.8 ± 1.0 years) wore the FF and were directly observed while performing a set of various unstructured and structured free-living activities from sedentary to vigorous intensity. The classification accuracy of the FF for measuring SB, light PA (LPA), moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA), and total PA (TPA) was examined calculating Pearson correlation coefficients (r), mean absolute percent error (MAPE), Cohen’s kappa (k), sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp), and area under the receiver operating curve (ROC-AUC). The classification accuracies of the FF (ROC-AUC) were 0.92, 0.63, 0.77 and 0.92 for SB, LPA, MVPA and TPA, respectively. Similarly, values of kappa, Se, Sp and percentage of correct classification were consistently high for SB and TPA, but low for LPA and MVPA. The FF demonstrated excellent classification accuracy for assessing SB and TPA, but lower accuracy for classifying LPA and MVPA. Our findings suggest that the FF should be considered as a valid instrument for assessing time spent sedentary and overall physical activity in preschool-aged children. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eating and Exercise in Children and Adolescents)

17 pages, 4899 KiB

Open AccessArticle

What Persons with Chronic Health Conditions Need to Maintain or Return to Work—Results of an Online-Survey in Seven European Countries

by Nicole Foitzek¹, Carolina C. Ávila², Ivana Ivandic¹, Črtomir Bitenc³, Maria Cabello², Sonja Gruber⁴, Matilde Leonardi⁵

, Amalia Muñoz-Murillo⁶, Chiara Scaratti⁵, Beata Tobiasz-Adamczyk⁷, Anastasia Vlachou⁸, Eva Esteban¹

, Carla Sabariego¹

and Michaela Coenen^1,*

¹ Chair for Public Health and Health Services Research, Research Unit for Biopsychosocial Health, Department of Medical Information Processing, Biometry and Epidemiology (IBE), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), 81377 Munich, Germany

² Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid and Institute of Health Carlos III, CIBER of Mental Health (CIBERSAM), 28038 Madrid, Spain

³ Development Center for Vocational Rehabilitation, University Rehabilitation Institute Republic of Slovenia, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia

⁴ Disability and Diversity Studies, Carinthia University of Applied Science (CUAS), 9020 Klagenfurt, Austria

⁵ Neurology, Public Health and Disability Unit; Neurological Institute Carlo Besta IRCCS Foundation, 20133 Milan, Italy

⁶ Research Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, 08830 Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain

⁷ Chair of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-034 Krakow, Poland

⁸ Department of Special Education, University of Thessaly, 38221 Volos, Greece

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 595; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040595 - 26 Mar 2018

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 5666

Abstract

Chronic health conditions represent the major share of the disease burden in Europe and have a significant impact on work. This study aims to: (1) identify factors that have a negative or positive impact on the work lives of persons with chronic health [...] Read more.

Chronic health conditions represent the major share of the disease burden in Europe and have a significant impact on work. This study aims to: (1) identify factors that have a negative or positive impact on the work lives of persons with chronic health conditions; (2) explore the needs of these persons to maintain a job or return to work and (3) compare these results with respect to these persons’ occupational status. An online survey was performed in seven European countries. Open-ended survey questions were analyzed using qualitative methods. In total, 487 participants with six chronic health conditions participated. The majority of participants named work-related aspects (such as career development, stress at the workplace, work structure and schedule as well as workload), support of others and attitudes of others as being the factors positively and negatively impact their work lives the most. Our study shed light on the importance of changing the attitudes of supervisors and co-workers to counteract stigmatization of persons with chronic health conditions in the workplace. In conclusion, this study provides a basis for developing new strategies of integration and reintegration at work for persons with chronic health conditions in European countries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Healthy Workplaces, Employment and Chronic Conditions in Europe: Answering the Hidden Emergency with Innovative Strategies)

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11 pages, 6472 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physical Activity Environment and Japanese Adults’ Body Mass Index

by Mohammad Javad Koohsari^1,2,3,*, Andrew T. Kaczynski^4,5, Tomoya Hanibuchi⁶

, Ai Shibata⁷, Kaori Ishii¹, Akitomo Yasunaga⁸, Tomoki Nakaya⁹ and Koichiro Oka¹

¹ Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama 359-1192, Japan

² Behavioural Epidemiology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne 3004, Australia

³ Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne 3000, Australia

⁴ Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29229, USA

⁵ Prevention Research Center, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29229, USA

⁶ School of International Liberal Studies, Chukyo University, Nagoya 466-8666, Japan

⁷ Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8574, Japan

⁸ Faculty of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Bunka Gakuen University, Tokyo 151-8523, Japan

⁹ Department of Geography and Institute of Disaster Mitigation for Urban Cultural Heritage, Ritsumeikan University, Kyoto 603-8577, Japan

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 596; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040596 - 26 Mar 2018

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 5479

Abstract

Evidence about the impacts of the physical activity environment on adults’ weight in the context of Asian countries is scarce. Likewise, no study exists in Asia examining whether Walk Score^®—a free online walkability tool—is related to obesity. This study aimed to [...] Read more.

Evidence about the impacts of the physical activity environment on adults’ weight in the context of Asian countries is scarce. Likewise, no study exists in Asia examining whether Walk Score^®—a free online walkability tool—is related to obesity. This study aimed to examine associations between multiple physical activity environment measures and Walk Score^® ratings with Japanese adults’ body mass index (BMI). Data from 1073 adults in the Healthy Built Environment in Japan study were used. In 2011, participants reported their height and weight. Environmental attributes, including population density, intersection density, density of physical activity facilities, access to public transportation, and availability of sidewalks, were calculated using Geographic Information Systems. Walk Scores^® ratings were obtained from the website. Multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to examine the association between each environmental attribute and BMI. Adjusting for covariates, all physical activity environmental attributes were negatively associated with BMI. Similarly, an increase of one standard deviation of Walk Score^® was associated with a 0.29 (95% confidence interval (CI) of −0.49–−0.09) decrease in BMI. An activity-friendly built environment was associated with lower adults’ BMI in Japan. Investing in healthy community design may positively impact weight status in non-Western contexts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Health)

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11 pages, 986 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microplastic Contamination of Wild and Captive Flathead Grey Mullet (Mugil cephalus)

by Lewis T. O. Cheung¹

, Ching Yee Lui¹ and Lincoln Fok^2,*

¹ Department of Social Sciences, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, New Territories, Hong Kong, China

² Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, New Territories, Hong Kong, China

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 597; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040597 - 26 Mar 2018

Cited by 122 | Viewed by 12574

Abstract

A total of 60 flathead grey mullets were examined for microplastic ingestion. Thirty wild mullets were captured from the eastern coast of Hong Kong and 30 captive mullets were obtained from fish farms. Microplastic ingestion was detected in 60% of the wild mullets, [...] Read more.

A total of 60 flathead grey mullets were examined for microplastic ingestion. Thirty wild mullets were captured from the eastern coast of Hong Kong and 30 captive mullets were obtained from fish farms. Microplastic ingestion was detected in 60% of the wild mullets, with an average of 4.3 plastic items per mullet, while only 16.7% of captive mullets were found to have ingested microplastics, with an average of 0.2 items per mullet. The results suggested that wild mullets have a higher risk of microplastic ingestion than their captive counterparts. The most common plastic items were fibres that were green in colour and small in size (<2 mm). Polypropylene was the most common polymer (42%), followed by polyethylene (25%). In addition, the abundance of microplastics was positively correlated with larger body size among the mullets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microplastics: Hazards to Environmental and Human Health)

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15 pages, 554 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Legionella spp. Risk Assessment in Recreational and Garden Areas of Hotels

by Antonios Papadakis^1,2,†

, Dimosthenis Chochlakis^1,3,†, Vassilios Sandalakis¹, Maria Keramarou¹, Yannis Tselentis¹ and Anna Psaroulaki^1,3,*

¹ Department of Clinical Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Voutes—Staurakia, 71110 Heraklion, Crete, Greece

² Public Health Authority of Heraklion, 71201 Heraklion, Crete, Greece

³ Regional Laboratory of Public Health, School of Medicine, 71110 Heraklion, Crete, Greece

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 598; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040598 - 26 Mar 2018

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 12411

Abstract

Several Travel-associated Legionnaires’ disease (TALD) cases occur annually in Europe. Except from the most obvious sites (cooling towers and hot water systems), infections can also be associated with recreational, water feature, and garden areas of hotels. This argument is of great interest to [...] Read more.

Several Travel-associated Legionnaires’ disease (TALD) cases occur annually in Europe. Except from the most obvious sites (cooling towers and hot water systems), infections can also be associated with recreational, water feature, and garden areas of hotels. This argument is of great interest to better comprehend the colonization and to calculate the risk to human health of these sites. From July 2000–November 2017, the public health authorities of the Island of Crete (Greece) inspected 119 hotels associated with TALD, as reported through the European Legionnaires’ Disease Surveillance Network. Five hundred and eighteen samples were collected from decorative fountain ponds, showers near pools and spas, swimming pools, spa pools, garden sprinklers, drip irrigation systems (reclaimed water) and soil. Of those, 67 (12.93%), originating from 43 (35.83%) hotels, tested positive for Legionella (Legionella pneumophila serogroups 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 13, 14, 15 and non-pneumophila species (L. anisa, L. erythra, L. taurinensis, L. birminghamensis, L. rubrilucens). A Relative Risk (R.R.) > 1 (p < 0.0001) was calculated for chlorine concentrations of less than 0.2 mg/L (R.R.: 54.78), star classification (<4) (R.R.: 4.75) and absence of Water Safety Plan implementation (R.R.: 3.96). High risk (≥10⁴ CFU/L) was estimated for pool showers (16.42%), garden sprinklers (7.46%) and pool water (5.97%). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recreational Water Illnesses)

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14 pages, 367 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Duration of Breastfeeding, but Not Timing of Solid Food, Reduces the Risk of Overweight and Obesity in Children Aged 24 to 36 Months: Findings from an Australian Cohort Study

by Sarah Bell¹, Sarah Siau Yi Yew¹, Gemma Devenish¹

, Diep Ha²

, Loc Do²

and Jane Scott^1,*

¹ School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia

² Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 599; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040599 - 26 Mar 2018

Cited by 50 | Viewed by 7954

Abstract

This study aimed to determine whether breastfeeding duration and the timing of solid food were independently associated with being overweight or obese in early childhood. Subjects were 953 children participating in the Study of Mothers and Infants Life Events Affecting Oral Health (SMILE) [...] Read more.

This study aimed to determine whether breastfeeding duration and the timing of solid food were independently associated with being overweight or obese in early childhood. Subjects were 953 children participating in the Study of Mothers and Infants Life Events Affecting Oral Health (SMILE) birth cohort study, based in Adelaide, Australia. Socio-demographic information and data on breastfeeding duration and age of introduction of solid food were collected at birth, 3, 4, 6, 12, and 24 months via mailed or online questionnaires completed by mothers. The weight and height of children were measured at a dental examination when children were aged between 24 and 36 months. Body mass index was calculated, and children were categorised into weight groups according to the World Health Organization growth standards. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted, adjusting for maternal age at birth, education, socio-economic status, pre-pregnancy weight, smoking in pregnancy, method of delivery, and child’s birthweight. Risk of overweight/obesity was independently associated with maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, smoking in pregnancy, and birthweight. Children that were breastfed for 12 months or more had a significantly lower risk of being overweight/obese than those breastfed for less than 17 weeks (AOR 0.49; 95%CI 0.27, 0.90; p for trend =0.009). Age of introduction of solid food, however, was not associated with the risk of being overweight/obese at 24 to 36 months. This study provides further evidence of an inverse relationship between breastfeeding and risk of overweight/obesity, however, no association with the timing of solid food was detected. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition in the First 1000 Days)

6 pages, 692 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association of Overcrowding and Turnover with Self-Harm in a Swiss Pre-Trial Prison

by Stéphanie Baggio^1,2,*, Laurent Gétaz¹, Nguyen Toan Tran^1,3

, Nicolas Peigné¹, Komal Chacowry Pala¹, Diane Golay¹, Patrick Heller¹, Patrick Bodenmann⁴ and Hans Wolff¹

¹ Division of Prison Health, Geneva University Hospitals & University of Geneva, 1225 Geneva, Switzerland

² Life Course and Inequality Research Centre, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland

³ Australian Centre for Public Population Health Research, Faculty of Health, University of Technology, 2007 Sydney, Australia

⁴ Vulnerable Population Center, Department of Ambulatory Care and Community Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital & University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 601; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040601 - 27 Mar 2018

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 6159

Abstract

Self-harm is a common issue in detention and includes both suicidal and non-suicidal behaviours. Beyond well-known individual risk factors, institutional factors such as overcrowding (i.e., when the prison population exceeds its capacity) and turnover (i.e., the rate at which the prison population is [...] Read more.

Self-harm is a common issue in detention and includes both suicidal and non-suicidal behaviours. Beyond well-known individual risk factors, institutional factors such as overcrowding (i.e., when the prison population exceeds its capacity) and turnover (i.e., the rate at which the prison population is renewed), may also increase the risk of self-harm. However, these factors are understudied or previous studies reported inconsistent findings. This study investigated the association of self-harm with overcrowding and turnover in the largest pre-trial Swiss prison in Geneva. Data were collected yearly between 2011 and 2017. Measures included self-harm (all kinds of self-injuring acts requiring medical attention, including self-strangulations and self-hangings). We performed meta-regressions to analyse the relationships between self-harm and institutional factors. Self-harm events were frequent, with a prevalence estimate of 26.4%. Overcrowding and turnover were high (average occupation rate of 177% and average turnover of 73%, respectively). Overcrowding and turnover were significantly associated with self-harm (respectively b = 0.068, p < 0.001 and (b = 1.257, p < 0.001). In both cases, self-harm was higher when overcrowding and turnover increased. Overcrowding and turnover raise important human rights concerns and have damaging effects on the health of people living in detention. Identification of and care for this vulnerable population at risk of self-harm are needed and institutional factors should be addressed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Suicide Research)

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12 pages, 21720 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of Fine Particulate Matter and Associated Health Burden in Nanjing

by Dongyang Nie^1,2, Mindong Chen^1,*, Yun Wu^1,*

, Xinlei Ge¹, Jianlin Hu¹

, Kai Zhang¹ and Pengxiang Ge¹

¹ Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China

² School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 602; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040602 - 27 Mar 2018

Cited by 39 | Viewed by 5909

Abstract

Particulate matter (PM) air pollution has become a serious environmental problem in Nanjing and poses great health risks to local residents. In this study, characteristics of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm (PM_2.5) over Nanjing were analyzed [...] Read more.

Particulate matter (PM) air pollution has become a serious environmental problem in Nanjing and poses great health risks to local residents. In this study, characteristics of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm (PM_2.5) over Nanjing were analyzed using hourly and daily averaged PM_2.5 concentrations and meteorological parameters collected from nine national monitoring sites during the period of March 2014 to February 2017. Then, the integrated exposure-response (IER) model was applied to assess premature mortality, years of life lost (YLL) attributable to PM_2.5, and mortality benefits due to PM_2.5 reductions. The concentrations of PM_2.5 varied among hours, seasons and years, which can be explained by differences in emission sources, secondary formations and meteorological conditions. The decreased ratio of PM_2.5 to CO suggested that secondary contributions decreased while the relative contributions of vehicle exhaust increased from increased CO data. According to the values of attributable fractions (AF), stroke was the major cause of death, followed by ischemic heart disease (IHD), lung cancer (LC) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The estimated total deaths in Nanjing due to PM_2.5 were 12,055 and 10,771, leading to 98,802 and 87,647 years of life lost in 2014 and 2015, respectively. The elderly and males had higher health risks than youngsters and females. When the PM_2.5 concentrations meet the World Health Organization (WHO) Air Quality Guidelines (AQG) of 10 μg/m³, 84% of the premature deaths would be avoided, indicating that the Nanjing government needs to adopt more stringent measure to reduce PM pollution and enhance the health benefits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Air Quality and Health)

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19 pages, 12189 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Multi-Scale Clustering of Lyme Disease Risk at the Expanding Leading Edge of the Range of Ixodes scapularis in Canada

by Marion Ripoche^1,2,*

, Leslie Robbin Lindsay³, Antoinette Ludwig^2,4, Nicholas H. Ogden^2,4, Karine Thivierge^2,5,6 and Patrick A. Leighton^1,2

¹ Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montréal, 3200 Rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada

² Epidemiology of Zoonoses and Public Health Research Unit (GREZOSP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montréal, 3200 Rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada

³ Zoonoses and Special Pathogens Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada

⁴ Public Health Risk Sciences Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 3200 Rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada

⁵ Quebec Public Health Laboratory, Quebec Public Health Institute (INSPQ), 20045 Chemin Sainte-Marie, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3R5, Canada

⁶ Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 603; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040603 - 27 Mar 2018

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 7828

Abstract

Since its detection in Canada in the early 1990s, Ixodes scapularis, the primary tick vector of Lyme disease in eastern North America, has continued to expand northward. Estimates of the tick’s broad-scale distribution are useful for tracking the extent of the Lyme [...] Read more.

Since its detection in Canada in the early 1990s, Ixodes scapularis, the primary tick vector of Lyme disease in eastern North America, has continued to expand northward. Estimates of the tick’s broad-scale distribution are useful for tracking the extent of the Lyme disease risk zone; however, tick distribution may vary widely within this zone. Here, we investigated I. scapularis nymph distribution at three spatial scales across the Lyme disease emergence zone in southern Quebec, Canada. We collected ticks and compared the nymph densities among different woodlands and different plots and transects within the same woodland. Hot spot analysis highlighted significant nymph clustering at each spatial scale. In regression models, nymph abundance was associated with litter depth, humidity, and elevation, which contribute to a suitable habitat for ticks, but also with the distance from the trail and the type of trail, which could be linked to host distribution and human disturbance. Accounting for this heterogeneous nymph distribution at a fine spatial scale could help improve Lyme disease management strategies but also help people to understand the risk variation around them and to adopt appropriate behaviors, such as staying on the trail in infested parks to limit their exposure to the vector and associated pathogens. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emergence of Tick-Borne Diseases Resulting from Human Landscape Change)

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19 pages, 727 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Loss Due to Storm Surge Disasters in China Based on Econometric Model Groups

by Xue Jin^1,2

, Xiaoxia Shi¹, Jintian Gao¹, Tongbin Xu¹ and Kedong Yin^1,2,3,*

¹ School of Economics, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China

² College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China

³ Ocean Development Research Institute, Major Research Base of Humanities and Social Sciences of Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 604; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040604 - 27 Mar 2018

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 5155

Abstract

Storm surge has become an important factor restricting the economic and social development of China’s coastal regions. In order to improve the scientific judgment of future storm surge damage, a method of model groups is proposed to refine the evaluation of the loss [...] Read more.

Storm surge has become an important factor restricting the economic and social development of China’s coastal regions. In order to improve the scientific judgment of future storm surge damage, a method of model groups is proposed to refine the evaluation of the loss due to storm surges. Due to the relative dispersion and poor regularity of the natural property data (login center air pressure, maximum wind speed, maximum storm water, super warning water level, etc.), storm surge disaster is divided based on eight kinds of storm surge disaster grade division methods combined with storm surge water, hypervigilance tide level, and disaster loss. The storm surge disaster loss measurement model groups consist of eight equations, and six major modules are constructed: storm surge disaster in agricultural loss, fishery loss, human resource loss, engineering facility loss, living facility loss, and direct economic loss. Finally, the support vector machine (SVM) model is used to evaluate the loss and the intra-sample prediction. It is indicated that the equations of the model groups can reflect in detail the relationship between the damage of storm surges and other related variables. Based on a comparison of the original value and the predicted value error, the model groups pass the test, providing scientific support and a decision basis for the early layout of disaster prevention and mitigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Decision Models in Green Growth and Sustainable Development)

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12 pages, 309 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Future Orientation among Students Exposed to School Bullying and Cyberbullying Victimization

by Sara B. Låftman^1,*

, Susanne Alm², Julia Sandahl³ and Bitte Modin¹

¹ Department of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden

² Swedish Institute for Social Research (SOFI), Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden

³ Department of Criminology, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 605; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040605 - 27 Mar 2018

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 6611

Abstract

Future orientation can be defined as an individual’s thoughts, beliefs, plans, and hopes for the future. Earlier research has shown adolescents’ future orientation to predict outcomes later in life, which makes it relevant to analyze differences in future orientation among youth. The aim [...] Read more.

Future orientation can be defined as an individual’s thoughts, beliefs, plans, and hopes for the future. Earlier research has shown adolescents’ future orientation to predict outcomes later in life, which makes it relevant to analyze differences in future orientation among youth. The aim of the present study was to analyze if bullying victimization was associated with an increased likelihood of reporting a pessimistic future orientation among school youth. To be able to distinguish between victims and bully-victims (i.e., students who are both bullies and victims), we also took perpetration into account. The data were derived from the Stockholm School Survey performed in 2016 among ninth grade students (ages 15–16 years) (n = 5144). Future orientation and involvement in school bullying and in cyberbullying were based on self-reports. The statistical method used was binary logistic regression. The results demonstrated that victims and bully-victims of school bullying and of cyberbullying were more likely to report a pessimistic future orientation compared with students not involved in bullying. These associations were shown also when involvement in school bullying and cyberbullying were mutually adjusted. The findings underline the importance of anti-bullying measures that target both school bullying and cyberbullying. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cyber Pathology: Cyber Victimization and Cyber Bullying)

8 pages, 1626 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antibacterial Activity of Orthodontic Cement Containing Quaternary Ammonium Polyethylenimine Nanoparticles Adjacent to Orthodontic Brackets

by Eldad Sharon, Revital Sharabi, Adi Eden, Asher Zabrovsky, Gilad Ben-Gal, Esi Sharon, Yoav Pietrokovski

, Yael Houri-Haddad^† and Nurit Beyth^*,†

¹ Department of Prosthodontics, Hebrew University-Hadassah, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem 91120, Israel

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 606; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040606 - 27 Mar 2018

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 4344

Abstract

Enamel demineralization is a common problem found in patients using orthodontic devices, such as orthodontic braces. It was found that Streptoccocus mutans growth increases adjacent to orthodontic devices, which may result in caries development. Incorporated antibacterial quaternary ammonium polyethylenimine (QPEI) nanoparticles were previously [...] Read more.

Enamel demineralization is a common problem found in patients using orthodontic devices, such as orthodontic braces. It was found that Streptoccocus mutans growth increases adjacent to orthodontic devices, which may result in caries development. Incorporated antibacterial quaternary ammonium polyethylenimine (QPEI) nanoparticles were previously shown to be highly efficacious against various bacteria. Combining antibacterial materials in orthodontic cement may be advantageous to prevent bacterial outgrowth adjacent to orthodontic brackets. The aim was to evaluate the efficiency of orthodontic cement containing QPEI nanoparticles in reducing S. mutans and Lactobacillus casei outgrowth adjacent to orthodontic brackets. Orthodontic brackets were bonded to the buccal surfaces of extracted lower incisors. The antibacterial effect on S. mutans and L. casei outgrowth of Neobond bracket adhesive orthodontic cement with and without QPEI nanoparticles was compared. The antibacterial effect was evaluated using crystal violet staining and bacterial count (CFU/mL). The teeth in the experimental group, with the QPEI nanoparticles cement, showed significantly lower optical density (OD) values and CFU counts of S. mutans and L. casei than the teeth in the control group (p < 0.05). Based on the results, it can be concluded that orthodontic cement containing QPEI nanoparticles significantly inhibits S. mutans and L. casei growth around orthodontic brackets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Science and Engineering)

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15 pages, 5234 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Concentration and Risk Evaluation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Urban Soil in the Typical Semi-Arid City of Xi’an in Northwest China

by Lijun Wang^1,2,*, Shengwei Zhang¹, Li Wang¹, Wenjuan Zhang¹, Xingmin Shi¹, Xinwei Lu¹, Xiaoping Li^1,2 and Xiaoyun Li¹

¹ Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China

² International Joint Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Pollutant Exposure and Eco-Environmental Health, Xi’an 710062, China

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 607; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040607 - 27 Mar 2018

Cited by 52 | Viewed by 6216

Abstract

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants, presenting potential threats to the ecological environment and human health. Sixty-two urban soil samples were collected in the typical semi-arid city of Xi’an in Northwest China. They were analyzed for concentration, pollution, and ecological and [...] Read more.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants, presenting potential threats to the ecological environment and human health. Sixty-two urban soil samples were collected in the typical semi-arid city of Xi’an in Northwest China. They were analyzed for concentration, pollution, and ecological and health risk of sixteen U.S. Environmental Protection Agency priority PAHs. The total concentrations of the sixteen PAHs (Σ16PAHs) in the urban soil ranged from 390.6 to 10,652.8 µg/kg with an average of 2052.6 µg/kg. The concentrations of some individual PAHs in the urban soil exceeded Dutch Target Values of Soil Quality and the Σ16PAHs represented heavy pollution. Pyrene and dibenz[a,h]anthracene had high ecological risk to aquatic/soil organisms, while other individual PAHs showed low ecological risk. The total ecological risk of PAHs to aquatic/soil organisms is classified as moderate. Toxic equivalency quantities (TEQs) of the sixteen PAHs varied between 21.16 and 1625.78 µg/kg, with an average of 423.86 µg/kg, indicating a relatively high toxicity potential. Ingestion and dermal adsorption of soil dust were major pathways of human exposure to PAHs from urban soil. Incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCRs) of human exposure to PAHs were 2.86 × 10⁻⁵ for children and 2.53 × 10⁻⁵ for adults, suggesting that the cancer risk of human exposure to PAHs from urban soil is acceptable. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Proceedings of 2nd International Symposium on Environment Science and Health)

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13 pages, 13080 KiB

Open AccessArticle

How Socio-Environmental Factors Are Associated with Japanese Encephalitis in Shaanxi, China—A Bayesian Spatial Analysis

by Shaobai Zhang^1,2, Wenbiao Hu³, Xin Qi^1,4,*

and Guihua Zhuang^1,*

¹ School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China

² Department of Immunization Program, Shaanxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi’an 710054, China

³ School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia

⁴ Global Health Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 608; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040608 - 27 Mar 2018

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4682

Abstract

Evidence indicated that socio-environmental factors were associated with occurrence of Japanese encephalitis (JE). This study explored the association of climate and socioeconomic factors with JE (2006–2014) in Shaanxi, China. JE data at the county level in Shaanxi were supplied by Shaanxi Center for [...] Read more.

Evidence indicated that socio-environmental factors were associated with occurrence of Japanese encephalitis (JE). This study explored the association of climate and socioeconomic factors with JE (2006–2014) in Shaanxi, China. JE data at the county level in Shaanxi were supplied by Shaanxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Population and socioeconomic data were obtained from the China Population Census in 2010 and statistical yearbooks. Meteorological data were acquired from the China Meteorological Administration. A Bayesian conditional autoregressive model was used to examine the association of meteorological and socioeconomic factors with JE. A total of 1197 JE cases were included in this study. Urbanization rate was inversely associated with JE incidence during the whole study period. Meteorological variables were significantly associated with JE incidence between 2012 and 2014. The excessive precipitation at lag of 1–2 months in the north of Shaanxi in June 2013 had an impact on the increase of local JE incidence. The spatial residual variations indicated that the whole study area had more stable risk (0.80–1.19 across all the counties) between 2012 and 2014 than earlier years. Public health interventions need to be implemented to reduce JE incidence, especially in rural areas and after extreme weather. Full article

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20 pages, 4158 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Extended Chemical Plant Environmental Protection Game on Addressing Uncertainties of Human Adversaries

by Zhengqiu Zhu¹

, Bin Chen^1,*

, Sihang Qiu^1,2

, Rongxiao Wang¹, Feiran Chen¹, Yiping Wang³ and Xiaogang Qiu¹

¹ College of System Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, 109 Deya Road, Changsha 410073, China

² Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Web Information Systems, Mathematics and Computer Sciences, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Van Mourik Broekmanweg 6, 2628 XE Delft, The Netherlands

³ The Naval 902 Factory, Shanghai 200083, China

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 609; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040609 - 27 Mar 2018

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 5054

Abstract

Chemical production activities in industrial districts pose great threats to the surrounding atmospheric environment and human health. Therefore, developing appropriate and intelligent pollution controlling strategies for the management team to monitor chemical production processes is significantly essential in a chemical industrial district. The [...] Read more.

Chemical production activities in industrial districts pose great threats to the surrounding atmospheric environment and human health. Therefore, developing appropriate and intelligent pollution controlling strategies for the management team to monitor chemical production processes is significantly essential in a chemical industrial district. The literature shows that playing a chemical plant environmental protection (CPEP) game can force the chemical plants to be more compliant with environmental protection authorities and reduce the potential risks of hazardous gas dispersion accidents. However, results of the current literature strictly rely on several perfect assumptions which rarely hold in real-world domains, especially when dealing with human adversaries. To address bounded rationality and limited observability in human cognition, the CPEP game is extended to generate robust schedules of inspection resources for inspection agencies. The present paper is innovative on the following contributions: (i) The CPEP model is extended by taking observation frequency and observation cost of adversaries into account, and thus better reflects the industrial reality; (ii) Uncertainties such as attackers with bounded rationality, attackers with limited observation and incomplete information (i.e., the attacker’s parameters) are integrated into the extended CPEP model; (iii) Learning curve theory is employed to determine the attacker’s observability in the game solver. Results in the case study imply that this work improves the decision-making process for environmental protection authorities in practical fields by bringing more rewards to the inspection agencies and by acquiring more compliance from chemical plants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Environmental Risk Assessment)

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13 pages, 314 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Evaluating Community Partnerships Addressing Community Resilience in Los Angeles, California

by Malcolm V. Williams^1,*, Anita Chandra², Asya Spears¹, Danielle Varda³, Kenneth B. Wells^1,4,5,6, Alonzo L. Plough⁷ and David P. Eisenman^1,6,8

¹ RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA 90401, USA

² RAND Corporation, Arlington, VA 22202, USA

³ School of Public Affairs, University of Colorado Denver, P.O. Box 173364, Denver, CO 80217, USA

⁴ West Los Angeles VA Healthcare Center, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA

⁵ Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA

⁶ Center for Public Health and Disasters, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA

⁷ Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA

⁸ Division of General Internal Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 610; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040610 - 27 Mar 2018

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 7910

Abstract

Community resilience has grown in importance in national disaster response and recovery efforts. However, measurement of community resilience, particularly the content and quality of relationships aimed at improving resilience, is lacking. To address this gap, we used a social network survey to measure [...] Read more.

Community resilience has grown in importance in national disaster response and recovery efforts. However, measurement of community resilience, particularly the content and quality of relationships aimed at improving resilience, is lacking. To address this gap, we used a social network survey to measure the number, type, and quality of relationships among organizations participating in 16 coalitions brought together to address community resilience in the Los Angeles Community Disaster Resilience project. These coalitions were randomized to one of two approaches (community resilience or preparedness). Resilience coalitions received training and support to develop these partnerships and implement new activities. Both coalition types received expert facilitation by a public health nurse or community educator. We also measured the activities each coalition engaged in and the extent to which partners participated in these activities at two time points. We found that the community resilience coalitions were initially larger and had lower trust among members than the preparedness communities. Over time, these trust differences dissipated. While both coalitions grew, the resilience community coalitions maintained their size difference throughout the project. We also found differences in the types of activities implemented by the resilience communities; these differences were directly related to the trainings provided. This information is useful to organizations seeking guidance on expanding the network of community-based organizations that participate in community resilience activities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Public Health and Disasters)

13 pages, 5742 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In-Cabin Air Quality during Driving and Engine Idling in Air-Conditioned Private Vehicles in Hong Kong

by Natasha Maria Barnes, Tsz Wai Ng, Kwok Keung Ma and Ka Man Lai^*

Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 611; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040611 - 27 Mar 2018

Cited by 46 | Viewed by 7213

Abstract

Many people spend lengthy periods each day in enclosed vehicles in Hong Kong. However, comparably limited data is available about in-cabin air quality in air-conditioned private vehicles, and the car usage that may affect the air quality. Fifty-one vehicles were tested for particulate [...] Read more.

Many people spend lengthy periods each day in enclosed vehicles in Hong Kong. However, comparably limited data is available about in-cabin air quality in air-conditioned private vehicles, and the car usage that may affect the air quality. Fifty-one vehicles were tested for particulate matter (PM_0.3 and PM_2.5), total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO₂), airborne bacteria, and fungi levels during their routine travel journey. Ten of these vehicles were further examined for PM_0.3, PM_2.5, TVOCs, CO, and CO₂ during engine idling. In general, during driving PM_2.5 levels in-cabin reduced overtime, but not PM_0.3. For TVOCs, 24% vehicles exceeded the recommended Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) level in offices and public places set by the Hong Kong Environmental Protection Department. The total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) concentration positively correlated with the age of the vehicle. Carbon monoxide (CO) levels in all of the vehicles were lower than the IAQ recommendation, while 96% vehicles exceeded the recommended CO₂ level of 1000 ppmv; 16% vehicles >5000 ppmv. Microbial counts were relatively low. TVOCs levels at idle engine were higher than that during driving. Although the time we spend in vehicles is short, the potential exposure to high levels of pollutants should not be overlooked. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Hygiene)

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17 pages, 8070 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of an Agricultural Meteorological Disaster Based on Multiple Criterion Decision Making and Evolutionary Algorithm

by Xiaobing Yu^1,2,*, Xianrui Yu² and Yiqun Lu²

¹ Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China

² School of Management and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 612; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040612 - 28 Mar 2018

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4605

Abstract

The evaluation of a meteorological disaster can be regarded as a multiple-criteria decision making problem because it involves many indexes. Firstly, a comprehensive indexing system for an agricultural meteorological disaster is proposed, which includes the disaster rate, the inundated rate, and the complete [...] Read more.

The evaluation of a meteorological disaster can be regarded as a multiple-criteria decision making problem because it involves many indexes. Firstly, a comprehensive indexing system for an agricultural meteorological disaster is proposed, which includes the disaster rate, the inundated rate, and the complete loss rate. Following this, the relative weights of the three criteria are acquired using a novel proposed evolutionary algorithm. The proposed algorithm consists of a differential evolution algorithm and an evolution strategy. Finally, a novel evaluation model, based on the proposed algorithm and the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), is presented to estimate the agricultural meteorological disaster of 2008 in China. The geographic information system (GIS) technique is employed to depict the disaster. The experimental results demonstrated that the agricultural meteorological disaster of 2008 was very serious, especially in Hunan and Hubei provinces. Some useful suggestions are provided to relieve agriculture meteorological disasters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Decision Models in Green Growth and Sustainable Development)

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15 pages, 1035 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fractionation, Bioaccessibility, and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in the Soil of an Urban Recreational Area Amended with Composted Sewage Sludge

by Kai Yang¹

, Tao Zhang^1,2, Yanqiu Shao¹, Chao Tian¹, Stephen R. Cattle³, Ying Zhu^1,* and Jinjuan Song⁴

¹ Advanced Materials Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China

² College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong 030600, China

³ Sydney Institute of Agriculture, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Eveleigh, NSW 2015, Australia

⁴ Quality, Safety and Environmental Protection Department, China International Water and Electric Corporation, Beijing 100120, China

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 613; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040613 - 28 Mar 2018

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 5583

Abstract

A composted sewage sludge (CSS) was added to the soil of an urban garden at 5%, 10%, and 25% (w/w soil) and stabilised for 180 days. Samples were then collected and analysed for total heavy metal concentrations, chemical fractions, and [...] Read more.

A composted sewage sludge (CSS) was added to the soil of an urban garden at 5%, 10%, and 25% (w/w soil) and stabilised for 180 days. Samples were then collected and analysed for total heavy metal concentrations, chemical fractions, and bioaccessibility, together with some physicochemical properties. The results showed that the total chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) concentrations were increased with CSS addition rate. The CSS addition decreased the residual fractions of these four elements. The exchangeable Cr, Cu, and Pb fractions were very small or not detected, while Zn exhibited an increasing trend in its exchangeable fraction with CSS addition rate. The bioaccessibility of these four elements was increased with the CSS addition rate. Moreover, the Cr, Cu, and Zn bioaccessibility correlated positively with the total concentration, while the bioaccessibility of these four elements exhibited a negative correlation with the residual fraction. The fractionation and bioaccessibility of heavy metals may have also been influenced by pH, cation exchange capacity, and organic matter. The risk assessment code reflected the amended soil showed no or low environmental risks for Cr, Cu, and Pb and a medium risk for Zn. The hazardous index values and cancer risk levels indicated that the heavy metals in the soil amended with 25% CSS posed negligible potential noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks to children and adults via incidental ingestion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Pollution and Remediation)

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18 pages, 50043 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Geospatial Analysis and Seasonal Distribution of West Nile Virus Vectors (Diptera: Culicidae) in Southern Ontario, Canada

by Bryan V. Giordano^1,2

, Kevin W. Turner³ and Fiona F. Hunter^1,2,4,5,*

¹ Centre for Biotechnology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada

² Centre for Vector-Borne Disease, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada

³ Department of Geography and Tourism Studies, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada

⁴ Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada

⁵ Entomogen Inc., St. Catharines, ON L2R 2N6, Canada

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 614; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040614 - 28 Mar 2018

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 9833

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to establish geospatial and seasonal distributions of West Nile virus vectors in southern Ontario, Canada using historical surveillance data from 2002 to 2014. We set out to produce mosquito abundance prediction surfaces for each of Ontario’s thirteen [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to establish geospatial and seasonal distributions of West Nile virus vectors in southern Ontario, Canada using historical surveillance data from 2002 to 2014. We set out to produce mosquito abundance prediction surfaces for each of Ontario’s thirteen West Nile virus vectors. We also set out to determine whether elevation and proximity to conservation areas and provincial parks, wetlands, and population centres could be used to improve our model. Our results indicated that the data sets for Anopheles quadrimaculatus, Anopheles punctipennis, Anopheles walkeri, Culex salinarius, Culex tarsalis, Ochlerotatus stimulans, and Ochlerotatus triseriatus were not suitable for geospatial modelling because they are randomly distributed throughout Ontario. Spatial prediction surfaces were created for Aedes japonicus and proximity to wetlands, Aedes vexans and proximity to population centres, Culex pipiens/restuans and proximity to population centres, Ochlerotatus canadensis and elevation, and Ochlerotatus trivittatus and proximity to population centres using kriging. Seasonal distributions are presented for all thirteen species. We have identified both when and where vector species are most abundant in southern Ontario. These data have the potential to contribute to a more efficient and focused larvicide program and West Nile virus awareness campaigns. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Health)

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13 pages, 354 KiB

Open AccessArticle

by Hongyan Liu^1,2,3,†

, Xianglong Xu^1,2,3,†

, Dengyuan Liu^1,2,3, Yunshuang Rao^1,2,3, Cesar Reis⁴

, Manoj Sharma^5,6

, Jun Yuan^1,2,3, Yao Chen⁷ and Yong Zhao^1,2,3,*

¹ School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China

² Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China

³ Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China

⁴ Preventive Medicine Department, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA

⁵ Behavioral & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jackson State University, 350 West Woodrow Wilson Avenue, Jackson, MS 39213, USA

⁶ Health Sciences, Walden University, 100 Washington Avenue South, Suite 900, Minneapolis, MN 55401, USA

⁷ Medical Examination Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 615; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040615 - 28 Mar 2018

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 9778

Abstract

Kindergarten teachers play an important role in providing kindergarten children with education on nutrition. However, few studies have been published on nutrition-related knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of Chinese kindergarten teachers. This study aimed to assess the nutrition-related knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) [...] Read more.

Kindergarten teachers play an important role in providing kindergarten children with education on nutrition. However, few studies have been published on nutrition-related knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of Chinese kindergarten teachers. This study aimed to assess the nutrition-related knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of kindergarten teachers in Chongqing, China. Thus, a cross-sectional survey was conducted using a structured KAP model questionnaire administered to 222 kindergarten teachers, who were senior teachers from 80 kindergartens in 19 districts and 20 counties in Chongqing. Multiple regression analysis was used to analyze the influential factors. Among the participants, 54.2% were familiar with simple nutrition-related knowledge; only 9.9% of them were satisfied with their knowledge of childhood nutrition; and 97.7% of them had a positive attitude to learn nutrition-related knowledge. Only 38.7% of the participants had attended pediatric nutrition knowledge courses or training. Multiple regression analysis confirmed significant independent effects on the nutrition knowledge score (p < 0.0001) of respondents on age, type of residence, type of kindergarten, body mass index(BMI), professional training of kindergarten teachers, behavior of having ever participated in childhood nutrition education knowledge courses or training, and behavior of having ever paid attention to children’s nutrition knowledge. The model indicated that independent variables explained 45.4% (adjusted R²) of the variance found in the knowledge scores of respondents. While there were low levels of nutrition knowledge and training, it was still encouraging to note that there were positive attitudes towards acquiring nutrition-related knowledge among kindergarten teachers in Chongqing, China. These findings provide some implications that necessary training measures need to be carried out to improve the nutrition-related knowledge level among kindergarten teachers in China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eating and Exercise in Children and Adolescents)

19 pages, 47613 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Epidemiology of Unintentional and Violence-Related Injury Morbidity and Mortality among Children and Adolescents in the United States

by Michael F. Ballesteros^1,*, Dionne D. Williams¹, Karin A. Mack¹, Thomas R. Simon² and David A. Sleet^3,4

¹ Division of Analysis, Research and Practice Integration, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA

² Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA

³ The Bizzell Group, LLC, Lanham, MD 20706, USA

⁴ Division of Unintentional Injury Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 616; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040616 - 28 Mar 2018

Cited by 58 | Viewed by 11001

Abstract

Injuries and violence among young people have a substantial emotional, physical, and economic toll on society. Understanding the epidemiology of this public health problem can guide prevention efforts, help identify and reduce risk factors, and promote protective factors. We examined fatal and nonfatal [...] Read more.

Injuries and violence among young people have a substantial emotional, physical, and economic toll on society. Understanding the epidemiology of this public health problem can guide prevention efforts, help identify and reduce risk factors, and promote protective factors. We examined fatal and nonfatal unintentional injuries, injuries intentionally inflicted by other (i.e., assaults and homicides) among children ages 0–19, and intentionally self-inflicted injuries (i.e., self-harm and suicides) among children ages 10–19. We accessed deaths (1999–2015) and visits to emergency departments (2001–2015) for these age groups through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS), and examined trends and differences by age, sex, race/ethnicity, rural/urban status, and injury mechanism. Almost 13,000 children and adolescents age 0–19 years died in 2015 from injury and violence compared to over 17,000 in 1999. While the overall number of deaths has decreased over time, there were increases in death rates among certain age groups for some categories of unintentional injury and for suicides. The leading causes of injury varied by age group. Our results indicate that efforts to reduce injuries to children and adolescents should consider cause, intent, age, sex, race, and regional factors to assure that prevention resources are directed at those at greatest risk. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Child Injury Prevention 2017)

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19 pages, 9620 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Commensal Escherichia coli Isolates from Adults and Young Children in Lubuskie Province, Poland: Virulence Potential, Phylogeny and Antimicrobial Resistance

by Ewa Bok^1,*, Justyna Mazurek¹, Andrzej Myc^1,2,3, Michał Stosik¹, Magdalena Wojciech⁴ and Katarzyna Baldy-Chudzik¹

¹ Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Góra, 65-561 Zielona Góra, Poland

² Laboratory of Virology, Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland

³ Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5648, USA

⁴ Department of Mathematical Statistics and Econometrics, Faculty of Mathematics, Computer Science and Econometrics, University of Zielona Góra, 65-516 Zielona Góra, Poland

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 617; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040617 - 28 Mar 2018

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 5272

Abstract

Commensal Escherichia coli population is a dynamic structure which may be important in the pathogenesis of extraintestinal infections. The aim of this study was the comparison of genetic diversity of commensal E. coli isolates from two age group—adults and young children. E. coli [...] Read more.

Commensal Escherichia coli population is a dynamic structure which may be important in the pathogenesis of extraintestinal infections. The aim of this study was the comparison of genetic diversity of commensal E. coli isolates from two age group—adults and young children. E. coli strains were isolated on MacConkey agar and identified by biochemical tests. Determination of four major phylogenetic groups, identification of virulence genes and antimicrobial resistance determinants were performed by using multiplex or simplex PCR. Phenotypic analysis of resistance was based on disc-diffusion method. The prevalence of virulence genes was significantly higher among isolates from adults than from young children. Phylogroup B2 predominated among E. coli from adults, whereas phylogroup A was the most common in isolates from young children. The analyses of antimicrobial resistance revealed that resistance to at least one antimicrobial agent and multidrug-resistance were detected significantly more frequent in the isolates from adults than from young children. This study documented that the commensal E. coli isolates from adults showed greater genetic diversity than from young children and constitutes a substantial reservoir of the virulence genes typical for extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Health)

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10 pages, 292 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Parents’ Experiences of Suicide-Bereavement: A Qualitative Study at 6 and 12 Months after Loss

by Victoria Ross, Kairi Kõlves^*, Lisa Kunde and Diego De Leo

Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Suicide Prevention, Menzies Health Institute of Queensland, Griffith University, Mt Gravatt Campus, Mount Gravatt, QLD 4122, Australia

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 618; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040618 - 28 Mar 2018

Cited by 55 | Viewed by 9349

Abstract

The death of a child by suicide is a severe trauma, placing parents at greater risk of psychological morbidity and physical health problems compared to other causes of death. However, few studies have examined the aftermath and bereavement experience for parents following the [...] Read more.

The death of a child by suicide is a severe trauma, placing parents at greater risk of psychological morbidity and physical health problems compared to other causes of death. However, few studies have examined the aftermath and bereavement experience for parents following the death of a child to suicide, limiting the ability to guide effective postvention services through empirical research. The current study, which was part of a larger longitudinal investigation of suicide bereavement in Queensland, Australia, examined the individual experiences of both mothers and fathers bereaved by suicide over time, specifically at the six month and 12 month time points after their loss. Bereaved parents who had provided written consent to be contacted for research purposes were identified through the Queensland Suicide Register, and took part in individual, semi-structured interviews. Generic qualitative analysis identified three key themes: searching for answers and sense-making, coping strategies and support, and finding meaning and purpose. Some participants showed indications of meaning-making and post-traumatic growth at 12 months after the suicide. According to the dual process model of bereavement, it is likely that participants were still oscillating between sense-making and meaning making, indicating that adapting to bereavement is a dynamic and fluctuating process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Suicide Research)

14 pages, 4041 KiB

Open AccessArticle

‘Obesogenic’ School Food Environments? An Urban Case Study in The Netherlands

by Joris Timmermans¹, Coosje Dijkstra², Carlijn Kamphuis³, Marlijn Huitink²

, Egbert Van der Zee¹ and Maartje Poelman^1,*

¹ Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8a, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands

² Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU-University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands

³ Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 1, P.O. Box 80140, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 619; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040619 - 28 Mar 2018

Cited by 44 | Viewed by 9360

Abstract

(1) Background: This study aimed to explore and define socio-economic (SES) differences in urban school food environments in The Netherlands. (2) Methods: Retail food outlets, ready-to-eat products, in-store food promotions and food advertisements in public space were determined within 400 m walking distance [...] Read more.

(1) Background: This study aimed to explore and define socio-economic (SES) differences in urban school food environments in The Netherlands. (2) Methods: Retail food outlets, ready-to-eat products, in-store food promotions and food advertisements in public space were determined within 400 m walking distance of all secondary schools in the 4th largest city of The Netherlands. Fisher’s exact tests were conducted. (3) Results: In total, 115 retail outlets sold ready-to-eat food and drink products during school hours. Fast food outlets were more often in the vicinity of schools in lower SES (28.6%) than in higher SES areas (11.5%). In general, unhealthy options (e.g., fried snacks, sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB)) were more often for sale, in-store promoted or advertised in comparison with healthy options (e.g., fruit, vegetables, bottled water). Sport/energy drinks were more often for sale, and fried snacks/fries, hamburgers/kebab and SSB were more often promoted or advertised in lower SES areas than in higher SES-areas. (4) Conclusion: In general, unhealthy food options were more often presented than the healthy options, but only a few SES differences were observed. The results, however, imply that efforts in all school areas are needed to make the healthy option the default option during school time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Obesity and Urban Environments)

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13 pages, 1146 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Beliefs about Vaccinations: Comparing a Sample from a Medical School to That from the General Population

by Lauren E. Latella^1,*, Robert J. McAuley² and Mitchell Rabinowitz¹

¹ Graduate School of Education, Fordham University, New York, NY 10023, USA

² Institutional Effectiveness and Technology, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI 48309-4482, USA

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 620; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040620 - 28 Mar 2018

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 5537

Abstract

The current study compares health care professionals’ beliefs about vaccination statements with the beliefs of a sample of individuals from the general population. Students and faculty within a medical school (n = 58) and a sample from the general population in the [...] Read more.

The current study compares health care professionals’ beliefs about vaccination statements with the beliefs of a sample of individuals from the general population. Students and faculty within a medical school (n = 58) and a sample from the general population in the United States (n = 177) were surveyed regarding their beliefs about vaccinations. Participants evaluated statements about vaccinations (both supporting and opposing), and indicated whether they thought the general population would agree with them. Overall, it was found that subjects in both populations agreed with statements supporting vaccination over opposing statements, but the general population was more likely to categorize the supporting statements as beliefs rather than facts. Additionally, there was little consensus within each population as to which statements were considered facts versus beliefs. Both groups underestimated the number of people that would agree with them; however, the medical affiliates showed the effect significantly more. Implications for medical education and health communication are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccination and Health Outcomes)

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25 pages, 46179 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Water Quality in Surface Water: A Preliminary Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination of the Mashavera River, Georgia

by Sisira S. Withanachchi^1,*

, Giorgi Ghambashidze²

, Ilia Kunchulia³

, Teo Urushadze² and Angelika Ploeger¹

¹ Department of Organic Food Quality and Food Culture, Faculty of Organic Agricultural Sciences, University of Kassel, 37213 Witzenhausen, Germany

² School of Agricultural and Natural Sciences, Agricultural University of Georgia, Tbilisi 0159, Georgia

³ Michail Sabashvili Institute of Soil Science, Agrochemistry and Melioration, Agricultural University of Georgia, Tbilisi 0159, Georgia

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 621; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040621 - 28 Mar 2018

Cited by 72 | Viewed by 11897

Abstract

Water quality contamination by heavy metal pollution has severe effects on public health. In the Mashavera River Basin, an important agricultural area for the national food system in Georgia (e.g., vegetable, dairy and wine production), water contamination has multiple influences on the regional [...] Read more.

Water quality contamination by heavy metal pollution has severe effects on public health. In the Mashavera River Basin, an important agricultural area for the national food system in Georgia (e.g., vegetable, dairy and wine production), water contamination has multiple influences on the regional and country-wide health. With new industrial activities in the region, sediment extraction, and discharge of untreated wastewater into the river, its tributaries and irrigation canals, a comprehensive study of water quality was greatly needed. This study examined sediment and water samples from 17 sampling sites in the Mashavera River Basin during the high and low precipitation seasons. The results were characterized utilizing the Geo-accumulation Index (I_geo), Enrichment Factor (EF), Pollution Load index (PLI), Contamination Factor (CF) and Metal Index (MI). According to the CFs, Cu > Cd > Zn > Pb > Fe > Mn > Ni > Cr > Hg is the descending order for the content of all observed heavy metals in sediments collected in both seasons. Fe and As were additionally examined in water samples. Overall, As, Cd and Pb, all highly toxic elements, were found in high concentrations in downstream sample sites. According to these results, comprehensive monitoring with narrow intervals between sampling dates, more sample sites along all waterways, and proximate observation of multiple trace metal elements are highly recommended. Moreover, as the part of the water quality governance system, an immediate and sustainable collective action by all stakeholders to control the pollution level is highly recommended, as this issue is linked to the security of the national food system and poses a local public health risk. Full article

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12 pages, 1286 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Parents’ Experience and Views of Vaccinating Their Child against Influenza at Primary School and at the General Practice

by Pauline Paterson^1,2,*

, Will Schulz¹, Martin Utley³

and Heidi J. Larson^1,2,4

¹ Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK

² Health Protection Research Unit in Immunisation, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK

³ Clinical Operational Research Unit, Department of Mathematics, University College London, 4 Taviton Street, London WC1H 0BT, UK

⁴ Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 622; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040622 - 28 Mar 2018

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5117

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to gain an in-depth understanding of parents’ experience and views of vaccinating their four to six-year-old child against influenza at school and at the general practice (GP). A cross-sectional qualitative study was conducted between March–June 2016 with [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to gain an in-depth understanding of parents’ experience and views of vaccinating their four to six-year-old child against influenza at school and at the general practice (GP). A cross-sectional qualitative study was conducted between March–June 2016 with parents of children in Reception and Year 1 in four randomly selected schools in Bury, Leicestershire, and Surrey, England. Twenty-five outreach forms were completed and returned, and seven interviews were conducted. Interview transcripts were coded by theme in NVivo (version 11, QSR International Pty Ltd., Melbourne, Australia). The primary reason parents gave for vaccinating their child was to prevent their child from contracting influenza. Parents’ perceived benefits of vaccinating in schools were to avoid the inconvenience of having to take their child to the GP, and that their child would behave better at school. Parents viewed that accompanying their child for the vaccination at school would undermine the convenience and peer-pressure advantages of the school as a venue. No parents expressed concern about their child being too young to be vaccinated in school. This research suggests that the school is a desirable venue for childhood influenza vaccination, both from the parents’ view and given that influenza vaccination coverage is higher when delivered through schools than GPs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interventions and Approaches to Optimize Immunization Coverage Across the Lifespan)

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13 pages, 391 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physical Activity as a Determinant of Quality of Life in Working-Age People in Wrocław, Poland

by Daniel Puciato^1,*

, Michał Rozpara² and Zbigniew Borysiuk¹

¹ Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Opole University of Technology, ul. Prószkowska 76, 45-758 Opole, Poland

² Faculty of Physical Education, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, ul. Mikołowska 72, 40-065 Katowice, Poland

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 623; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040623 - 29 Mar 2018

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 6377

Abstract

Regular physical activity can greatly contribute to the improvement of physical fitness and performance, reduction of the incidence risk of some occupational diseases, and as a consequence, to a general improvement of quality of life in terms of health status. The aim of [...] Read more.

Regular physical activity can greatly contribute to the improvement of physical fitness and performance, reduction of the incidence risk of some occupational diseases, and as a consequence, to a general improvement of quality of life in terms of health status. The aim of the article was to assess relationships between the quality of life and physical activity of a working-age population. The study material comprised 4460 residents of the city of Wrocław, Poland (2129 men, 2331 women) aged 18–64 years. The study was a questionnaire survey using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form (IPAQ-SF) and The World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL-BREF) questionnaires. The highest levels of overall quality of life and its four particular domains (physical, psychological, social, and environmental), as well as perceived health conditions were found among the most physically active respondents. Furthermore, the odds of high assessment of perceived overall quality of life were shown to increase with the increasing levels of physical activity. Activities aimed at the improvement of the quality of life of working-age people should involve programs enhancing the development of physical activity. Full article

12 pages, 338 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Patient as a Partner in Healthcare-Associated Infection Prevention

by Marta Wałaszek^1,2, Małgorzata Kołpa^1,2, Zdzisław Wolak^1,2, Anna Różańska³ and Jadwiga Wójkowska-Mach^3,*

¹ State Higher Vocational School, 33-100 Tarnów, Poland

² St. Łukasz Voivodeship Hospital, 33-100 Tarnów, Poland

³ Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-121 Kraków, Poland

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 624; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040624 - 29 Mar 2018

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4418

Abstract

Objectives: The objective of the study was getting to know the knowledge and attitudes towards hand hygiene (HH) among Polish patients and healthcare workers (HCWs). Methods: 459 respondents replied to the survey: 173 (37.6%) patients and 286 (62.3%) HCWs; 57 HCWs were additionally [...] Read more.

Objectives: The objective of the study was getting to know the knowledge and attitudes towards hand hygiene (HH) among Polish patients and healthcare workers (HCWs). Methods: 459 respondents replied to the survey: 173 (37.6%) patients and 286 (62.3%) HCWs; 57 HCWs were additionally interviewed. Results: Few HCWs knew and used the “5 moments for HH” in the required situations. Both patients and HCWs rated HH of other HCWs poorly: only 75% of patients and 54% of HCWs noticed the application of HH before blood sample collection, but 1/2 of interviewed HCWs did not encounter a request for HH from a patient. According to interviews, 23 (40%) HCWs did not admonish others when they did not use HH. Seventy-five percent of patients and HCWs claimed that, in the past, in schools the toilets were poorly stocked, but the situation improved with the passage of time. Conclusions: There are barriers with resspect to treating patients as partners in HH in Polish hospitals and HCWs’ lack of compliance with the “5 moments for HH” significantly reduces patients’ safety. Practice implications: Education regarding HH should be conducted for the whole society from an early age: lack of proper supplies in school bathrooms impedes the development of positive HH habits. Full article

10 pages, 795 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Farmers’ Willingness to Pay for Health Risk Reductions of Pesticide Use in China: A Contingent Valuation Study

by Wenyu Wang^1,2, Jianjun Jin^1,2,*, Rui He^1,2, Haozhou Gong^1,2 and Yuhong Tian^1,2

¹ State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China

² Faculty of Geographical Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 625; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040625 - 29 Mar 2018

Cited by 38 | Viewed by 5618

Abstract

This study aimed to estimate farmers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for health risk reductions of pesticide use by applying the contingent valuation method (CVM) and to explore the factors that influence farmers’ WTP in China. In total, 244 farmers were randomly selected and [...] Read more.

This study aimed to estimate farmers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for health risk reductions of pesticide use by applying the contingent valuation method (CVM) and to explore the factors that influence farmers’ WTP in China. In total, 244 farmers were randomly selected and interviewed. The mean WTP was estimated to be $65.38 (0.94% of total household income) per household per year for a 5/10,000 reduction in morbidity risk. This study shows that farmers’ socioeconomic and attitudinal factors that significantly affect their WTP include farmers’ farming income, education, household size and risk perceptions. In particular, the results demonstrate that respondents’ social trust, social reciprocity and social networks have significant impacts on their WTP. The findings of this study can provide useful insights for policy makers to design effective policies to address health problems related to pesticide use in the developing world. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic Evaluation of Environmental Policies and Interventions)

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11 pages, 2040 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Health Impacts and Economic Costs of Air Pollution in the Metropolitan Area of Skopje

by Gerardo Sanchez Martinez^1,2

, Joseph V. Spadaro^3,*, Dimitris Chapizanis⁴, Vladimir Kendrovski²

, Mihail Kochubovski⁵ and Pierpaolo Mudu^2,*

¹ The UNEP-DTU Partnership, Department of Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, UN City, Marmorvej 51, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark

² WHO European Centre for Environment and Health, Platz der Vereinten Nationen 1, 53113 Bonn, Germany

³ SERC, Hillsborough, NJ 08844, USA

⁴ Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece

⁵ Institute of Public Health, 50 Divizija 6, 1000 Skopje, The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 626; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040626 - 29 Mar 2018

Cited by 72 | Viewed by 10586

Abstract

Background: Urban outdoor air pollution, especially particulate matter, remains a major environmental health problem in Skopje, the capital of the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. Despite the documented high levels of pollution in the city, the published evidence on its health impacts is [...] Read more.

Background: Urban outdoor air pollution, especially particulate matter, remains a major environmental health problem in Skopje, the capital of the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. Despite the documented high levels of pollution in the city, the published evidence on its health impacts is as yet scarce. Methods: we obtained, cleaned, and validated Particulate Matter (PM) concentration data from five air quality monitoring stations in the Skopje metropolitan area, applied relevant concentration-response functions, and evaluated health impacts against two theoretical policy scenarios. We then calculated the burden of disease attributable to PM and calculated the societal cost due to attributable mortality. Results: In 2012, long-term exposure to PM_2.5 (49.2 μg/m³) caused an estimated 1199 premature deaths (CI95% 821–1519). The social cost of the predicted premature mortality in 2012 due to air pollution was estimated at between 570 and 1470 million euros. Moreover, PM_2.5 was also estimated to be responsible for 547 hospital admissions (CI95% 104–977) from cardiovascular diseases, and 937 admissions (CI95% 937–1869) for respiratory disease that year. Reducing PM_2.5 levels to the EU limit (25 μg/m³) could have averted an estimated 45% of PM-attributable mortality, while achieving the WHO Air Quality Guidelines (10 μg/m³) could have averted an estimated 77% of PM-attributable mortality. Both scenarios would also attain significant reductions in attributable respiratory and cardiovascular hospital admissions. Conclusions: Besides its health impacts in terms of increased premature mortality and hospitalizations, air pollution entails significant economic costs to the population of Skopje. Reductions in PM_2.5 concentrations could provide substantial health and economic gains to the city. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Change, Extreme Temperatures, Air Pollution, and Health)

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16 pages, 25714 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Temporal and Spatial Variation in, and Population Exposure to, Summertime Ground-Level Ozone in Beijing

by Hui Zhao¹

, Youfei Zheng^1,2,*, Ting Li², Li Wei² and Qing Guan²

¹ Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China

² Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 628; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040628 - 29 Mar 2018

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 4891

Abstract

Ground-level ozone pollution in Beijing has been causing concern among the public due to the risks posed to human health. This study analyzed the temporal and spatial distribution of, and investigated population exposure to, ground-level ozone. We analyzed hourly ground-level ozone data from [...] Read more.

Ground-level ozone pollution in Beijing has been causing concern among the public due to the risks posed to human health. This study analyzed the temporal and spatial distribution of, and investigated population exposure to, ground-level ozone. We analyzed hourly ground-level ozone data from 35 ambient air quality monitoring sites, including urban, suburban, background, and traffic monitoring sites, during the summer in Beijing from 2014 to 2017. The results showed that the four-year mean ozone concentrations for urban, suburban, background, and traffic monitoring sites were 95.1, 99.8, 95.9, and 74.2 μg/m³, respectively. A total of 44, 43, 45, and 43 days exceeded the Chinese National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) threshold for ground-level ozone in 2014, 2015, 2016, and 2017, respectively. The mean ozone concentration was higher in suburban sites than in urban sites, and the traffic monitoring sites had the lowest concentration. The diurnal variation in ground-level ozone concentration at the four types of monitoring sites displayed a single-peak curve. The peak and valley values occurred at 3:00–4:00 p.m. and 7:00 a.m., respectively. Spatially, ground-level ozone concentrations decreased in gradient from the north to the south. Population exposure levels were calculated based on ground-level ozone concentrations and population data. Approximately 50.38%, 44.85%, and 48.49% of the total population of Beijing were exposed to ground-level ozone concentrations exceeding the Chinese NAAQS threshold in 2014, 2015, and 2016, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Health)

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17 pages, 18812 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reconsidering the Relationship between Air Pollution and Deprivation

by Nick Bailey¹, Guanpeng Dong^2,*, Jon Minton¹ and Gwilym Pryce³

¹ School of Social and Political Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK

² Department of Geography and Planning, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZT, UK

³ Sheffield Methods Institute, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 4DP, UK

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 629; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040629 - 29 Mar 2018

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 8794

Abstract

This paper critically examines the relationship between air pollution and deprivation. We argue that focusing on a particular economic or social model of urban development might lead one to erroneously expect all cities to converge towards a particular universal norm. A naive market [...] Read more.

This paper critically examines the relationship between air pollution and deprivation. We argue that focusing on a particular economic or social model of urban development might lead one to erroneously expect all cities to converge towards a particular universal norm. A naive market sorting model, for example, would predict that poor households will eventually be sorted into high pollution areas, leading to a positive relationship between air pollution and deprivation. If, however, one considers a wider set of theoretical perspectives, the anticipated relationship between air pollution and deprivation becomes more complex and idiosyncratic. Specifically, we argue the relationship between pollution and deprivation can only be made sense of by considering processes of risk perception, path dependency, gentrification and urbanization. Rather than expecting all areas to eventually converge to some universal norm, we should expect the differences in the relationship between air pollution and deprivation across localities to persist. Mindful of these insights, we propose an approach to modeling which does not impose a geographically fixed relationship. Results for Scotland reveal substantial variations in the observed relationships over space and time, supporting our argument. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Justice Research: Contemporary Issues and Emerging Topics)

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12 pages, 1114 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cigarette Waste in Popular Beaches in Thailand: High Densities that Demand Environmental Action

by Nipapun Kungskulniti^1,2, Naowarut Charoenca^1,2,*, Stephen L. Hamann³, Siriwan Pitayarangsarit³ and Jeremiah Mock⁴

¹ Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand

² Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, Bangkok 10400, Thailand

³ Tobacco Control Research and Knowledge Management Center, Bangkok 10400, Thailand

⁴ Insight Analysis Group, Corte Madera, CA 94925, USA

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 630; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040630 - 29 Mar 2018

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 6329

Abstract

Thailand, like all nations, has a responsibility to initiate environmental actions to preserve marine environments. Low- and middle-income countries face difficulties implementing feasible strategies to fulfill this ambitious goal. To contribute to the revitalization of Thailand’s marine ecosystems, we investigated the level of [...] Read more.

Thailand, like all nations, has a responsibility to initiate environmental actions to preserve marine environments. Low- and middle-income countries face difficulties implementing feasible strategies to fulfill this ambitious goal. To contribute to the revitalization of Thailand’s marine ecosystems, we investigated the level of tobacco product waste (TPW) on Thailand’s public beaches. We conducted a cross-sectional observational survey at two popular public beaches. Research staff collected cigarette butts over two eight-hour days walking over a one-kilometer stretch of beach. We also compiled and analyzed data on butts collected from sieved sand at 11 popular beaches throughout Thailand’s coast, with 10 samples of sieved sand collected per beach. Our survey at two beaches yielded 3067 butts in lounge areas, resulting in a mean butt density of 0.44/m². At the 11 beaches, sieved sand samples yielded butt densities ranging from 0.25 to 13.3/m², with a mean butt density of 2.26/m² (SD = 3.78). These densities show that TPW has become a serious problem along Thailand’s coastline. Our findings are comparable with those in other countries. We report on government and civil society initiatives in Thailand that are beginning to address marine TPW. The solution will only happen when responsible parties, especially and primarily tobacco companies, undertake actions to eliminate TPW. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Health)

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13 pages, 1868 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association between Short-Term Exposure to Air Pollution and Dyslipidemias among Type 2 Diabetic Patients in Northwest China: A Population-Based Study

by Minzhen Wang¹

, Shan Zheng¹, Yonghong Nie², Jun Weng¹, Ning Cheng³, Xiaobin Hu¹, Xiaowei Ren¹, Hongbo Pei¹ and Yana Bai^1,*

¹ School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China

² Jinchang Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Jinchang 737100, China

³ College of Basic Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 631; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040631 - 30 Mar 2018

Cited by 46 | Viewed by 4585

Abstract

Air pollution exposure may play an adverse role in diabetes. However, little data are available directly evaluating the effects of air pollution exposure in blood lipids of which dysfunction has been linked to diabetes or its complications. We aimed to evaluate the association [...] Read more.

Air pollution exposure may play an adverse role in diabetes. However, little data are available directly evaluating the effects of air pollution exposure in blood lipids of which dysfunction has been linked to diabetes or its complications. We aimed to evaluate the association between air pollution and lipids level among type 2 diabetic patients in Northwest China. We performed a population-based study of 3912 type 2 diabetes patients in an ongoing cohort study in China. Both spline and multiple linear regressions analysis were used to examine the association between short-term exposure to PM₁₀, SO₂, NO₂ and total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). By spline analyses, we observed that the relationship between SO₂ and HDL-C and LDL-C was shown to be non-linear (p_non-lin-association = 0.0162 and 0.000). An inverted U-shaped non-linear relationship between NO₂ and LDL-C was found (p_non-lin-association < 0.0001). A J-shaped non-linear relationship between PM₁₀ and TC, HDL-C (p_non-lin-association = 0.0173, 0.0367) was also revealed. In linear regression analyses, a 10 μg/m³ increment in SO₂ was associated with 1.31% (95% CI: 0.40–2.12%), 3.52% (95% CI: 1.07–6.03%) and 7.53% (95% CI: 5.98–9.09%) increase in TC, TG and LDL-C, respectively. A 10 μg/m³ increment in PM₁₀ was associated with 0.45% (95% CI: 0.08–0.82%), 0.29% (95% CI: 0.10–0.49%) and 0.83% (95% CI: 0.21–1.45%) increase in TC, HDL-C and LDL-C, respectively. For NO₂, an increment of 10 μg/m³ was statistically associated with −3.55% (95% CI: −6.40–0.61%) and 39.01% (95% CI: 31.43–47.03%) increase in HDL-C and LDL-C. The adverse effects of air pollutants on lipid levels were greater in female and elder people. Further, we found SO₂ and NO₂ played a more evident role in lipid levels in warm season, while PM₁₀ appeared stronger in cold season. The findings suggest that exposure to air pollution has adverse effects on lipid levels among type 2 diabetes patients, and vulnerable people may pay more attention on severe air pollution days. Full article

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11 pages, 323 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Burden and Risk Factors for Cold-Related Illness and Death in New York City

by Kathryn Lane^1,*, Kazuhiko Ito¹, Sarah Johnson¹, Elizabeth A. Gibson¹, Andrew Tang¹

and Thomas Matte²

¹ Bureau of Environmental Surveillance and Policy, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, 125 Worth Street, CN-34E, New York, NY 10013, USA

² Vital Strategies, 61 Broadway, Suite 2800, New York, NY 10006, USA

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 632; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040632 - 30 Mar 2018

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 6613

Abstract

Exposure to cold weather can cause cold-related illness and death, which are preventable. To understand the current burden, risk factors, and circumstances of exposure for illness and death directly attributed to cold, we examined hospital discharge, death certificate, and medical examiner data during [...] Read more.

Exposure to cold weather can cause cold-related illness and death, which are preventable. To understand the current burden, risk factors, and circumstances of exposure for illness and death directly attributed to cold, we examined hospital discharge, death certificate, and medical examiner data during the cold season from 2005 to 2014 in New York City (NYC), the largest city in the United States. On average each year, there were 180 treat-and-release emergency department visits (average annual rate of 21.6 per million) and 240 hospital admissions (29.6 per million) for cold-related illness, and 15 cold-related deaths (1.8 per million). Seventy-five percent of decedents were exposed outdoors. About half of those exposed outdoors were homeless or suspected to be homeless. Of the 25% of decedents exposed indoors, none had home heat and nearly all were living in single-family or row homes. The majority of deaths and illnesses occurred outside of periods of extreme cold. Unsheltered homeless individuals, people who use substances and become incapacitated outdoors, and older adults with medical and psychiatric conditions without home heat are most at risk. This information can inform public health prevention strategies and interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Climate Change)

9 pages, 319 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Relationship between Sleep Time and Mental Health Problems According to the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire in Children after an Earthquake Disaster: The Fukushima Health Management Survey

by Shuntaro Itagaki^1,2,*

, Tetsuya Ohira^1,3

, Masato Nagai^1,3, Seiji Yasumura^1,4

, Masaharu Maeda^1,5, Yuriko Suzuki^1,4,6

, Hirobumi Mashiko^1,2, Tetsuya Shiga^1,2, Itaru Miura^1,2 and Hirooki Yabe^1,2

¹ Radiation Medical Science Center for the Fukushima Health Management Survey, Fukushima Medical University, Hikarigaoka-1, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan

² Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Hikarigaoka-1, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan

³ Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Hikarigaoka-1, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan

⁴ Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Hikarigaoka-1, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan

⁵ Department of Disaster Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Hikarigaoka-1, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan

⁶ Department of Adult Mental Health, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-0031, Japan

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 633; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040633 - 30 Mar 2018

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 5577

Abstract

A cross-sectional study was performed on the adverse effects of sleep time on the mental health of children after the Great East Japan Earthquake and subsequent nuclear reactor accident in March 2011. The target participants were children aged 4–15 years living inside the [...] Read more.

A cross-sectional study was performed on the adverse effects of sleep time on the mental health of children after the Great East Japan Earthquake and subsequent nuclear reactor accident in March 2011. The target participants were children aged 4–15 years living inside the government-designated evacuation zone as of 11 March 2011 (n = 29,585). The participants’ parents/guardians completed the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and sleep time data were obtained from the 2011 Fukushima Health Management Survey. A total of 18,745 valid responses were returned. We excluded questionnaires with incomplete answers leaving 13,272 responses for the final analysis. First, we divided the children into three age groups for analysis. Second, we divided each age group into four or five groups based on sleep time per day. We used SDQ scores ≥16 to indicate a high risk of mental health problems. In the 4–6-year-old group, those with a sleep time of <9 h had a higher risk. In the 7–12-year-old group, those with ≥10 h of sleep time had a higher risk. In the 13–15-year-old group, those with ≥9 h of sleep time had a higher risk. Shorter sleep time was associated with a higher risk of mental health in 4–6-year-olds. On the other hand, oversleeping was associated with a high risk of mental health in 7–15-year-olds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Public Health Preparedness for and Response to Nuclear Disasters)

7 pages, 343 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Demographics and Psychological Factors Associated with Adiposity in Nurses

by Bernarda Sánchez-Jiménez¹

, Reyna Sámano²

, Daniela Chinchilla-Ochoa³, Rosa Morales-Hernández² and Ana Rodríguez-Ventura^2,*

¹ Sub-Direction of Research in Communitarian Interventions National, Institute of Perinatology, Urales # 800, Col. Lomas de Virreyes, Delegación Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City C.P. 11000, Mexico

² Department of Nutrition and Bioprogramming, Research Direction, National Institute of Perinatology, Montes Urales # 800, Col. Lomas de Virreyes, Delegación Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City C.P. 11000, Mexico

³ Departament of Neurosciences, National Institute of Perinatology, Urales # 800, Col. Lomas de Virreyes, Delegación Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City C.P.11000, Mexico

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 634; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040634 - 30 Mar 2018

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3793

Abstract

Adiposity-based chronic disease (ABCD), overweight-Ow- or obesity-Ob-) in health personnel is as frequent as in the general population, even though they understand well the importance of maintaining a healthy weight. Thus, it is highly likely that certain demographic and psychological conditions, independently of [...] Read more.

Adiposity-based chronic disease (ABCD), overweight-Ow- or obesity-Ob-) in health personnel is as frequent as in the general population, even though they understand well the importance of maintaining a healthy weight. Thus, it is highly likely that certain demographic and psychological conditions, independently of knowledge, are contributing to develop ABCD. The aim of this study was to examine the association between these factors and ABCD in nurses. Data were collected from a cross-sectional study conducted in a tertiary level institute in Mexico City from 2012 to 2013. All the nurses of the institute of any age, shift, service area and seniority were invited to participate and 55% (265) accepted. We found that ABCD was present in 79.6%, and low self-esteem and emotional distress in 26% and 10%, respectively. Working in the night shift (p = 0.031), labor seniority ≥15 years (p = 0.006), having 1 or more children (p = 0.021) and sessions of physical activity <30 min (p = 0.03) were associated with ABCD. Low self-esteem (OR = 2, 95% CI 1.150–3.07, p = 0.023) and emotional distress (OR = 4, 95% CI 1.472–13.078, p = 0.012) were associated with unhealthy lifestyle (less of 3 days per week and/or less of 30 min per session of physical activity and poor dietary habits). Therefore, strategies to prevent and treat ABCD must consider each context among nurses and psychological disorders need be identified to avoid an unhealthy lifestyle. Full article

15 pages, 14656 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Community-Driven Approach to Generate Urban Policy Recommendations for Obesity Prevention

by Julia Díez^1,†

, Pedro Gullón^1,†

, María Sandín Vázquez¹, Belén Álvarez², María Del Prado Martín³, María Urtasun¹

, Maite Gamarra⁴, Joel Gittelsohn⁵ and Manuel Franco^1,6,*

¹ Social and Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Group, School of Medicine, Universidad de Alcala, Alcala de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain

² Public Health Institute of Madrid, Madrid City Council, 28007 Madrid, Spain

³ Resident of Villaverde, 28021 Madrid, Spain

⁴ Municipal office in Villaverde, Madrid City Council, 28021 Madrid, Spain

⁵ Global Obesity Prevention Center (GOPC) at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA

⁶ Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA

^† Both authors contributed equally to this work.

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 635; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040635 - 30 Mar 2018

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 10022

Abstract

There is an increasing research interest in targeting interventions at the neighborhood level to prevent obesity. Healthy urban environments require including residents’ perspectives to help understanding how urban environments relate to residents’ food choices and physical activity levels. We describe an innovative community-driven [...] Read more.

There is an increasing research interest in targeting interventions at the neighborhood level to prevent obesity. Healthy urban environments require including residents’ perspectives to help understanding how urban environments relate to residents’ food choices and physical activity levels. We describe an innovative community-driven process aimed to develop environmental recommendations for obesity prevention. We conducted this study in a low-income area in Madrid (Spain), using a collaborative citizen science approach. First, 36 participants of two previous Photovoice projects translated their findings into policy recommendations, using an adapted logical framework approach. Second, the research team grouped these recommendations into strategies for obesity prevention, using the deductive analytical strategy of successive approximation. Third, through a nominal group session including participants, researchers, public health practitioners and local policy-makers, we discussed and prioritized the obesity prevention recommendations. Participants identified 12 policy recommendations related to their food choices and 18 related to their physical activity. The research team grouped these into 11 concrete recommendations for obesity prevention. The ‘top-three’ ranked recommendations were: (1) to adequate and increase the number of public open spaces; (2) to improve the access and cost of existing sports facilities and (3) to reduce the cost of gluten-free and diabetic products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Obesity and Urban Environments)

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14 pages, 393 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

The Function of Personality in Suicidal Ideation from the Perspective of the Interpersonal-Psychological Theory of Suicide

by Marc Baertschi^1,2,*

, Alessandra Costanza³, Alessandra Canuto⁴ and Kerstin Weber⁵

¹ Service of General Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Nant Foundation, Avenue des Alpes 66, 1820 Montreux, Switzerland

² Faculty of Psychology, University of Geneva, Boulevard du Pont d’Arve 40, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland

³ Psychiatry Department, SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Via Venezia 16, 15521 Alessandria, Italy

⁴ Executive and General Management Service, Nant Foundation, 1804 Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland

⁵ Division of Institutional Measures, Medical Direction, Geneva University Hospitals, Les Voirons—Chemin du Petit-Bel-Air 2, 1225 Chêne-Bourg, Switzerland

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 636; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040636 - 30 Mar 2018

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 6504

Abstract

The Interpersonal-Psychological Theory of Suicide (IPTS) has been increasingly studied over the last years, responding to the demand for a valid framework addressing suicidality. Yet, only a few studies have explored the function of personality in the IPTS and none with clinical patients. [...] Read more.

The Interpersonal-Psychological Theory of Suicide (IPTS) has been increasingly studied over the last years, responding to the demand for a valid framework addressing suicidality. Yet, only a few studies have explored the function of personality in the IPTS and none with clinical patients. We aimed to contribute to fill this gap in investigating the relationship between personality as conceptualized by the Five-Factor Model, the IPTS constructs, and a dimensional measure of current suicidal ideation. We conducted correlation, multiple linear regression, and path analyses based on a trait-interpersonal framework in a sample of 201 individuals visiting the psychiatric emergency room of a general hospital with current suicidal ideation. Neuroticism (positively) and openness (negatively) predicted perceived burdensomeness, while neuroticism (positively) and extraversion (negatively) predicted thwarted belongingness. Higher conscientiousness and lower extraversion were both predictors of the acquired capability for suicide. However, none of the models involving path analyses with IPTS variables as mediators of the relationship between personality traits and suicidal ideation was adequately adjusted to the data. Thus, it appears that personality plays a significant albeit modest role in suicidality when considered from an IPTS perspective. As personality is frequently assessed in the clinical routine, health professionals should consider it as complementary to detect individuals at risk of or presenting suicidal ideation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Suicide Research)

11 pages, 369 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Mental Health Status and Intellectual Ability of Unwed Mothers Dwelling in Korean Shelter Homes

by Suyeon Jo¹, Soowon Park², Jung Hae Youn³, Bo Kyung Sohn⁴

, Hyo Jung Choi¹, Ji Yeon Lee¹, Jin Yong Lee^5,*

and Jun-Young Lee^1,*

¹ Department of Psychiatry, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 07061, Korea

² Department of Education, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea

³ Department of Art Therapy & Counseling Psychology, Cha University, Gyeonggi-do 11160, Korea

⁴ Department of Psychiatry, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul 01757, Korea

⁵ Public Health Medical Service, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 07061, Korea

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 637; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040637 - 30 Mar 2018

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4713

Abstract

Although many unwed mothers have issues concerning mental health and intellectual ability, little research has focused on their mental and cognitive status. Due to the public stigma attached to unwed mothers in South Korea, they tend to conceal their status and are less [...] Read more.

Although many unwed mothers have issues concerning mental health and intellectual ability, little research has focused on their mental and cognitive status. Due to the public stigma attached to unwed mothers in South Korea, they tend to conceal their status and are less likely to seek psychiatric and psychological help. In this context, this study aims to assess the current status of their mental health and intellectual characteristics. A total of 48 unwed mothers from two shelter homes in South Korea agreed to participate in the study. We compared the mental health status of these unwed mothers with that of the general female population. Unwed mothers were more likely than those of the general female population to have mood disorders, post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), alcohol and nicotine use disorders, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Among the 48 unwed mothers, 20 (41.7%) had an IQ of less than 70, and the mean IQ (78.31) was significantly lower than the normalized mean IQ of the general female population. This study confirmed that unwed mothers dwelling in Korean shelter homes are more likely than the general female population to have mental disorders. Full article

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9 pages, 1560 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Can Periodical Examinations of Employees Be Useful in Detection of Glycaemia Impairment and Improving Patients’ Adherence to Medical Recommendations?

by Andrzej Marcinkiewicz^1,*

, Wojciech Hanke²

, Paweł Kałużny², Agnieszka Lipińska-Ojrzanowska¹, Marta Wiszniewska¹ and Jolanta Walusiak-Skorupa¹

¹ Department of Occupational Diseases and Environmental Health, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 91-348 Łódź, Poland

² Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 91-348 Łódź, Poland

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 638; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040638 - 30 Mar 2018

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3977

Abstract

Worldwide epidemiological data indicates insufficient diagnosis of diabetes as an increasing public health problem. In the search for solutions to this disadvantageous situation, occupational medicine health services seem to open up a unique opportunity to recognize some abnormalities in the early stages, especially [...] Read more.

Worldwide epidemiological data indicates insufficient diagnosis of diabetes as an increasing public health problem. In the search for solutions to this disadvantageous situation, occupational medicine health services seem to open up a unique opportunity to recognize some abnormalities in the early stages, especially among the asymptomatic working-age population. 316 workers underwent obligatory prophylactic examinations. In patients with twice assayed FGL ≥ 126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L) an additional intervention was implemented, including further diagnostic processes and therapy in General Practice (GP), followed by examination by an occupational health specialist within 3 months. The diagnosis of previously unknown diabetes was established among 2.5% of examined workers. All patients referred to the GP due to detected glycaemia impairment visited their doctor and finished the diagnostic process, took up therapy constrained by the occupational health physician to show the effects of intervention within 3 months. Prophylactic medical check-ups allow improved compliance and medical surveillance over glycaemia impairment in patients with prediabetes states, unknown diabetes or uncontrolled clinical course of diabetes. Considering fasting glucose level during mandatory prophylactic examination helps effective prevention of diabetes and its complications and thus provides public health system benefits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Workplace Health Promotion 2018)

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17 pages, 4121 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing the Health-Care Risk: The Clinical-VaR, a Key Indicator for Sound Management

by Enrique Jiménez-Rodríguez^1,*, José Manuel Feria-Domínguez¹

and Alonso Sebastián-Lacave²

¹ Department of Financial Economics, Pablo de Olavide University, 41013 Seville, Spain

² International Cooperation Andalusian Agency (AACID), Seville 41012, Spain

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 639; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040639 - 30 Mar 2018

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5907

Abstract

Clinical risk includes any undesirable situation or operational factor that may have negative consequences for patient safety or capable of causing an adverse event (AE). The AE, intentional or unintentionally, may be related to the human factor, that is, medical errors (MEs). Therefore, [...] Read more.

Clinical risk includes any undesirable situation or operational factor that may have negative consequences for patient safety or capable of causing an adverse event (AE). The AE, intentional or unintentionally, may be related to the human factor, that is, medical errors (MEs). Therefore, the importance of the health-care risk management is a current and relevant issue on the agenda of many public and private institutions. The objective of the management has been evolving from the identification of AE to the assessment of cost-effective and efficient measures that improve the quality control through monitoring. Consequently, the goal of this paper is to propose a Key Risk Indicator (KRI) that enhances the advancement of the health-care management system. Thus, the application of the Value at Risk (VaR) concept in combination to the Loss Distribution Approach (LDA) is proved to be a proactive tool, within the frame of balanced scorecard (BSC), in health organizations. For this purpose, the historical events recorded in the Algo-OpData^® database (Algorithmics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada, IBM, Armonk, NY, USA) have been used. The analysis highlights the importance of risk in the financials outcomes of the sector. The results of paper show the usefulness of the Clinical-VaR to identify and monitor the risk and sustainability of the implemented controls. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Healthcare Quality and Patient Satisfaction)

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14 pages, 9922 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing Vulnerability to Urban Heat: A Study of Disproportionate Heat Exposure and Access to Refuge by Socio-Demographic Status in Portland, Oregon

by Jackson Voelkel¹

, Dana Hellman¹, Ryu Sakuma² and Vivek Shandas^1,*

¹ School of Urban Studies and Planning, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97201, USA

² Peace Winds Japan, Tokyo 151-0063, Japan

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 640; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040640 - 30 Mar 2018

Cited by 162 | Viewed by 18128

Abstract

Extreme urban heat is a powerful environmental stressor which poses a significant threat to human health and well-being. Exacerbated by the urban heat island phenomenon, heat events are expected to become more intense and frequent as climate change progresses, though we have limited [...] Read more.

Extreme urban heat is a powerful environmental stressor which poses a significant threat to human health and well-being. Exacerbated by the urban heat island phenomenon, heat events are expected to become more intense and frequent as climate change progresses, though we have limited understanding of the impact of such events on vulnerable populations at a neighborhood or census block group level. Focusing on the City of Portland, Oregon, this study aimed to determine which socio-demographic populations experience disproportionate exposure to extreme heat, as well as the level of access to refuge in the form of public cooling centers or residential central air conditioning. During a 2014 heat wave, temperature data were recorded using a vehicle-traverse collection method, then extrapolated to determine average temperature at the census block group level. Socio-demographic factors including income, race, education, age, and English speaking ability were tested using statistical assessments to identify significant relationships with heat exposure and access to refuge from extreme heat. Results indicate that groups with limited adaptive capacity, including those in poverty and non-white populations, are at higher risk for heat exposure, suggesting an emerging concern of environmental justice as it relates to climate change. The paper concludes by emphasizing the importance of cultural sensitivity and inclusion, in combination with effectively distributing cooling centers in areas where the greatest burden befalls vulnerable populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Change and Human Health)

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13 pages, 369 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cooking Fuels in Lagos, Nigeria: Factors Associated with Household Choice of Kerosene or Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)

by Obianuju B. Ozoh^1,2,*

, Tochi J. Okwor³, Olorunfemi Adetona⁴, Ayesha O. Akinkugbe^1,2, Casmir E. Amadi^1,2, Christopher Esezobor^1,2, Olufunke O. Adeyeye⁵, Oluwafemi Ojo², Vivian N. Nwude² and Kevin Mortimer⁶

¹ College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba, Lagos 100254, Nigeria

² Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi-Araba, Lagos 100254, Nigeria

³ University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Ituku Ozalla, Enugu 400114, Nigeria

⁴ College of Public Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA

⁵ College of Medicine, Lagos State University, Ikeja, Lagos 100271, Nigeria

⁶ Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 641; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040641 - 31 Mar 2018

Cited by 45 | Viewed by 9966

Abstract

Cooking with dirty-burning fuels is associated with health risk from household air pollution. We assessed the prevalence of and factors associated with the use of cooking fuels, and attitudes and barriers towards use of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). This was a cross-sectional, population-based [...] Read more.

Cooking with dirty-burning fuels is associated with health risk from household air pollution. We assessed the prevalence of and factors associated with the use of cooking fuels, and attitudes and barriers towards use of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). This was a cross-sectional, population-based survey conducted in 519 households in Lagos, Nigeria. We used a structured questionnaire to obtain information regarding choice of household cooking fuel and the attitudes towards the use of LPG. Kerosene was the most frequently used cooking fuel (n = 475, 91.5%; primary use n = 364, 70.1%) followed by charcoal (n = 159, 30.6%; primary use n = 88, 17%) and LPG (n = 86, 16.6%; primary use n = 63, 12.1%). Higher level of education, higher income and younger age were associated with LPG vs. kerosene use. Fuel expenditure on LPG was significantly lower than for kerosene (

$N$ (Naira) 2169.0 ± 1507.0 vs.

$N$ 2581.6 ± 1407.5). Over 90% of non-LPG users were willing to switch to LPG but cited safety issues and high cost as potential barriers to switching. Our findings suggest that misinformation and beliefs regarding benefits, safety and cost of LPG are important barriers to LPG use. An educational intervention program could be a cost-effective approach to improve LPG adoption and should be formally addressed through a well-designed community-based intervention study. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lung Health, Tuberculosis, and Air Pollution in Low- and Middle-Income Countries)

14 pages, 10925 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Extremely Low Frequency-Magnetic Field (ELF-MF) Exposure Characteristics among Semiconductor Workers

by Sangjun Choi¹, Wonseok Cha², Jihoon Park³

, Seungwon Kim⁴

, Won Kim⁵

, Chungsik Yoon³, Ju-Hyun Park⁶, Kwonchul Ha⁷ and Donguk Park^2,*

¹ Department of Occupational Health, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan 38430, Korea

² Department of Environmental Health, Korea National Open University, Seoul 03087, Korea

³ Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Institute of Health and Environment, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea

⁴ Department of Public Health, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea

⁵ Wonjin Institute of Occupational and Environmental Health, Seoul 02221, Korea

⁶ Department of Statistics, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Korea

⁷ Department of Biochemistry and Health Science, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140, Korea

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 642; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040642 - 31 Mar 2018

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 5692

Abstract

We assessed the exposure of semiconductor workers to extremely low frequency-magnetic fields (ELF-MF) and identified job characteristics affecting ELF-MF exposure. These were demonstrated by assessing the exposure of 117 workers involved in wafer fabrication (fab) and chip packaging wearing personal dosimeters for a [...] Read more.

We assessed the exposure of semiconductor workers to extremely low frequency-magnetic fields (ELF-MF) and identified job characteristics affecting ELF-MF exposure. These were demonstrated by assessing the exposure of 117 workers involved in wafer fabrication (fab) and chip packaging wearing personal dosimeters for a full shift. A portable device was used to monitor ELF-MF in high temporal resolution. All measurements were categorized by operation, job and working activity during working time. ELF-MF exposure of workers were classified based on the quartiles of ELF-MF distribution. The average levels of ELF-MF exposure were 0.56 µT for fab workers, 0.59 µT for chip packaging workers and 0.89 µT for electrical engineers, respectively. Exposure to ELF-MF differed among types of factory, operation, job and activity. Workers engaged in the diffusion and chip testing activities showed the highest ELF-MF exposure. The ELF-MF exposures of process operators were found to be higher than those of maintenance engineers, although peak exposure and/or patterns varied. The groups with the highest quartile ELF-MF exposure level are operators in diffusion, ion implantation, module and testing operations, and maintenance engineers in diffusion, module and testing operations. In conclusion, ELF-MF exposure among workers can be substantially affected by the type of operation and job, and the activity or location. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Issues in Occupational Safety and Health)

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17 pages, 351 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Suicide Bereavement on Educational and Occupational Functioning: A Qualitative Study of 460 Bereaved Adults

by Alexandra Pitman^1,2,*

, Adelia Khrisna Putri³

, Tanisha De Souza⁴, Fiona Stevenson⁵, Michael King¹, David Osborn^1,2 and Nicola Morant¹

¹ UCL Division of Psychiatry, Maple House, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 7NF, UK

² Camden and Islington NHS Foundation Trust, St Pancras Hospital, London NW1 0PE, UK

³ UGM Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Sosio Humaniora 1, Sleman, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia

⁴ North East London NHS Foundation Trust, Memory Service, Broad Street Health Centre, Morland Road, Dagenham, Essex, RM10 9HU, UK

⁵ UCL Research Department of Primary Care & Population Health, Rowland Hill St, London NW3 2PF, UK

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 643; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040643 - 31 Mar 2018

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 6699

Abstract

People bereaved by suicide are at an increased risk of suicide and of dropping out of education or work. Explanations for these associations are unclear, and more research is needed to understand how improving support in educational or work settings for people bereaved [...] Read more.

People bereaved by suicide are at an increased risk of suicide and of dropping out of education or work. Explanations for these associations are unclear, and more research is needed to understand how improving support in educational or work settings for people bereaved by suicide might contribute to reducing suicide risk. Our objective was to explore the impact of suicide on occupational functioning. We conducted a cross-sectional online study of bereaved adults aged 18–40, recruited from staff and students of British higher educational institutions in 2010. We used thematic analysis to analyse free text responses to two questions probing the impact of suicide bereavement on work and education. Our analysis of responses from 460 adults bereaved by suicide identified three main themes: (i) specific aspects of grief that impacted on work performance, cognitive and emotional domains, and social confidence; (ii) structural challenges in work or educational settings including a lack of institutional support, the impact of taking time off, and changes to caring roles; and (iii) new perspectives on the role of work, including determination to achieve. Institutional support should be tailored to take account of the difficulties and experiences described. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Suicide Research)

14 pages, 319 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Determinants of Child Health Behaviors in a Disadvantaged Area from a Community Perspective: A Participatory Needs Assessment

by Manou Anselma^*, Mai Jeanette Maidy Chinapaw and Teatske Maria Altenburg

Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University Medical Center, van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 644; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040644 - 31 Mar 2018

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 6725

Abstract

Children from disadvantaged areas are hard to reach for interventions aimed at promoting healthy lifestyles. We conducted a participatory needs assessment, in which researchers collaborated with a community in a disadvantaged area in Amsterdam to gain an understanding of the health-related issues of [...] Read more.

Children from disadvantaged areas are hard to reach for interventions aimed at promoting healthy lifestyles. We conducted a participatory needs assessment, in which researchers collaborated with a community in a disadvantaged area in Amsterdam to gain an understanding of the health-related issues of children within this community. Qualitative data was collected through: three to four participatory group meetings with three groups of 9–12-year-old children (n = 5–9 per group); nine interviews with professionals working with youth; two interviews with parents and their children; and informal meetings including 31 parents. All transcriptions or summaries were coded and analyzed. Childhood overweight/obesity was indicated as the main health issue. A lack of physical activity and unhealthy dietary behavior were identified as the main risk factors, with underlying determinants such as culture, habits, finances, and social norms. Identified needs included more supervised, low-priced sports activities at a nearby location and more education on adopting a healthy diet. Our participatory health needs assessment resulted in a comprehensive overview of the most relevant risk factors and determinants of childhood overweight/obesity and needs from the community’s perspective. This knowledge aids in the development of better tailored, and thereby potentially more effective, interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eating and Exercise in Children and Adolescents)

13 pages, 341 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Factors that Predict Parental Willingness to Have Their Children Vaccinated against HPV in a Country with Low HPV Vaccination Coverage

by Maria Ganczak^1,*, Barbara Owsianka² and Marcin Korzeń³

¹ Department of Epidemiology and Management, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University, Zolnierska 48, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland

² Multispecialty Hospital, Lubanska 11-12, 59-900 Zgorzelec, Poland

³ Department of Methods of Artificial Intelligence and Applied Mathematics, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Zolnierska 46, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 645; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040645 - 31 Mar 2018

Cited by 40 | Viewed by 6490

Abstract

Background: Adolescent HPV (Human Papilloma Virus) vaccination is yet to be introduced as a mandatory program in Poland. Polish literature on factors associated with adolescent HPV vaccination is scant, despite the fact that uptake is one of the poorest in the European Union. [...] Read more.

Background: Adolescent HPV (Human Papilloma Virus) vaccination is yet to be introduced as a mandatory program in Poland. Polish literature on factors associated with adolescent HPV vaccination is scant, despite the fact that uptake is one of the poorest in the European Union. Objectives: To assess HPV awareness and identify independent predictors for parental willingness to have their children vaccinated against HPV. Methods: All parents of first grade students from three selected high schools in Zgorzelec, Poland, who participated in parent–teacher meetings at the time the study was conducted, had their children unvaccinated regarding HPV, and who gave informed consent to participate were included. There were 600 first grade students; 9 were vaccinated against HPV. This left 591 parents who met the eligibility criteria; the response rate was 76.1%. Results: Awareness of HPV was reported by 55.3% of 450 parents (mean age 42 years, 70.9% females); 85.1% expressed their willingness to vaccinate their children against HPV; 31.3% identified HPV as a sexually transmitted pathogen, and 36.2% identified it as a risk factor of cervical cancer. Multivariable logistic regression analyses indicated that being employed (OR 2.09; 95% CI: 1.10–3.86), having positive attitudes toward vaccines (OR 3.02; 95% CI: 1.34–6.49), previous information about HPV (OR 2.02; 95% CI: 1.17–3.51), and concerns about the side effects of the HPV vaccine (OR 0.60; 95% CI: 0.35–0.99) were independent predictors of parents’ willingness to vaccinate. Conclusions: Attitudes regarding their child being vaccinated against HPV were positive among Polish parents, even though awareness and knowledge of HPV in this group were low. Most of the significant factors that influenced their willingness were modifiable, such as being informed about HPV and having positive attitudes toward vaccines. Future interventions should focus specifically on vulnerable subgroups, such as unemployed parents. Full article

16 pages, 1531 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Children and Caregivers’ Exposure to Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACES): Association with Children’s and Caregivers’ Psychological Outcomes in a Therapeutic Preschool Program

by Yair Ziv^1,*, Inbar Sofri¹, Kristen L. Capps Umphlet², Stephanie Olarte² and Jimmy Venza²

¹ Department of Counseling and Human Development, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel

² The Lourie Center for Children’s Social and Emotional Wellness, Rockville, MD 20852, USA

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 646; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040646 - 31 Mar 2018

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 7267

Abstract

Exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACE) has been found to have a profound negative impact on multiple child outcomes, including academic achievement, social cognition patterns, and behavioral adjustment. However, these links have yet to be examined in preschool children that are already experiencing [...] Read more.

Exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACE) has been found to have a profound negative impact on multiple child outcomes, including academic achievement, social cognition patterns, and behavioral adjustment. However, these links have yet to be examined in preschool children that are already experiencing behavior or social-emotional problems. Thus, the present study examined the links between the caregiver’s and the child’s exposure to ACE and multiple child and caregiver’s outcomes in a sample of 30 preschool children enrolled in a Therapeutic Nursery Program (TNP). Children are typically referred to this TNP due to significant delays in their social emotional development that often result in difficulty functioning in typical childcare, home, and community settings. Analyses revealed some contradictory patterns that may be specific to this clinical sample. Children with higher exposure to ACE showed more biased social information processing patterns and their caregivers reported lower child social skills than caregivers of children with less exposure, however their inhibitory control levels were higher (better control) and staff reported that these children exhibited better social skills as well as better approaches to learning than children with less exposure. No such contradictions were found in relation to the caregiver’s exposure to ACE, as it was positively associated with a number of negative child and caregiver outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Maternal and Child Health 2018)

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15 pages, 723 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Application of a Time-Stratified Case-Crossover Design to Explore the Effects of Air Pollution and Season on Childhood Asthma Hospitalization in Cities of Differing Urban Patterns: Big Data Analytics of Government Open Data

by Ching-Yen Kuo^1,2, Ren-Hao Pan¹

, Chin-Kan Chan³, Chiung-Yi Wu¹, Dinh-Van Phan^1,4,5

and Chien-Lung Chan^1,4,*

¹ Institute of Information Management, Yuan-Ze University, 135 Yuan-Tung Road, Jung-Li, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan

² Department of Medical Administration, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, 1492 Zhongshan Road, Taoyuan Dist., Taoyuan 330, Taiwan

³ Department of Pediatrics, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, 1492 Zhongshan Road, Taoyuan Dist., Taoyuan 330, Taiwan

⁴ Innovation Center for Big Data and Digital Convergence, Yuan-Ze University, 135 Yuan-Tung Road, Jung-Li, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan

⁵ University of Economics, The University of Danang, , 71 Ngu Hanh Son Street, Danang 550000, Vietnam

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 647; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040647 - 31 Mar 2018

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 6536

Abstract

Few studies have assessed the lagged effects of levels of different urban city air pollutants and seasons on asthma hospitalization in children. This study used big data analysis to explore the effects of daily changes in air pollution and season on childhood asthma [...] Read more.

Few studies have assessed the lagged effects of levels of different urban city air pollutants and seasons on asthma hospitalization in children. This study used big data analysis to explore the effects of daily changes in air pollution and season on childhood asthma hospitalization from 2001 to 2010 in Taipei and Kaohsiung City, Taiwan. A time-stratified case-crossover study and conditional logistic regression analysis were employed to identify associations between the risk of hospitalization due to asthma in children and the levels of air pollutants (PM_2.5, PM₁₀, O₃, SO₂, and NO₂) in the days preceding hospitalization. During the study period, 2900 children in Taipei and 1337 in Kaohsiung aged ≤15 years were hospitalized due to asthma for the first time. The results indicated that the levels of air pollutants were significantly associated with the risk of asthma hospitalization in children, and seasonal effects were observed. High levels of air pollution in Kaohsiung had greater effects than in Taipei after adjusting for seasonal variation. The most important factor was O₃ in spring in Taipei. In children aged 0–6 years, asthma was associated with O₃ in Taipei and SO₂ in Kaohsiung, after controlling for the daily mean temperature and relative humidity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Health, Environmental Informatics and Risk: Managing Hazards in the Information Era)

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16 pages, 765 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preventing Opioid Use Disorders among Fishing Industry Workers

by Angela Wangari Walter^1,*

, Cesar Morocho¹, Lauren King², John Bartlett², Debra Kelsey², Monica DeSousa², Gretchen Biesecker² and Laura Punnett^3,4

¹ Department of Public Health, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA

² Fishing Partnership Support Services; Burlington, MA 01803, USA

³ Center for the Promotion of Health in the New England Workplace (CPH-NEW), University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA

⁴ Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 648; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040648 - 31 Mar 2018

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 8519

Abstract

Fishing industry workers are at high risk for work-related musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) and injuries. Prescription opioids used to treat pain injuries may put these workers at increased risk for developing substance disorders. Using a Community-Based Participatory Research approach, formative research was conducted to [...] Read more.

Fishing industry workers are at high risk for work-related musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) and injuries. Prescription opioids used to treat pain injuries may put these workers at increased risk for developing substance disorders. Using a Community-Based Participatory Research approach, formative research was conducted to inform the eventual development of relevant interventions to prevent and reduce opioid use disorders among fishing industry workers. Qualitative interviews (n = 21) were conducted to assess: knowledge and attitudes about opioid use disorders; features of fishing work that might affect use and/or access to treatment; and community and organizational capacity for prevention and treatment. Participants reported numerous pathways connecting commercial fishing with opioid use. The combination of high stress and physically tasking job duties requires comprehensive workplace interventions to prevent chronic pain and MSDs, in addition to tailored and culturally responsive treatment options to address opioid use disorders in this population. Public health programs must integrate workplace health and safety protection along with evidence-based primary, secondary, and tertiary interventions in order to address opioid use disorders, particularly among workers in strenuous jobs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Substance Abuse, Environment and Public Health)

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15 pages, 366 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Robust Economic Control Decision Method of Uncertain System on Urban Domestic Water Supply

by Kebai Li^1,*, Tianyi Ma¹ and Guo Wei²

¹ School of Management Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China

² Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Pembroke, Pembroke, NC 28372, USA

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 649; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040649 - 31 Mar 2018

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3676

Abstract

As China quickly urbanizes, urban domestic water generally presents the circumstances of both rising tendency and seasonal cycle fluctuation. A robust economic control decision method for dynamic uncertain systems is proposed in this paper. It is developed based on the internal model principle [...] Read more.

As China quickly urbanizes, urban domestic water generally presents the circumstances of both rising tendency and seasonal cycle fluctuation. A robust economic control decision method for dynamic uncertain systems is proposed in this paper. It is developed based on the internal model principle and pole allocation method, and it is applied to an urban domestic water supply system with rising tendency and seasonal cycle fluctuation. To achieve this goal, first a multiplicative model is used to describe the urban domestic water demand. Then, a capital stock and a labor stock are selected as the state vector, and the investment and labor are designed as the control vector. Next, the compensator subsystem is devised in light of the internal model principle. Finally, by using the state feedback control strategy and pole allocation method, the multivariable robust economic control decision method is implemented. The implementation with this model can accomplish the urban domestic water supply control goal, with the robustness for the variation of parameters. The methodology presented in this study may be applied to the water management system in other parts of the world, provided all data used in this study are available. The robust control decision method in this paper is also applicable to deal with tracking control problems as well as stabilization control problems of other general dynamic uncertain systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Decision Models in Green Growth and Sustainable Development)

13 pages, 659 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effectiveness of International Non-Governmental Organizations’ Response Operations during Public Health Emergency: Lessons Learned from the 2014 Ebola Outbreak in Sierra Leone

by Yoon Ah Shin¹, Jungwon Yeo² and Kyujin Jung^3,*

¹ Graduate School of Public and International Affairs, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA

² School of Public Administration, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA

³ Department of Public Administration and Graduate School of Governance, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 02841, Korea

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 650; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040650 - 1 Apr 2018

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 12137

Abstract

International Nongovernmental Organizations (INGOs) have played critical roles in improving the quality of primary health care in ordinary time and, indeed, responding to epidemic crises in developing countries. Due to a lack of empirical research for effectiveness of their responding activities, the legitimacy [...] Read more.

International Nongovernmental Organizations (INGOs) have played critical roles in improving the quality of primary health care in ordinary time and, indeed, responding to epidemic crises in developing countries. Due to a lack of empirical research for effectiveness of their responding activities, the legitimacy and accountability of nonprofits’ engagement in the health crisis as a critical responder is doubted. This paper aims to examine the effectiveness of INGOs in a context of managing a fatal epidemic outbreak of Ebola in Sierra Leone during May–November, 2014; building healthcare infrastructures, providing medical supplies, educating local residents, and training response staffs. The analysis results show that development of healthcare infrastructures and provision of medical supplies have been significantly effective in terms of decreasing the severity of the crisis in chiefdoms. The findings imply that policy tools, which allow INGOs to enter to the field in a timely manner, can improve the effectiveness of INGOs’ responses in current and future epidemic outbreaks in developing countries where people suffer from a lack of health infrastructures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Global Health)

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10 pages, 341 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pediatric Age Palm Oil Consumption

by Lorenza Di Genova, Laura Cerquiglini, Laura Penta, Anna Biscarini and Susanna Esposito^*

Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 651; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040651 - 1 Apr 2018

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 10440

Abstract

Palm oil is widely used in the food industry for its chemical/physical properties, low cost and wide availability. Its widespread use has provoked an intense debate about whether it is a potential danger to human health. In a careful review of the scientific [...] Read more.

Palm oil is widely used in the food industry for its chemical/physical properties, low cost and wide availability. Its widespread use has provoked an intense debate about whether it is a potential danger to human health. In a careful review of the scientific literature, we focused on nutritional characteristics and health effects of the use of palm oil with regards to children, seeking to determine whether there is evidence that justifies fears about the health effects of palm oil. Our review showed that palm oil represents a significant source of saturated fatty acids, to which scientific evidence attributes negative health effects when used in excess, especially with regards to cardiovascular diseases. However, to date, there is no evidence about the harmful effects of palm oil on the health of children. Nevertheless, palm oil has possible ill health effects linked to its composition of fatty acids: its consumption is not correlated to risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in young people with a normal weight and cholesterol level; the elderly and patients with dyslipidaemia or previous cardiovascular events or hypertension are at a greater risk. Therefore, the matter is not palm oil itself but the fatty-acid-rich food group to which it belongs. The most important thing is to consume no more than 10% of saturated fatty acids, regardless of their origin and regardless of one’s age. Correct information based on a careful analysis of the scientific evidence, rather than a focus on a singular presumed culprit substance, should encourage better lifestyles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Health Behavior, Chronic Disease and Health Promotion)

11 pages, 983 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Is a Water Content of 60% Maximum Water Holding Capacity Suitable for Folsomia candida Reproduction Tests? A Study with Silver Nanoparticles and AgNO₃

by Moira S. McKee^*, Amelia Megía Guerrero^† and Juliane Filser

¹ University of Bremen, UFT, FB02, General and Theoretical Ecology, Leobener Str. 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany

^† Present address: Department Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, 21033 Hamburg, Germany

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 652; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040652 - 1 Apr 2018

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4597

Abstract

Silver nanoparticles (AgNP) are increasingly emitted to the environment due to a rise in application in various products; therefore, assessment of their potential risks for biota is important. In this study the effects of AgNP at environmentally relevant concentrations (0.6–375 µg kg⁻¹ [...] Read more.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNP) are increasingly emitted to the environment due to a rise in application in various products; therefore, assessment of their potential risks for biota is important. In this study the effects of AgNP at environmentally relevant concentrations (0.6–375 µg kg⁻¹ soil) on the soil invertebrate Folsomia candida in OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) soil was examined at different soil water contents. Animals were retrieved by heat extraction, which had an efficiency of about 90% compared with the floatation method. The tested water content range is set by OECD Guideline 232 (40–60% of the maximum water holding capacity, WHC), and we detected significant differences in toxicity due to these. With AgNO₃, used as an ionic control, the number of juveniles significantly decreased only at 40% WHC, which might be due to dilution of the toxicant at higher soil water content. In turn, at 60% WHC, the reproduction of F. candida significantly increased in the presence of AgNP compared with in the control. However, at this water content, the required number of juveniles in the control treatment was not reached in three independent tests. The fact that the OECD validity criterion is not met indicates that the soil conditions are not suitable for reproduction at 60% WHC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Health)

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8 pages, 5107 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electrode Modified by Reduced Graphene Oxide for Monitoring of Total Thallium in Grain Products

by Bozena Karbowska^*, Tomasz Rębiś and Grzegorz Milczarek

Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, Poznan 61-965, Poland

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 653; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040653 - 1 Apr 2018

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 4412

Abstract

Grain products and the associated industry have a notable economic and social impact all over the world. The toxicological safety of grain products is a nutritional prerogative. This study focused on the determination of thallium content in grain product samples collected from a [...] Read more.

Grain products and the associated industry have a notable economic and social impact all over the world. The toxicological safety of grain products is a nutritional prerogative. This study focused on the determination of thallium content in grain product samples collected from a commercial brand commonly available in Poland. The samples were analyzed with the use of differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) with graphene oxide based on glassy carbon. The stripping anodic peak current of thallium was linear over its concentration range from 9.78 × 10⁻⁹ to 97.8 × 10⁻⁹ M. The limit of detection (LOD) was calculated according to the formula LOD = (κ × SDa)/b, where κ is 3.3, SDa is the standard deviation of the intercept, and b is the slope. The determined value of LOD was 1.229 µg L⁻¹ (6.01 × 10⁻⁹ M). The proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of thallium ions in samples of actual grain products. The obtained results confirmed that thallium was present in the studied cereal samples (average content at 0.0268 ± 0.0798 mg/kg). Thallium has a half-life of 60 days; therefore, the consumption of foods with thallium content of approximately 0.08 mg/kg has the potential for harmful bioaccumulation in the body. Thallium contamination in cereal products should be a critical parameter for health environmental regulations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Science and Engineering)

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11 pages, 347 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Leisure Activity Diversity and Exercise Time on the Prevention of Depression in the Middle-Aged and Elderly Residents of Taiwan

by Hsiao-Yun Lee¹, Chia-Pin Yu^1,*

, Chih-Da Wu² and Wen-Chi Pan³

¹ School of Forestry and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan

² Department of Forestry and Nature Resources, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 600, Taiwan

³ Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 654; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040654 - 1 Apr 2018

Cited by 60 | Viewed by 9506

Abstract

Previous studies have confirmed that activity participation is beneficial to mental health, but few studies focus on older adults’ depression. Based on the theory of social integration, this study examined the effects of leisure activity diversity and exercise time on depression in late [...] Read more.

Previous studies have confirmed that activity participation is beneficial to mental health, but few studies focus on older adults’ depression. Based on the theory of social integration, this study examined the effects of leisure activity diversity and exercise time on depression in late adulthood. Subjects in the 2011 Survey of Health and Living Status of the Middle-Aged and Elderly in Taiwan were extracted. A series of logistic regressions were conducted to discern factors related to the odds of having depression. Among study subjects (N = 3727; age ≥ 58), 20.9% indicated an inclination of having depression (CESD-10 score ≥ 8). This study found that participating in diverse leisure activities and longer exercise time decreases older adults’ risk of having depression. Additionally, the results confirmed that depression is positively correlated with chronic diseases. Consequently, efforts should be continually spent on encouraging older adults’ participation in activities to reduce the prevalence of depression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Aging and Public Health)

15 pages, 309 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Comparative Study of Behavior Problems among Left-Behind Children, Migrant Children and Local Children

by Hongwei Hu^1,†, Jiamin Gao^2,*, Haochen Jiang^3,*, Haixia Jiang^2,†, Shaoyun Guo³, Kun Chen³, Kaili Jin³ and Yingying Qi³

¹ School of Public Administration and Policy, Renmin University of China, No. 59, Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100872, China

² Institute of Population Research, Peking University, No. 5, Yiheyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100871, China

³ School of Humanities and Social Sciences, North China Electric Power University, No. 689, Huadian Road, Lianchi District, Baoding 071003, China

^† They are the co-first authors.

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 655; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040655 - 1 Apr 2018

Cited by 60 | Viewed by 8049

Abstract

This study aims to estimate the prevalence of behavioral problems among left-behind children, migrant children and local children in China, and to compare the risks of behavioral problems among the three types of children. Data on 4479 children aged 6–16 used in this [...] Read more.

This study aims to estimate the prevalence of behavioral problems among left-behind children, migrant children and local children in China, and to compare the risks of behavioral problems among the three types of children. Data on 4479 children aged 6–16 used in this study were from a survey conducted in China in 2017. The school-age version of the Children Behavior Checklist was used to measure children’s behavioral problems. Descriptive analysis, correlation analysis, and logistic regressions were conducted. The prevalence of behavioral problems was 18.80% and 13.59% for left-behind children and migrant children, respectively, both of which were higher than that of local children. Logistic regression analysis showed that after adjustments for individual and environmental variables, the likelihood of total, internalizing and externalizing behavior problems for left-behind children and migrant children were higher than those for local children; left-behind children had a higher likelihood of internalizing problems than externalizing problems, while migrant children had a higher prevalence of externalizing problems. Left-behind children had a higher prevalence of each specific syndrome than migrant and local children. Both individual and environmental factors were associated with child behavioral problems, and family migration may contribute to the increased risks. Left-behind and migrant children were more vulnerable than local children to behavioral problems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Health Behavior and Public Health)

17 pages, 17015 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Vehicle Speed on the Characteristics of Driver’s Eye Movement at a Highway Tunnel Entrance during Day and Night Conditions: A Pilot Study

by Li Qin^1,2

, Li-Li Dong^1,*, Wen-Hai Xu¹, Li-Dong Zhang³ and Arturo S. Leon²

¹ School of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China

² Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA

³ High-Grade Highway Construction Authority of Jilin Province, Changchun 130012, China

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 656; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040656 - 2 Apr 2018

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 5964

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate how vehicle speed influences the characteristics of driver’s eye movement at highway tunnel entrances during day and night. In this study, six drivers’ eye movement data (from 200 m before tunnel entrance to 200 m [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to investigate how vehicle speed influences the characteristics of driver’s eye movement at highway tunnel entrances during day and night. In this study, six drivers’ eye movement data (from 200 m before tunnel entrance to 200 m inside tunnel entrance) under five predetermined vehicle speeds (40, 50, 60, 70 and 80 km/h) in the daytime and three predetermined vehicle speeds (40, 60 and 80 km/h) in the nighttime were recorded using the non-intrusive Dikablis Professional eye-tracking system. Pupil size, the average fixation duration time and the average number of fixation were analyzed and then the influence of the vehicle speed on these parameters was evaluated by means of IBM SPSS Statistics 20.0. The results for pupil size in daytime increased when approaching the tunnel entrance, while as for nighttime, pupil size decreased when approaching the tunnel entrance and then increased after entering the tunnel. The pupil size in daytime has a significant negative correlation with vehicle speed, while the pupil size in nighttime did not show a significant association with vehicle speed. Furthermore, the average fixation duration in daytime increased when entering the tunnel, and had a significant negative correlation with vehicle speed. Also, the average number of fixations in daytime decreased when entering the tunnel and has a significant negative correlation with vehicle speed. However, the average fixation duration and the average number of fixations in nighttime did not show any significant association with vehicle speed. Moreover, limitations and future directions of the study are discussed for the further investigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Health)

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13 pages, 390 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Associations between Job Strain and Arterial Stiffness: A Large Survey among Enterprise Employees from Thailand

by Orawan Kaewboonchoo¹

, Grace Sembajwe² and Jian Li^3,*

¹ Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand

² Department of Environmental, Occupational and Geospatial Health Sciences, CUNY Institute for Implementation Sciences in Population Health, CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York, NY 10027, USA

³ Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Centre for Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 659; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040659 - 2 Apr 2018

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4056

Abstract

As an intermediate endpoint to cardiovascular disease, arterial stiffness has received much attention recently. So far, the research on work stress and arterial stiffness is still sparse and inconsistent, and no investigations on work stress and cardiovascular health among the Thai working population [...] Read more.

As an intermediate endpoint to cardiovascular disease, arterial stiffness has received much attention recently. So far, the research on work stress and arterial stiffness is still sparse and inconsistent, and no investigations on work stress and cardiovascular health among the Thai working population have been reported. Therefore, we conducted an epidemiological study among 2141 Thai enterprise employees (858 men and 1283 women) who were free from any diagnosed cardiovascular disease. Work stress was measured using Karasek’s Job Demand–Control model for job strain (a combination of high demand and low control). Arterial stiffness was evaluated by a non-invasive approach using pulse-wave analysis based on a finger photoplethysmogram. Multivariable linear regression was applied to examine associations between job strain and arterial stiffness. In men, job strain was significantly associated with arterial stiffness (β = 0.078, 95% confidence interval = 0.026 to 0.130), after accounting for sociodemographic, behavioral, dietary and biomedical factors. However, the association in women was not significant. As the first study in Thailand on work stress and cardiovascular risk, we found that job strain might be an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease among Thai working men. Further studies with longitudinal design are warranted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Occupational Safety and Health)

23 pages, 339 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improving Chronic Disease Self-Management by Older Home Health Patients through Community Health Coaching

by Cheryl Dye^1,*

, Deborah Willoughby², Begum Aybar-Damali³, Carmelita Grady⁴, Rebecca Oran⁴ and Alana Knudson⁴

¹ Institute for Engaged Aging, 2037 Barre Hall, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA

² School of Nursing, 417 Edwards Hall, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA

³ Department of Recreation, Tourism and Therapeutic Recreation, Memorial Hall 119,Winona State University, Winona, MN 55987, USA

⁴ Walsh Center for Rural Health Analysis, NORC at the University of Chicago, 4350 East-West Hwy, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 660; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040660 - 2 Apr 2018

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 10978

Abstract

The purpose of the study was to pilot test a model to reduce hospital readmissions and emergency department use of rural, older adults with chronic diseases discharged from home health services (HHS) through the use of volunteers. The study’s priority population consistently experiences [...] Read more.

The purpose of the study was to pilot test a model to reduce hospital readmissions and emergency department use of rural, older adults with chronic diseases discharged from home health services (HHS) through the use of volunteers. The study’s priority population consistently experiences poorer health outcomes than their urban counterparts due in part to lower socioeconomic status, reduced access to health services, and incidence of chronic diseases. When they are hospitalized for complications due to poorly managed chronic diseases, they are frequently readmitted for the same conditions. This pilot study examines the use of volunteer community members who were trained as Health Coaches to mentor discharged HHS patients in following the self-care plan developed by their HHS RN; improving chronic disease self-management behaviors; reducing risk of falls, pneumonia, and flu; and accessing community resources. Program participants increased their ability to monitor and track their chronic health conditions, make positive lifestyle changes, and reduce incidents of falls, pneumonia and flu. Although differences in the ED and hospital admission rates after discharge from HHS between the treatment and comparison group (matched for gender, age, and chronic condition) were not statistically significant, the treatment group’s rate was less than the comparison group thus suggesting a promising impact of the HC program (90 day: 263 comparison vs. 129 treatment; p = 0.65; 180 day 666.67 vs. 290.32; p = 0.19). The community health coach model offers a potential approach for improving the ability of discharged older home health patients to manage chronic conditions and ultimately reduce emergent care. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Community Health Intervention to Reduce Chronic Disease)

17 pages, 21923 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatio-Temporal Epidemiology of Viral Hepatitis in China (2003–2015): Implications for Prevention and Control Policies

by Bin Zhu^1,2

, Jinlin Liu¹, Yang Fu³, Bo Zhang⁴ and Ying Mao^1,*

¹ School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi’an Jiaotong University, 28 Xianning West Road, Xi’an 710049, China

² Department of Public Policy, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China

³ College of Management, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Ave 3688, Shenzhen 518060, China

⁴ School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, 28 Xianning West Road, Xi’an 710049, China

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 661; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040661 - 2 Apr 2018

Cited by 53 | Viewed by 8260

Abstract

Viral hepatitis, as one of the most serious notifiable infectious diseases in China, takes heavy tolls from the infected and causes a severe economic burden to society, yet few studies have systematically explored the spatio-temporal epidemiology of viral hepatitis in China. This study [...] Read more.

Viral hepatitis, as one of the most serious notifiable infectious diseases in China, takes heavy tolls from the infected and causes a severe economic burden to society, yet few studies have systematically explored the spatio-temporal epidemiology of viral hepatitis in China. This study aims to explore, visualize and compare the epidemiologic trends and spatial changing patterns of different types of viral hepatitis (A, B, C, E and unspecified, based on the classification of CDC) at the provincial level in China. The growth rates of incidence are used and converted to box plots to visualize the epidemiologic trends, with the linear trend being tested by chi-square linear by linear association test. Two complementary spatial cluster methods are used to explore the overall agglomeration level and identify spatial clusters: spatial autocorrelation analysis (measured by global and local Moran’s I) and space-time scan analysis. Based on the spatial autocorrelation analysis, the hotspots of hepatitis A remain relatively stable and gradually shrunk, with Yunnan and Sichuan successively moving out the high-high (HH) cluster area. The HH clustering feature of hepatitis B in China gradually disappeared with time. However, the HH cluster area of hepatitis C has gradually moved towards the west, while for hepatitis E, the provincial units around the Yangtze River Delta region have been revealing HH cluster features since 2005. The space-time scan analysis also indicates the distinct spatial changing patterns of different types of viral hepatitis in China. It is easy to conclude that there is no one-size-fits-all plan for the prevention and control of viral hepatitis in all the provincial units. An effective response requires a package of coordinated actions, which should vary across localities regarding the spatial-temporal epidemic dynamics of each type of virus and the specific conditions of each provincial unit. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Infectious Diseases)

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13 pages, 344 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Medical Surveillance, Continuous Health Promotion and a Participatory Intervention in a Small Company

by Nicola Magnavita

Institute of Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 662; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040662 - 2 Apr 2018

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 5987

Abstract

The workplace is an ideal setting for health promotion. The regular medical examination of workers enables us to screen for numerous diseases, spread good practices and correct lifestyles, and obtain a favourable risk/benefit ratio. The continuous monitoring of the level of workers’ wellbeing [...] Read more.

The workplace is an ideal setting for health promotion. The regular medical examination of workers enables us to screen for numerous diseases, spread good practices and correct lifestyles, and obtain a favourable risk/benefit ratio. The continuous monitoring of the level of workers’ wellbeing using a holistic approach during medical surveillance enables us to promptly identify problems in work organisation and the company climate. Problems of this kind can be adequately managed by using a participatory approach. The aim of this paper is twofold: to signal this way of proceeding with medical surveillance, and to describe an organisational development intervention. Participatory groups were used to improve occupational life in a small company. After intervention we observed a reduction in levels of perceived occupational stress measured with the Effort/Reward Imbalance questionnaire, and an improvement in psychological wellbeing assessed by means of the Goldberg Anxiety/Depression scale. Although the limited size of the sample and the lack of a control group call for a cautious evaluation of this study, the participatory strategy proved to be a useful tool due to its cost-effectiveness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Workplace Health Promotion 2018)

13 pages, 518 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Elderly Perceived Meanings and Values of Virtual Reality Leisure Activities: A Means-End Chain Approach

by Cheng-Shih Lin¹, Mei-Yuan Jeng² and Tsu-Ming Yeh^3,*

¹ Department of Business Administration, National Quemoy University, Kinmen 892, Taiwan

² Department of Leisure Recreation and Management Da-Yeh University, Changhua 515, Taiwan

³ Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, National Quemoy University, Kinmen 892, Taiwan

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 663; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040663 - 3 Apr 2018

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 8994

Abstract

This study uses means-end chain (MEC) techniques to examine the awareness, decision-making procedure, and personal values of the elderly with regard to virtual reality leisure activities. The results of the study show that elderly respondents value virtual reality leisure activities that are fun, [...] Read more.

This study uses means-end chain (MEC) techniques to examine the awareness, decision-making procedure, and personal values of the elderly with regard to virtual reality leisure activities. The results of the study show that elderly respondents value virtual reality leisure activities that are fun, safe, and easy. In terms of outcome benefits, elderly respondents value feeling physically and mentally healthy, firsthand experience, and satisfied curiosity. In value terms, elderly respondents hope that their chosen virtual reality leisure activities improve not only their relationships with others, but also their enjoyment, quality of life, and sense of belonging. The results show that, while consumers with different awarenesses of virtual reality leisure activities have different decision-making processes, they share creating “good memories” as the terminal value with the most significant effect. This presents a potential opportunity to promote virtual reality leisure activities. Relevant bodies or enterprises can seek to create good memories in consumers by developing activities that are safe and fun, promote good health, and provide good service, thereby attracting the interest of elderly consumers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Aging and Public Health)

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18 pages, 3042 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hesitant Fuzzy Linguistic Preference Utility Set and Its Application in Selection of Fire Rescue Plans

by Huchang Liao^1,2

, Guangsen Si^1,*, Zeshui Xu¹ and Hamido Fujita³

¹ Business School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China

² Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, University of Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain

³ Faculty of Software and Information Science, Iwate Prefectural University, Iwate 020-0193, Japan

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 664; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040664 - 3 Apr 2018

Cited by 47 | Viewed by 4377

Abstract

Hesitant fuzzy linguistic term set provides an effective tool to represent uncertain decision information. However, the semantics corresponding to the linguistic terms in it cannot accurately reflect the decision-makers’ subjective cognition. In general, different decision-makers’ sensitivities towards the semantics are different. Such sensitivities [...] Read more.

Hesitant fuzzy linguistic term set provides an effective tool to represent uncertain decision information. However, the semantics corresponding to the linguistic terms in it cannot accurately reflect the decision-makers’ subjective cognition. In general, different decision-makers’ sensitivities towards the semantics are different. Such sensitivities can be represented by the cumulative prospect theory value function. Inspired by this, we propose a linguistic scale function to transform the semantics corresponding to linguistic terms into the linguistic preference values. Furthermore, we propose the hesitant fuzzy linguistic preference utility set, based on which, the decision-makers can flexibly express their distinct semantics and obtain the decision results that are consistent with their cognition. For calculations and comparisons over the hesitant fuzzy linguistic preference utility sets, we introduce some distance measures and comparison laws. Afterwards, to apply the hesitant fuzzy linguistic preference utility sets in emergency management, we develop a method to obtain objective weights of attributes and then propose a hesitant fuzzy linguistic preference utility-TOPSIS method to select the best fire rescue plan. Finally, the validity of the proposed method is verified by some comparisons of the method with other two representative methods including the hesitant fuzzy linguistic-TOPSIS method and the hesitant fuzzy linguistic-VIKOR method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Decision Models in Green Growth and Sustainable Development)

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13 pages, 10605 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Seasonal Floods on Health: Analysis of Six Years of National Health Data and Flood Maps

by Dell D. Saulnier^1,*, Claudia Hanson¹, Por Ir², Helle Mölsted Alvesson¹ and Johan Von Schreeb¹

¹ Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden

² National Institute of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 665; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040665 - 3 Apr 2018

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 7308

Abstract

There is limited knowledge on the effect of seasonal flooding on health over time. We quantified the short- and long-term effects of floods on selected health indicators at public healthcare facilities in 11 districts in Cambodia, a flood-prone setting. Counts of inpatient discharge [...] Read more.

There is limited knowledge on the effect of seasonal flooding on health over time. We quantified the short- and long-term effects of floods on selected health indicators at public healthcare facilities in 11 districts in Cambodia, a flood-prone setting. Counts of inpatient discharge diagnoses and outpatient consultations for diarrhea, acute respiratory infections, skin infections, injuries, noncommunicable diseases and vector-borne diseases were retrieved from public healthcare facilities for each month between January 2008 and December 2013. Flood water was mapped by month, in square kilometers, from satellite data. Poisson regression models with three lag months were constructed for the health problems in each district, controlled for seasonality and long-term trends. During times of flooding and three months after, there were small to moderate increases in visits to healthcare facilities for skin infections, acute respiratory infections, and diarrhea, while no association was seen at one to two months. The associations were small to moderate, and a few of our results were significant. We observed increases in care seeking for diarrhea, skin infections, and acute respiratory infections following floods, but the associations are uncertain. Additional research on previous exposure to flooding, using community- and facility-based data, would help identify expected health risks after floods in flood-prone settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Public Health and Disasters)

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21 pages, 397 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Support Needs and Experiences of People Bereaved by Suicide: Qualitative Findings from a Cross-Sectional British Study of Bereaved Young Adults

by Alexandra Pitman^1,2,*

, Tanisha De Souza³, Adelia Khrisna Putri⁴

, Fiona Stevenson⁵, Michael King¹, David Osborn^1,2 and Nicola Morant¹

¹ UCL Division of Psychiatry, University College London, Maple House, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 7NF, UK

² Camden and Islington NHS Foundation Trust, St Pancras Hospital, London NW1 0PE, UK

³ North East London NHS Foundation Trust, Memory Service, Broad Street Health Centre, Morland Road, Dagenham, Essex RM10 9HU, UK

⁴ UGM Faculty of Psychology, Jl. Sosio Humaniora 1, Sleman, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia

⁵ UCL Research Department of Primary Care & Population Health, Rowland Hill St, London NW3 2PF, UK

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 666; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040666 - 3 Apr 2018

Cited by 39 | Viewed by 7453

Abstract

People bereaved by suicide are at increased risk of suicide, but evidence is lacking that available interventions reduce suicide risk. Few large-scale studies have described the views of suicide-bereaved people regarding their needs for support. Our objective was to explore the nature of [...] Read more.

People bereaved by suicide are at increased risk of suicide, but evidence is lacking that available interventions reduce suicide risk. Few large-scale studies have described the views of suicide-bereaved people regarding their needs for support. Our objective was to explore the nature of young adults’ experiences of support after bereavement by suicide and their views on valued and unhelpful aspects. We conducted a cross-sectional study of staff and students aged 18–40 at 37 United Kingdom (UK) higher educational institutions in 2010, eliciting qualitative responses to two questions probing experiences of support and unmet needs after the suicide of a close contact. We conducted thematic analysis of responses from 420 adults bereaved by suicide, of whom 75% had received support after the loss. We identified three broad descriptive areas corresponding to important aspects of support: value and experiences of the support received; views on specific support needs; and reasons for not seeking support. We found that needs for emotional support exist throughout the social networks of people who die by suicide but are often hidden. Our findings suggest a need for proactive offers of support from family, friends, and professionals after suicide, repeated regularly in case a bereaved person does not feel ready for support early on. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Suicide Research)

12 pages, 351 KiB

Open AccessArticle

‘We All Work Together to Vaccinate the Child’: A Formative Evaluation of a Community-Engagement Strategy Aimed at Closing the Immunization Gap in North-West Ethiopia

by Tracey Chantler^1,*

, Emilie Karafillakis¹, Samuel Wodajo², Shiferaw Dechasa Demissie³, Bersabeh Sile¹

, Siraj Mohammed³

, Comfort Olorunsaiye⁴, Justine Landegger⁴ and Heidi J. Larson¹

¹ London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK

² Assosa Referral Hospital, Benishangul Gumuz Regional State, Assosa, Ethiopia

³ International Rescue Committee, Bole Sub-City, 813 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

⁴ International Rescue Committee, New York, NY 10018, USA

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 667; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040667 - 3 Apr 2018

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5541

Abstract

The role of community engagement (CE) in improving demand for immunization merits investigation. The International Rescue Committee developed a CE strategy to implement a vaccine defaulter-tracing tool and a color-coded health calendar aimed at increasing uptake of immunization services in north-west Ethiopia ( [...] Read more.

The role of community engagement (CE) in improving demand for immunization merits investigation. The International Rescue Committee developed a CE strategy to implement a vaccine defaulter-tracing tool and a color-coded health calendar aimed at increasing uptake of immunization services in north-west Ethiopia (‘The Fifth Child Project’). We report findings from a formative evaluation of this project. In May/June 2016 we conducted 18 participant observations of project activities, 46 semi-structured interviews and 6 focus groups with caregivers, health workers, community members/leaders. Audio-recordings and fieldnotes were transcribed, anonymized, translated and analyzed thematically using inductive and deductive coding. Additional data was collected in November 2016 to verify findings. The project was suitably integrated within the health extension program and established a practical system for defaulter-tracing. The calendar facilitated personalized interactions between health workers and caregivers and was a catalyst for health discussions within homes. At the community level, a regulation exercise of sanctions was observed, which served as a deterrent against vaccine default. Pre-existing community accountability mechanisms supported the CE, although varying levels of engagement between leaders and health workers were observed. The benefits of shared responsibility for immunization were evident; however, more transparency was required about community self-regulatory measures to ensure health-related discussions remain positive. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interventions and Approaches to Optimize Immunization Coverage Across the Lifespan)

16 pages, 3851 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Toxicity Thresholds Based on EDTA Extractable Nickel and Barley Root Elongation in Chinese Soils

by Guangyun Zhu¹, Bao Jiang², Guohang Yang¹, Jumei Li² and Yibing Ma^2,*

¹ School of Resources and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China

² Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100089, China

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 669; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040669 - 4 Apr 2018

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4410

Abstract

The uncertainty in the risk assessment of trace metal elements in soils when total metal contents are used can be decreased by assessing their availability and/or extractability when the soils have a high background value or different sources of trace metal elements. In [...] Read more.

The uncertainty in the risk assessment of trace metal elements in soils when total metal contents are used can be decreased by assessing their availability and/or extractability when the soils have a high background value or different sources of trace metal elements. In this study, the added water-soluble nickel (Ni) toxicity to barley root elongation was studied in 17 representative Chinese soil samples with and without artificial rainwater leaching. The extractability of added Ni in soils was estimated by three sequential extractions with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). The results showed that the effective concentration of EDTA extractable Ni (EC₅₀), which caused 50% inhibition of barley root elongation, ranged from 46 to 1019 mg/kg in unleached soils and 24 to 1563 mg/kg in leached soils. Regression models for EDTA extractable Ni and total Ni added to soils against soil properties indicated that EDTA extractable Ni was significantly correlated with the total Ni added to soils and that pH was the most important control factor. Regression models for toxicity thresholds based on EDTA extractable Ni against soil properties showed that soil citrate dithionate extractable Fe was more important than soil pH in predicting Ni toxicity. These results can be used to accurately assess the risk of contaminated soils with high background values and/or different Ni sources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Pollution and Remediation)

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11 pages, 20890 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Potassium Chlorate on the Treatment of Domestic Sewage by Achieving Shortcut Nitrification in a Constructed Rapid Infiltration System

by Qinglin Fang¹, Wenlai Xu^1,2,*, Zhijiao Yan² and Lei Qian²

¹ State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China

² State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Synergetic Control and Joint Remediation for Soil and Water Pollution, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 670; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040670 - 4 Apr 2018

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 6122

Abstract

A constructed rapid infiltration (CRI) system is a new type of sewage biofilm treatment technology, but due to its anaerobic zone it lacks the carbon sources and the conditions for nitrate retention, and its nitrogen removal performance is very poor. However, a shortcut [...] Read more.

A constructed rapid infiltration (CRI) system is a new type of sewage biofilm treatment technology, but due to its anaerobic zone it lacks the carbon sources and the conditions for nitrate retention, and its nitrogen removal performance is very poor. However, a shortcut nitrification–denitrification process presents distinctive advantages, as it saves oxygen, requires less organic matter, and requires less time for denitrification compared to conventional nitrogen removal methods. Thus, if the shortcut nitrification–denitrification process could be applied to the CRI system properly, a simpler, more economic, and efficient nitrogen removal method will be obtained. However, as its reaction process shows that the first and the most important step of achieving shortcut nitrification–denitrification is to achieve shortcut nitrification, in this study we explored the feasibility to achieve shortcut nitrification, which produces nitrite as the dominant nitrogen species in effluent, by the addition of potassium chlorate (KClO₃) to the influent. In an experimental CRI test system, the effects on nitrogen removal, nitrate inhibition, and nitrite accumulation were studied, and the advantages of achieving a shortcut nitrification–denitrification process were also analysed. The results showed that shortcut nitrification was successfully achieved and maintained in a CRI system by adding 5 mM KClO₃ to the influent at a constant pH of 8.4. Under these conditions, the nitrite accumulation percentage was increased, while a lower concentration of 3 mM KClO₃ had no obvious effect. The addition of 5mM KClO₃ in influent presumably inhibited the activity of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB), but inhibition of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) was so strong that it resulted in a maximum nitrite accumulation percentage of up to over 80%. As a result, nitrite became the dominant nitrogen product in the effluent. Moreover, if the shortcut denitrification process will be achieved in the subsequent research, it could save 60.27 mg CH₃OH per litre of sewage in the CRI system compared with the full denitrification process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Municipal Wastewater Treatment)

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16 pages, 4168 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Ecological Study on the Spatially Varying Relationship between County-Level Suicide Rates and Altitude in the United States

by Hoehun Ha^1,* and Wei Tu²

¹ Department of Sociology, Anthropology and Geography, Auburn University at Montgomery, 7041 Senators Drive, Montgomery, AL 36117, USA

² Department of Geology and Geography, Georgia Southern University, P.O. Box 8149, Statesboro, GA 30460, USA

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 671; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040671 - 4 Apr 2018

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 8905

Abstract

Suicide is a serious but preventable public health issue. Several previous studies have revealed a positive association between altitude and suicide rates at the county level in the contiguous United States. We assessed the association between suicide rates and altitude using a cross-county [...] Read more.

Suicide is a serious but preventable public health issue. Several previous studies have revealed a positive association between altitude and suicide rates at the county level in the contiguous United States. We assessed the association between suicide rates and altitude using a cross-county ecological study design. Data on suicide rates were obtained from a Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS), maintained by the U.S. National Center for Injury Prevention and Control (NCIPC). Altitude data were collected from the United States Geological Survey (USGS). We employed an ordinary least square (OLS) regression to model the association between altitude and suicide rates in 3064 counties in the contiguous U.S. We conducted a geographically weighted regression (GWR) to examine the spatially varying relationship between suicide rates and altitude after controlling for several well-established covariates. A significant positive association between altitude and suicide rates (average county rates between 2008 and 2014) was found in the dataset in the OLS model (R² = 0.483, p < 0.001). Our GWR model fitted the data better, as indicated by an improved R² (average: 0.62; range: 0.21–0.64) and a lower Akaike Information Criteria (AIC) value (13,593.68 vs. 14,432.14 in the OLS model). The GWR model also significantly reduced the spatial autocorrelation, as indicated by Moran’s I test statistic (Moran’s I = 0.171; z = 33.656; p < 0.001 vs. Moran’s I = 0.323; z = 63.526; p < 0.001 in the OLS model). In addition, a stronger positive relationship was detected in areas of the northern regions, northern plain regions, and southeastern regions in the U.S. Our study confirmed a varying overall positive relationship between altitude and suicide. Future research may consider controlling more predictor variables in regression models, such as firearm ownership, religion, and access to mental health services. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Frontiers in Mental Health and the Environment)

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11 pages, 301 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Cost of Youth Suicide in Australia

by Irina Kinchin^1,2,*

and Christopher M. Doran¹

¹ Centre for Indigenous Health Equity Research, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Brisbane 4000, Australia

² The Cairns Institute, James Cook University, Cairns 4870, Australia

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 672; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040672 - 4 Apr 2018

Cited by 43 | Viewed by 12348 | Correction

Abstract

Suicide is the leading cause of death among Australians between 15 and 24 years of age. This study seeks to estimate the economic cost of youth suicide (15–24 years old) for Australia using 2014 as a reference year. The main outcome measure is [...] Read more.

Suicide is the leading cause of death among Australians between 15 and 24 years of age. This study seeks to estimate the economic cost of youth suicide (15–24 years old) for Australia using 2014 as a reference year. The main outcome measure is monetized burden of youth suicide. Costs, in 2014 AU$, are measured and valued as direct costs, such as coronial inquiry, police, ambulance, and funeral expenses; indirect costs, such as lost economic productivity; and intangible costs, such as bereavement. In 2014, 307 young Australians lost their lives to suicide (82 females and 225 males). The average age at time of death was 20.4 years, representing an average loss of 62 years of life and close to 46 years of productive capacity. The average cost per youth suicide is valued at $2,884,426, including $9721 in direct costs, $2,788,245 as the value of lost productivity, and $86,460 as the cost of bereavement. The total economic loss of youth suicide in Australia is estimated at $22 billion a year (equivalent to US$ 17 billion), ranging from $20 to $25 billion. These findings can assist decision-makers understand the magnitude of adverse outcomes associated with youth suicide and the potential benefits to be achieved by investing in effective suicide prevention strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Suicide Research)

11 pages, 342 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Relationship of Health Beliefs with Information Sources and HPV Vaccine Acceptance among Young Adults in Korea

by Jarim Kim

School of Communication, Kookmin University, Bugak Hall 603, 77 Jeongneung-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-702, Korea

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 673; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040673 - 4 Apr 2018

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 6218

Abstract

Despite the HPV vaccine’s efficacy in preventing cervical cancer, its coverage rates among Asians are very low. To increase immunization coverage among these populations, understanding the psychological factors that affect HPV acceptability is critical. To this end, this study examined the relationships between [...] Read more.

Despite the HPV vaccine’s efficacy in preventing cervical cancer, its coverage rates among Asians are very low. To increase immunization coverage among these populations, understanding the psychological factors that affect HPV acceptability is critical. To this end, this study examined the relationships between multidimensional health beliefs and HPV vaccine acceptance, and what information sources effectively foster HPV vaccination-related health beliefs. Data were collected using a survey of 323 undergraduate students in Korea. Results showed that perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, and perceived vaccine safety concerns predicted vaccine acceptance. Multiple dimensions of perceived barriers showed differing impacts on vaccine acceptance. In addition, interpersonal information sources were effective in boosting various health beliefs for HPV vaccination. The Internet also was effective in reducing social barriers, but the effects were opposite to those of social media. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interventions and Approaches to Optimize Immunization Coverage Across the Lifespan)

18 pages, 380 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Political Economy of Health Co-Benefits: Embedding Health in the Climate Change Agenda

by Annabelle Workman^1,2,*

, Grant Blashki³, Kathryn J. Bowen⁴, David J. Karoly² and John Wiseman^1,5

¹ Australian-German Climate and Energy College, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia

² School of Earth Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia

³ The Nossal Institute for Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia

⁴ National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra 0200, Australia

⁵ Melbourne Sustainable Society Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 674; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040674 - 4 Apr 2018

Cited by 42 | Viewed by 9164

Abstract

A complex, whole-of-economy issue such as climate change demands an interdisciplinary, multi-sectoral response. However, evidence suggests that human health has remained elusive in its influence on the development of ambitious climate change mitigation policies for many national governments, despite a recognition that the [...] Read more.

A complex, whole-of-economy issue such as climate change demands an interdisciplinary, multi-sectoral response. However, evidence suggests that human health has remained elusive in its influence on the development of ambitious climate change mitigation policies for many national governments, despite a recognition that the combustion of fossil fuels results in pervasive short- and long-term health consequences. We use insights from literature on the political economy of health and climate change, the science–policy interface and power in policy-making, to identify additional barriers to the meaningful incorporation of health co-benefits into climate change mitigation policy development. Specifically, we identify four key interrelated areas where barriers may exist in relation to health co-benefits: discourse, efficiency, vested interests and structural challenges. With these insights in mind, we argue that the current politico-economic paradigm in which climate change is situated and the processes used to develop climate change mitigation policies do not adequately support accounting for health co-benefits. We present approaches for enhancing the role of health co-benefits in the development of climate change mitigation policies to ensure that health is embedded in the broader climate change agenda. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Change and Health: An Interdisciplinary Perspective)

24 pages, 560 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Public Health and Unconventional Oil and Gas Extraction Including Fracking: Global Lessons from a Scottish Government Review

by Andrew Watterson^1,* and William Dinan²

¹ Occupational and Environmental Health Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK

² Communications, Media & Culture, Faculty of Arts & Humanities, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 675; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040675 - 4 Apr 2018

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 10945

Abstract

Unconventional oil and gas extraction (UOGE) including fracking for shale gas is underway in North America on a large scale, and in Australia and some other countries. It is viewed as a major source of global energy needs by proponents. Critics consider fracking [...] Read more.

Unconventional oil and gas extraction (UOGE) including fracking for shale gas is underway in North America on a large scale, and in Australia and some other countries. It is viewed as a major source of global energy needs by proponents. Critics consider fracking and UOGE an immediate and long-term threat to global, national, and regional public health and climate. Rarely have governments brought together relatively detailed assessments of direct and indirect public health risks associated with fracking and weighed these against potential benefits to inform a national debate on whether to pursue this energy route. The Scottish government has now done so in a wide-ranging consultation underpinned by a variety of reports on unconventional gas extraction including fracking. This paper analyses the Scottish government approach from inception to conclusion, and from procedures to outcomes. The reports commissioned by the Scottish government include a comprehensive review dedicated specifically to public health as well as reports on climate change, economic impacts, transport, geology, and decommissioning. All these reports are relevant to public health, and taken together offer a comprehensive review of existing evidence. The approach is unique globally when compared with UOGE assessments conducted in the USA, Australia, Canada, and England. The review process builds a useful evidence base although it is not without flaws. The process approach, if not the content, offers a framework that may have merits globally. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Health Impacts of Hydraulic Fracturing)

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17 pages, 22986 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Predictive Model Has Identified Tick-Borne Encephalitis High-Risk Areas in Regions Where No Cases Were Reported Previously, Poland, 1999–2012

by Pawel Stefanoff^1,*

, Barbara Rubikowska², Jakub Bratkowski³

, Zbigniew Ustrnul^4,5, Sophie O. Vanwambeke⁶ and Magdalena Rosinska¹

¹ Department of Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases and Surveillance, National Institute of Public Health—National Institute of Hygiene, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland

² Department of Population Health Monitoring and Analysis, National Institute of Public Health—National Institute of Hygiene, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland

³ Institute of Environmental Protection—National Research Institute (IOS—PIB), 00-548 Warsaw, Poland

⁴ Department of Climatology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland

⁵ Institute of Meteorology and Water Management, 30-215 Krakow, Poland

⁶ Georges Lemaître Centre for Earth and Climate Research, Earth & Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 677; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040677 - 4 Apr 2018

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 5841

Abstract

During 1999–2012, 77% of the cases of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) were recorded in two out of 16 Polish provinces. However, historical data, mostly from national serosurveys, suggest that the disease could be undetected in many areas. The aim of this study was to [...] Read more.

During 1999–2012, 77% of the cases of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) were recorded in two out of 16 Polish provinces. However, historical data, mostly from national serosurveys, suggest that the disease could be undetected in many areas. The aim of this study was to identify which routinely-measured meteorological, environmental, and socio-economic factors are associated to TBE human risk across Poland, with a particular focus on areas reporting few cases, but where serosurveys suggest higher incidence. We fitted a zero-inflated Poisson model using data on TBE incidence recorded in 108 NUTS-5 administrative units in high-risk areas over the period 1999–2012. Subsequently we applied the best fitting model to all Polish municipalities. Keeping the remaining variables constant, the predicted rate increased with the increase of air temperature over the previous 10–20 days, precipitation over the previous 20–30 days, in forestation, forest edge density, forest road density, and unemployment. The predicted rate decreased with increasing distance from forests. The map of predicted rates was consistent with the established risk areas. It predicted, however, high rates in provinces considered TBE-free. We recommend raising awareness among physicians working in the predicted high-risk areas and considering routine use of household animal surveys for risk mapping. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emergence of Tick-Borne Diseases Resulting from Human Landscape Change)

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25 pages, 2111 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Decision-Making and Environmental Implications under Cap-and-Trade and Take-Back Regulations

by Yuyu Chen¹, Bangyi Li¹, Qingguo Bai^2,*

and Zhi Liu^1,3,*

¹ College of Economics and Management, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China

² Institute of Operations Research, School of Management, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao 276826, China

³ College of Management Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 678; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040678 - 4 Apr 2018

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 5757

Abstract

To reduce carbon emissions during production and realize the recycling of resources, the government has promulgated carbon cap-and-trade regulation and take-back regulation separately. This paper firstly analyses the manufacturing, remanufacturing and collection decisions of a monopoly manufacturer under cap-and-trade regulation and take-back regulation [...] Read more.

To reduce carbon emissions during production and realize the recycling of resources, the government has promulgated carbon cap-and-trade regulation and take-back regulation separately. This paper firstly analyses the manufacturing, remanufacturing and collection decisions of a monopoly manufacturer under cap-and-trade regulation and take-back regulation conditions, and then explores the environmental impact (i.e., carbon emissions) of both carbon regulation and more stringent take-back regulation. Finally, numerical examples are provided to illustrate the theoretical results. The results indicate that it will do good for the environment once the cap-and-trade regulation is carried out. We also conclude that government’s supervision of carbon trading price plays an important role in reducing the environmental impact. Furthermore, unexpectedly, we prove that if emissions intensity of a remanufactured (vis-á-vis new) product is sufficiently high, the improvement of collection and remanufacturing targets might lead to the deterioration of environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Decision Models in Green Growth and Sustainable Development)

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15 pages, 1136 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association between Four-Level Categorisation of Indoor Exposure and Perceived Indoor Air Quality

by Katja Tähtinen^1,2,*, Sanna Lappalainen², Kirsi Karvala², Jouko Remes² and Heidi Salonen¹

¹ Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland

² Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Healthy Workspaces, P.O. Box 40, 00032 Työterveyslaitos, Finland

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 679; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040679 - 4 Apr 2018

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 5038

Abstract

The aim of this study was to develop and test a tool for assessing urgency of indoor air quality (IAQ) measures. The condition of the 27 buildings were investigated and results were categorized. Statistical test studied the differences between the categories and the [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to develop and test a tool for assessing urgency of indoor air quality (IAQ) measures. The condition of the 27 buildings were investigated and results were categorized. Statistical test studied the differences between the categories and the employees’ complaints about their work environment. To study the employees’ experiences of the work premises, a validated indoor air (IA) questionnaire was used. This study reveals a multifaceted problem: many factors affecting IAQ may also affect perceived IAQ, making it difficult to separate the impurity sources and ventilation system deficiencies affecting to employee experiences. An examination of the relationship between the categories and perceived IAQ revealed an association between the mould odour perceived by employees and mould detected by the researcher. A weak link was also found between the assessed categories and environmental complaints. However, we cannot make far-reaching conclusions regarding the assessed probability of abnormal IA exposure in the building on the basis of employee experiences. According to the results, categorising tool can partly support the assessment of the urgency for repairs when several factors that affect IAQ are taken into account. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Indoor Environmental Quality)

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27 pages, 1112 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Coaching on Lifestyle (CooL) Intervention for Overweight and Obesity: A Longitudinal Study into Participants’ Lifestyle Changes

by Celeste Van Rinsum^1,*

, Sanne Gerards¹, Geert Rutten², Nicole Philippens¹, Ester Janssen¹, Bjorn Winkens³, Ien Van de Goor⁴ and Stef Kremers¹

¹ Department of Health Promotion, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands

² Faculty of Humanities and Sciences, University College Venlo, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 8, 5900 AA Venlo, The Netherlands

³ Department of Methodology and Statistics, CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands

⁴ Department Tranzo, Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, P.O. Box 90153, 5000 LE Tilburg, The Netherlands

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 680; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040680 - 4 Apr 2018

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 9793

Abstract

Combined lifestyle interventions (CLIs) can be effective in reducing weight and improving lifestyle-related behaviours but it is unclear how CLIs can best be implemented in practice in order to achieve sustained lifestyle changes. The Coaching on Lifestyle programme (CooL) is a CLI in [...] Read more.

Combined lifestyle interventions (CLIs) can be effective in reducing weight and improving lifestyle-related behaviours but it is unclear how CLIs can best be implemented in practice in order to achieve sustained lifestyle changes. The Coaching on Lifestyle programme (CooL) is a CLI in the Netherlands, in which professional lifestyle coaches counsel adults and children (and/or their parents) who are obese or at high risk of obesity to achieve a sustained healthier lifestyle. The CooL intervention consists of group and individual sessions addressing the topics of physical activity, dietary behaviours, sleep and stress. Our longitudinal one-group pre-post study aimed to identify lifestyle changes among participants (adults, children and their parents) at 8 and 18 months after initiation. We assessed constructs ranging from motivation and behaviour-specific cognitions to behaviours and health outcomes. Positive and sustained changes among adults were found regarding perceived autonomy, motivation, perceived barriers, lifestyle behaviours, quality of life and weight. Among children and their parents, few improvements were found regarding behaviours and quality of life. CooL has been successful in coaching adult participants towards sustained behavioural change during the intervention period. Mixed results and smaller effect sizes were found for children and their parents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Community Health Intervention to Reduce Chronic Disease)

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14 pages, 14541 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Environmental Sustainability and Mold Hygiene in Buildings

by Haoxiang Wu¹

, Tsz Wai Ng¹, Jonathan WC Wong^1,2 and Ka Man Lai^1,2,*

¹ Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China

² Hong Kong Baptist University Sino-Forest Applied Research Centre for Pearl River Delta Environment (ARCPE), Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 681; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040681 - 4 Apr 2018

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5630

Abstract

Environmental sustainability is one of the key issues in building management. In Hong Kong, one of the initiatives is to reduce the operation hours of air-conditioning in buildings to cut down energy consumption. In this study, we reported a mold contamination case in [...] Read more.

Environmental sustainability is one of the key issues in building management. In Hong Kong, one of the initiatives is to reduce the operation hours of air-conditioning in buildings to cut down energy consumption. In this study, we reported a mold contamination case in a newly refurbished laboratory, in which the air-conditioner was switched from 24- to 18-h mode after refurbishment. In order to prevent mold recurrence, the air-conditioner was switched back to 24-h mode in the laboratory. During the mold investigation, visible mold patches in the laboratory were searched and then cultured, counted and identified. Building and environmental conditions were recorded, and used to deduce different causes of mold contamination. Eight contaminated sites including a wall, a bench, some metal and plastic surfaces and seven types of molds including two Cladosporium spp., two Aspergillus spp., one Rhizopus sp., one Trichoderma sp., and one Tritirachium sp. were identified. Cladosporium spp. were the most abundant and frequently found molds in the laboratory. The contaminated areas could have one to five different species on them. Based on the mold and environmental conditions, several scenarios causing the mold contamination were deduced, and different mold control measures were discussed to compare them with the current solution of using 24-h air-conditioning to control mold growth. This study highlights the importance of mold hygiene in sustainable building management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Hygiene)

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9 pages, 308 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Toenail Chromium Concentration and Metabolic Syndrome among Korean Adults

by Jakyung Son¹

, J. Steven Morris^2,3 and Kyong Park^1,*

¹ Department of Food and Nutrition, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Korea

² Department of Research and Education, University of Missouri Research Reactor, Columbia, MO 65211, USA

³ Department of Research Services, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO 65205, USA

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 682; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040682 - 4 Apr 2018

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3490

Abstract

Although in vivo and in vitro studies have shown that chromium has protective effects against metabolic diseases, few studies have examined this association in humans. The present study examined chronic chromium (Cr) exposure among Koreans based on the measurement of toenail Cr concentrations, [...] Read more.

Although in vivo and in vitro studies have shown that chromium has protective effects against metabolic diseases, few studies have examined this association in humans. The present study examined chronic chromium (Cr) exposure among Koreans based on the measurement of toenail Cr concentrations, and analyzed the associations between toenail Cr concentrations and metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis using baseline data from the prospective cohort study in the Yeungnam area of South Korea that included 232 men and 268 women. Toenail Cr concentration was quantified by neutron activation analysis, and metabolic biomarker levels were obtained through medical examinations. The odd ratios (OR) of prevalent MetS and its components in correlation with Cr concentrations were calculated using multivariable logistic regression. After multiple confounding variables were adjusted for, participants with higher concentrations of Cr had a prevalence rate of MetS similar to those with lower concentrations (OR, 1.84; 95% confidence interval, 0.65–5.23). Our results do not support an association between long-term exposure to Cr and a lower prevalence of MetS in Koreans, whose Cr concentrations are relatively low compared to those of populations in Europe and the United States. Full article

8 pages, 317 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Arsenic, Cadmium and Lead Exposure and Immunologic Function in Workers in Taiwan

by Chin-Ching Wu¹, Fung-Chang Sung² and Yi-Chun Chen^3,*

¹ Department of Public Health, China Medical University, 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 404, Taiwan

² Department of Health Services Administration, China Medical University, 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 404, Taiwan

³ Department of Health Management, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, 8 Yida Road, Yanchao District, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 683; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040683 - 5 Apr 2018

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4229

Abstract

There has been growing concern over the impact of environmental exposure to heavy metals and other trace elements on immunologic functions. This study investigated men’s arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) contents in hair samples and their associations with immunological indicators, including [...] Read more.

There has been growing concern over the impact of environmental exposure to heavy metals and other trace elements on immunologic functions. This study investigated men’s arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) contents in hair samples and their associations with immunological indicators, including white blood cell (WBC), lymphocyte and monocyte counts, and the immunoglobulin (Ig) levels including IgA, IgG and IgE. We recruited 133 men from one antimony trioxide manufacturing plant, two glass manufacturing plants and two plastics manufacturing plants. The mean concentration of Cd [0.16 (SD = 0.03) ug/g] was lower than means of As [0.86 (SD = 0.16) ug/g] and Pb [0.91 (SD = 0.22) ug/g] in hair samples, exerting no relationship with immunologic functions for Cd. The Spearman’s correlation analysis showed a positive relationship between monocyte counts and hair Pb levels, but negative relations between As and IgG and between As and IgE. In conclusion, findings from these industry workers suggest that As levels in hair may have a stronger relation with immunologic function than Cd and PB have. Further research is needed to confirm the negative relationship. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Occupational Safety and Health)

16 pages, 8509 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Toxic Effects of Bisphenol A, Propyl Paraben, and Triclosan on Caenorhabditis elegans

by María Cecilia García-Espiñeira¹, Lesly Patricia Tejeda-Benítez² and Jesus Olivero-Verbel^1,*

¹ Environmental and Computational Chemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cartagena, Zaragocilla Campus, Cartagena 130015, Colombia

² Biological, Toxicological and Environmental Sciences Research Group, School of Medicine, University of Cartagena, Zaragocilla Campus, Cartagena 130015, Colombia

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 684; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040684 - 5 Apr 2018

Cited by 39 | Viewed by 9461

Abstract

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a ubiquitous plasticizer which is absorbed by ingestion and dermal contact; propyl paraben (PPB) inhibits the microbiome and extends the shelf life of many personal care products, whereas triclosan (TCS) is commonly found in antiseptics, disinfectants, or additives. In [...] Read more.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a ubiquitous plasticizer which is absorbed by ingestion and dermal contact; propyl paraben (PPB) inhibits the microbiome and extends the shelf life of many personal care products, whereas triclosan (TCS) is commonly found in antiseptics, disinfectants, or additives. In this work, Caenorhabditis elegans was used as a biological model to assess the toxic effects of BPA, PPB, and TCS. The wild type strain, Bristol N2, was used in bioassays with the endpoints of lethality, growth, and reproduction; green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenic strains with the hsp-3, hsp-4, hsp-16.2, hsp-70, sod-1, sod-4, cyp-35A4, cyp-29A2, and skn-1 genes were evaluated for their mRNA expression through fluorescence measurement; and quick Oil Red O (q ORO) was utilized to stain lipid deposits. Lethality was concentration-dependent, while TCS and PPB showed more toxicity than BPA. BPA augmented worm length, while PPB reduced it. All toxicants moderately increased the width and the width–length ratio. BPA and PPB promoted reproduction, in contrast to TCS, which diminished it. All toxicants affected the mRNA expression of genes related to cellular stress, control of reactive oxygen species, and nuclear receptor activation. Lipid accumulation occurred in exposed worms. In conclusion, BPA, PPB, and TCS alter the physiology of growth, lipid accumulation, and reproduction in C. elegans, most likely through oxidative stress mechanisms. Full article

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14 pages, 11818 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development, Implementation and Evaluation of an Educational Intervention to Prevent Low Speed Vehicle Run-Over Events: Lessons Learned

by Bronwyn Griffin^1,2,*, Kerrianne Watt³, Roy Kimble^1,4 and Linda Shields⁵

¹ Centre for Children’s Burns and Trauma Research, Lady Cilento Children’s Hospital, South Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia

² School of Nursing, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia

³ School of Public Health, Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4810, Australia

⁴ Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Australia, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia

⁵ School of Rural Health, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW 2795, Australia

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 685; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040685 - 5 Apr 2018

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4359

Abstract

There is a growing body of literature regarding low speed vehicle runover (LSVRO) events among children. To date, no literature exists on evaluation of interventions to address this serious childhood injury. Knowledge, attitudes, and behaviour regarding LSVROs were assessed via survey at a [...] Read more.

There is a growing body of literature regarding low speed vehicle runover (LSVRO) events among children. To date, no literature exists on evaluation of interventions to address this serious childhood injury. Knowledge, attitudes, and behaviour regarding LSVROs were assessed via survey at a shopping centre (pre-intervention), then five months later (post-intervention), to investigate the effect of a population level educational intervention in Queensland, Australia. Participants’ knowledge regarding frequency of LSVRO events was poor. No participant demonstrated ‘adequate behaviour’ in relation to four safe driveway behaviours pre-intervention; this increased at post-intervention (p < 0.05). Most of the sample perceived other’s driveway behaviour as inadequate, and this reduced significantly (<0.05). Perceived effectiveness of LSVRO prevention strategies increased from pre- to post-intervention, but not significantly. TV was the greatest source of knowledge regarding LSVROs pre- and post-intervention. This study provides some evidence that the educational campaign and opportunistic media engagement were successful in increasing awareness and improving behaviour regarding LSVROs. While there are several limitations to this study, our experience reflects the ‘real-world’ challenges associated with implementing prevention strategies. We suggest a multi-faceted approach involving media (including social media), legislative changes, subsidies (for reversing cameras), and education to prevent LSVROs. Full article

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19 pages, 413 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Source Apportionment and Influencing Factor Analysis of Residential Indoor PM_2.5 in Beijing

by Yibing Yang, Liu Liu, Chunyu Xu, Na Li, Zhe Liu, Qin Wang and Dongqun Xu^*

National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 686; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040686 - 5 Apr 2018

Cited by 55 | Viewed by 6465

Abstract

In order to identify the sources of indoor PM_2.5 and to check which factors influence the concentration of indoor PM_2.5 and chemical elements, indoor concentrations of PM_2.5 and its related elements in residential houses in Beijing were explored. Indoor and [...] Read more.

In order to identify the sources of indoor PM_2.5 and to check which factors influence the concentration of indoor PM_2.5 and chemical elements, indoor concentrations of PM_2.5 and its related elements in residential houses in Beijing were explored. Indoor and outdoor PM_2.5 samples that were monitored continuously for one week were collected. Indoor and outdoor concentrations of PM_2.5 and 15 elements (Al, As, Ca, Cd, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Pb, Se, Tl, V, Zn) were calculated and compared. The median indoor concentration of PM_2.5 was 57.64 μg/m³. For elements in indoor PM_2.5, Cd and As may be sensitive to indoor smoking, Zn, Ca and Al may be related to indoor sources other than smoking, Pb, V and Se may mainly come from outdoor. Five factors were extracted for indoor PM_2.5 by factor analysis, explained 76.8% of total variance, outdoor sources contributed more than indoor sources. Multiple linear regression analysis for indoor PM_2.5, Cd and Pb was performed. Indoor PM_2.5 was influenced by factors including outdoor PM_2.5, smoking during sampling, outdoor temperature and time of air conditioner use. Indoor Cd was affected by factors including smoking during sampling, outdoor Cd and building age. Indoor Pb concentration was associated with factors including outdoor Pb and time of window open per day, building age and RH. In conclusion, indoor PM_2.5 mainly comes from outdoor sources, and the contributions of indoor sources also cannot be ignored. Factors associated indoor and outdoor air exchange can influence the concentrations of indoor PM_2.5 and its constituents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Indoor Environmental Quality)

13 pages, 326 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Keeping Antibiotics at Home Promotes Self-Medication with Antibiotics among Chinese University Students

by Xiaomin Wang¹, Leesa Lin^2,3,4, Ziming Xuan⁵, Lu Li^1,* and Xudong Zhou^1,*

¹ Zhejiang University Institute of Social Medicine, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China

² Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA

³ Center for Community-Based Research, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA

⁴ Division of Policy Translation and Leadership Development, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA

⁵ Department of Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health, 801 Massachusetts Ave, Boston, MA 02118, USA

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 687; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040687 - 5 Apr 2018

Cited by 38 | Viewed by 6406

Abstract

Background: Inappropriate use of antibiotics has caused antimicrobial resistance, presenting a major health challenge to the world population. Self-medication with antibiotics (SMA) is currently at an alarming level in China. Objectives: To determine the sources of antibiotics leftover at home, the risk factors [...] Read more.

Background: Inappropriate use of antibiotics has caused antimicrobial resistance, presenting a major health challenge to the world population. Self-medication with antibiotics (SMA) is currently at an alarming level in China. Objectives: To determine the sources of antibiotics leftover at home, the risk factors of keeping antibiotics at home, and the associations between keeping antibiotics at home and SMA among Chinese university students. Methods: Six provinces were purposely selected from six regions of China, and one multi-disciplinary university was selected from each chosen province. A total of 11,192 university students were selected using cluster random sampling from the selected universities. Logistic regression was conducted to examine the relationship between keeping antibiotics at home and SMA. Results: Out of the 11,192 students surveyed, 7057 (63.1%) reported keeping antibiotics at home at the time they were surveyed. Of those who kept antibiotics in their home, 1965 (27.8%) reported that these antibiotics were left over from a previous prescription by a doctor and 4893 (69.3%), purchased antibiotics over the counter. Additionally, 29.6% (507/1711) of students self-medicated with antibiotics when ill during the month before the survey. Students keeping antibiotics at home were five times (95% CI 3.53, 7.05) more likely to engage in SMA when ill and 2.6 times (95% CI 2.34, 2.89) more likely to self-medicating with antibiotics for prophylaxis than the other students. Female students, those with a family background of higher education, and those who had a parent working in the medical field had a significantly higher chance of keeping antibiotics at home. Conclusions: The high prevalence of keeping antibiotics at home and SMA among young adults is a serious concern. Professional regulations and population-tailored health education are needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Substance Abuse, Environment and Public Health)

16 pages, 720 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Subclinical Enteric Parasitic Infections and Growth Faltering in Infants in São Tomé, Africa: A Birth Cohort Study

by Marisol Garzón^1,2, Luís Pereira-da-Silva^3,4,*

, Jorge Seixas^1,2, Ana Luísa Papoila⁴

and Marta Alves⁴

¹ Tropical Clinic Teaching and Research Unit, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa; 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal

² Global Health and Tropical Medicine R&D Center, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa; 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal

³ Medicine of Woman, Childhood and Adolescence Teaching and Research Area, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa; 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal

⁴ Research Unit, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central; 1169-045 Lisbon, Portugal

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 688; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040688 - 5 Apr 2018

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 5347

Abstract

The associations between enteric pathogenic parasites and growth in infants in São Tomé were explored using a refined anthropometric approach to recognize early growth faltering. A birth cohort study was conducted with follow-up to 24 months of age. Microscopic examination for protozoa and [...] Read more.

The associations between enteric pathogenic parasites and growth in infants in São Tomé were explored using a refined anthropometric approach to recognize early growth faltering. A birth cohort study was conducted with follow-up to 24 months of age. Microscopic examination for protozoa and soil-transmitted helminths was performed. Anthropometric assessments included: z-scores for weight-for-length (WLZ), length-for-age (LAZ), weight (WAVZ) and length velocities (LAVZ), length-for-age difference (LAD), and wasting and stunting risk (≤−1 SD). Generalized additive mixed effects regression models were used to explore the associations between anthropometric parameters and enteric parasitic infections and cofactors. A total of 475 infants were enrolled, and 282 completed the study. The great majority of infants were asymptomatic. Giardia lamblia was detected in 35.1% of infants in at least one stool sample, helminths in 30.4%, and Cryptosporidium spp. in 14.7%. Giardia lamblia and helminth infections were significantly associated with mean decreases of 0.10 in LAZ and 0.32 in LAD, and of 0.16 in LAZ and 0.48 in LAD, respectively. Cryptosporidium spp. infection was significantly associated with a mean decrease of 0.43 in WAVZ and 0.55 in LAVZ. The underestimated association between subclinical parasitic enteric infections and mild growth faltering in infants should be addressed in public health policies. Full article

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10 pages, 306 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Underestimation of Self-Reported Smoking Prevalence in Korean Adolescents: Evidence from Gold Standard by Combined Method

by Jun Hyun Hwang¹

, Jong Yeon Kim¹, Do Hoon Lee², Hye Gyoun Jung¹ and Soon-Woo Park^1,*

¹ Department of Preventive Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu 42472, Korea

² Department of Laboratory Medicine, Center for Diagnostic Oncology, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si 10408, Korea

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 689; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040689 - 5 Apr 2018

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 3845

Abstract

The objective of this study was to evaluate the validity of self-reported smoking prevalence in Korean adolescents by using an improved gold standard by a combined method. Using a stratified sampling method, we selected 13 schools from among 397 high schools that participated [...] Read more.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the validity of self-reported smoking prevalence in Korean adolescents by using an improved gold standard by a combined method. Using a stratified sampling method, we selected 13 schools from among 397 high schools that participated in the 2015 Korean Youth Health Risk Behavior Web-Based Survey (KYRBS). A second survey (repeated self-reporting questionnaire and urinary cotinine test) was conducted on 1058 students who completed the KYRBS. The gold standard of current smoker was defined as those either self-reporting as a smoker in the second survey or having a urinary cotinine concentration ≥50 ng/mL. The current smoking prevalence in the first survey (KYRBS) was 7.9% (boys 16.5% and girls 1.8%), which was lower than the results based on gold standard (11.3% total, boys 21.9% and girls 3.7%). The sensitivity and specificity of self-reported smoking status was 62.5% and 99.0%, respectively. In particular, the sensitivity of girls (43.5%) was lower than that of boys (67.0%). The self-reported smoking prevalence in Korean adolescents was underestimated, particularly among girls. Careful attention should be paid to interpreting adolescents’ smoking prevalence, and supplementary surveys or periodic validity tests need to be considered in Asian countries. Full article

10 pages, 6346 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Using a Counting Process Method to Impute Censored Follow-Up Time Data

by Jimmy T. Efird^*

and Charulata Jindal

Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (CCEB), School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle (UoN), Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 690; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040690 - 5 Apr 2018

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4799

Abstract

Censoring occurs when complete follow-up time information is unavailable for patients enrolled in a clinical study. The process is considered to be informative (non-ignorable) if the likelihood function for the model cannot be partitioned into a set of response parameters that are independent [...] Read more.

Censoring occurs when complete follow-up time information is unavailable for patients enrolled in a clinical study. The process is considered to be informative (non-ignorable) if the likelihood function for the model cannot be partitioned into a set of response parameters that are independent of the censoring parameters. In such cases, estimated survival time probabilities may be biased, prompting the need for special statistical methods to remedy the situation. The problem is especially salient when censoring occurs early in a study. In this paper, we describe a method to impute censored follow-up times using a counting process method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Paper from the 14th International Symposium on Recent Advances in Environmental Health Research)

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8 pages, 295 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Suicide Precipitants Differ Across the Lifespan but Are Not Significant in Predicting Medically Severe Attempts

by Carol C. Choo^1,*

, Peter K. H. Chew¹

and Roger C. Ho²

¹ College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Singapore 387380, Singapore

² Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119007, Singapore

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 691; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040691 - 5 Apr 2018

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4752

Abstract

An important risk factor for suicide assessment is the suicide precipitant. This study explores suicide attempt precipitants across the lifespan. Three years of medical records related to suicide attempters who were admitted to the emergency department of a large teaching hospital in Singapore [...] Read more.

An important risk factor for suicide assessment is the suicide precipitant. This study explores suicide attempt precipitants across the lifespan. Three years of medical records related to suicide attempters who were admitted to the emergency department of a large teaching hospital in Singapore were subjected to analysis. These cases were divided into three age groups: Adolescence, Early Adulthood, and Middle Adulthood. A total of 540 cases were examined (70.9% females; 63.7% Chinese, 13.7% Malays, 15.9% Indians), whose ages ranged from 12 to 62. There were eight cases above the age of 65 years which were excluded from the analysis. Significant differences were found in precipitants for suicide attempts across the lifespan. Middle adults had relatively fewer relationship problems, and adolescents had comparatively fewer financial and medical problems. The models to predict medically severe attempts across the age groups using suicide precipitants were not significant. The findings were discussed in regards to implications in suicide assessment and primary prevention in Singapore, as well as limitations and recommendations for future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adult Psychiatry)

12 pages, 1432 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Decision Tree Approach to the Impact of Parents’ Oral Health on Dental Caries Experience in Children: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Shinechimeg Dima¹, Kung-Jeng Wang², Kun-Huang Chen³, Yung-Kai Huang⁴

, Wei-Jen Chang¹, Sheng-Yang Lee¹ and Nai-Chia Teng^1,5,*

¹ School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 110, Taiwan

² Department of Industrial Management, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, No. 43, Section 4, Jilong Road, Da’an District, Taipei 10607, Taiwan

³ Big Data Research Center, Asia University, Lioufeng Rd. 500,Wufeng, Taichung 41354, Taiwan

⁴ School of Oral Hygiene, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 110, Taiwan

⁵ Department of Dentistry, Taipei Medical University Hospital, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 110, Taiwan

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 692; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040692 - 6 Apr 2018

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5727

Abstract

Decision tree (DT) analysis was applied in this cross-sectional study to investigate caries experience in children by using clinical and microbiological data obtained from parent–child pairs. Thirty pairs of parents and children were recruited from periodontal and pediatric dental clinics. All participants were [...] Read more.

Decision tree (DT) analysis was applied in this cross-sectional study to investigate caries experience in children by using clinical and microbiological data obtained from parent–child pairs. Thirty pairs of parents and children were recruited from periodontal and pediatric dental clinics. All participants were clinically examined for caries and periodontitis by a calibrated examiner. Cariogenic and periodontopathic bacteria examinations were conducted. The Kendall rank correlation coefficient was used to measure the association between data variables obtained through clinical and microbiological examinations. A classificatory inductive decision tree was generated using the C4.5 algorithm with the top-down approach. The C4.5 DT analysis was applied to classify major influential factors for children dental caries experience. The DT identified parents’ periodontal health classification, decayed, missing, filled permanent teeth (DMFT) index, periodontopathic test (PerioCheck) result, and periodontal pocket depth as the classification factors for children caries experience. 13.3% of children were identified with a low decayed, missing, filled primary teeth (dmft) index (dmft < 3) whose parents had a periodontal pocket depth ≤3.7, PerioCheck score >1, DMFT index <13.5, and periodontal classification >2. The DT model for this study sample had an accuracy of 93.33%. Here, parental periodontal status and parents’ DMFT were the factors forming the DT for children’s caries experience. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Maternal and Child Health 2018)

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15 pages, 380 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Low Levels of Knowledge, Attitudes and Preventive Practices on Leptospirosis among a Rural Community in Hulu Langat District, Selangor, Malaysia

by Noramira Nozmi¹, Suhailah Samsudin¹

, Surianti Sukeri², Mohd Nazri Shafei²

, Wan Mohd Zahiruddin Wan Mohd², Zawaha Idris³, Wan Nor Arifin⁴, Norazlin Idris², Siti Nor Sakinah Saudi¹

, Nurul Munirah Abdullah¹, Zainudin Abdul Wahab⁵, Tengku Zetty Maztura Tengku Jamaluddin¹

, Hejar Abd Rahman⁶, Siti Norbaya Masri¹, Aziah Daud²

, Malina Osman¹

and Rukman Awang Hamat^1,*

¹ Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia

² Department of Community Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia

³ Health Promotion Unit, Penang State Health Department, Floor 7, Bangunan Persekutuan, Jalan Anson, Penang 10400, Malaysia

⁴ Unit of Biostatistics and Research Methodology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia

⁵ Health Department of Federal Territory Kuala Lumpur & Putrajaya, Jalan Cenderasari, Kuala Lumpur 50590, Malaysia

⁶ Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 693; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040693 - 6 Apr 2018

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 8088

Abstract

Little is known on the knowledge, attitudes and preventive practices (KAP) of leptospirosis worldwide. This study embarked on assessing the KAP of leptospirosis among rural communities in Malaysia. A total of 444 participants (223 male; 221 female) aged between 18 and 81 years [...] Read more.

Little is known on the knowledge, attitudes and preventive practices (KAP) of leptospirosis worldwide. This study embarked on assessing the KAP of leptospirosis among rural communities in Malaysia. A total of 444 participants (223 male; 221 female) aged between 18 and 81 years old were surveyed by using a self-administered questionnaire. A majority of participants had poor knowledge level (57.0%), unacceptable attitudes (90.3%) and unacceptable preventive practices (69.1%) on leptospirosis, and only 29.7% knew “rat-urine disease” as leptospirosis. Only 34.2% of the participants knew the bacteria could enter via wound lesions. Ethnicity and income were strongly associated with knowledge level and preventive practices, respectively (p-values < 0.05). As for attitudes, ethnicity, income and education type were significantly associated (p-values < 0.05). Only 36.5% of the participants were willing to see a doctor and did not mind if their house or surrounding area is dirty (59.7%). Surprisingly, only 32.9% had used rubber boots during floods. By logistic regression analysis, ethnicity was the only significant predictor for both knowledge level (an odds ratio (AOR) = 0.39, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.222–0.680) and preventive practices (AOR = 1.81, 95% CI = 1.204–2.734). Ethnicity (AOR = 0.40, 95% CI = 0.239–0.665), income (AOR = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.041–2.385) and education type (AOR = 3.69, 95% CI = 1.237–10.986) were strong predictors for attitudes. Among the KAP variables, attitude (AOR = 4.357, 95% CI = 2.613–7.264) was the only predictor for the preventive practices by logistic regression analysis. The KAP elements on leptospirosis are still lacking and poor health seeking behavior and attitudes are of our utmost concern. Thus, effective strategies should be planned to impart knowledge, and develop proactive approaches and good preventive modules on leptospirosis to this leptospirosis-prone community. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Health Behavior, Chronic Disease and Health Promotion)

9 pages, 24746 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Radon Levels in Indoor Environments of the University Hospital in Bari-Apulia Region Southern Italy

by Luigi Vimercati^1,*

, Fulvio Fucilli², Domenica Cavone¹, Luigi De Maria¹

, Francesco Birtolo¹, Giovanni Maria Ferri¹

, Leonardo Soleo¹ and Piero Lovreglio¹

¹ Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Occupational Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy

² Regional University Hospital Policlinico—Prevention and Protection Service/Health Physics—A.O.U. Consortium Policlinico di Bari, 7014 Bari, Italy

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 694; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040694 - 7 Apr 2018

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 4720

Abstract

Since 1988, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified radon among the compounds for which there is scientific evidence of carcinogenicity for humans (group 1). The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends a reference radon level between 100 and 300 Bq/m [...] Read more.

Since 1988, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified radon among the compounds for which there is scientific evidence of carcinogenicity for humans (group 1). The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends a reference radon level between 100 and 300 Bq/m³ for homes. The objective of this study is to measure the radon concentrations in 401 workplaces, different from the patient rooms, in 28 different buildings of the university hospital in Bari (Apulia region, Southern Italy) to evaluate the exposure of health care workers. Radon environmental sampling is performed over two consecutive six-month periods via the use of passive dosimeters of the CR-39 type. We find an average annual radon concentration expressed as median value of 48.0 Bq/m³ (range 6.5–388.0 Bq/m³) with a significant difference between the two six-month periods (median value: February/July 41.0 Bq/m³ vs. August/January 55.0 Bq/m³). An average concentration of radon lower than the WHO reference level (100 Bq/m³) is detected in 76.1% of monitored environments, while higher than 300 Bq/m³ only in the 0.9%. Most workplaces report radon concentrations within the WHO reference level, therefore, the risk to workers’ health deriving from occupational exposure to radon can be considered to be low. Nevertheless, the goal is to achieve near-zero exposures to protect workers’ health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Geochemistry and Human Health)

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16 pages, 348 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Turning the Co-Production Corner: Methodological Reflections from an Action Research Project to Promote LGBT Inclusion in Care Homes for Older People

by Paul Willis^1,*

, Kathryn Almack², Trish Hafford-Letchfield³

, Paul Simpson⁴, Barbara Billings³ and Naresh Mall³

¹ School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, 8 Priory Road, Clifton BS8 1TZ, UK

² School of Health and Social Work, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL10 9AB, UK

³ Department of Mental Health, Social Work, Interprofessional Learning and Integrative Medicine, School of Health and Education Middlesex University, Ground Floor, Town Hall Annex, The Burroughs, Hendon, London NW4 4BT, UK

⁴ Department of Applied Health and Social Care, Edge Hill University, St Helens Road, Ormskirk, Lancs L39 4QP, UK

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 695; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040695 - 7 Apr 2018

Cited by 35 | Viewed by 8994

Abstract

Background: Older lesbian, gay, bisexual and trans (LGBT) residents are often invisible in long-term care settings. This article presents findings from a community-based action research project, which attempted to address this invisibility through co-produced research with LGBT community members. Particular Question: [...] Read more.

Background: Older lesbian, gay, bisexual and trans (LGBT) residents are often invisible in long-term care settings. This article presents findings from a community-based action research project, which attempted to address this invisibility through co-produced research with LGBT community members. Particular Question: What conditions enable co-produced research to emerge in long-term residential care settings for older people? Aims of Project: To analyse outcomes and challenges of action-oriented, co-produced research in the given context. In particular, we explore how co-production as a collaborative approach to action-orientated research can emerge during the research/fieldwork process; and reflect critically on the ethics and effectiveness of this approach in advancing inclusion in context. Methods: The project was implemented across six residential care homes in England. Reflections are based on qualitative evaluation data gathered pre- and post-project, which includes 37 interviews with care home staff, managers and community advisors (two of whom are co-authors). Results and Conclusions: We discuss how the co-production turn emerged during research and evaluate how the politics of this approach helped advance inclusion—itself crucial to well-being. We argue for the value of co-produced research in instigating organizational change in older people’s care environments and of non-didactic storytelling in LGBT awareness-raising amongst staff. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Breakthroughs in LGBT Health Research)

15 pages, 1035 KiB

Open AccessArticle

German Public Support for Tobacco Control Policy Measures: Results from the German Study on Tobacco Use (DEBRA), a Representative National Survey

by Melanie Boeckmann^1,*

, Daniel Kotz^1,2

, Lion Shahab², Jamie Brown²

and Sabrina Kastaun¹

¹ Institute of General Practice, Addiction Research and Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine-University, 40227 Düsseldorf, Germany

² Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 696; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040696 - 7 Apr 2018

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 9933

Abstract

Smoking prevalence in Germany remains high at approximately 28%. We assessed public support for tobacco legislation and associations between level of support and smoking and socio-demographic characteristics. Data from 2087 people were collected as part of the German Study on Tobacco Use (“DEBRA”): [...] Read more.

Smoking prevalence in Germany remains high at approximately 28%. We assessed public support for tobacco legislation and associations between level of support and smoking and socio-demographic characteristics. Data from 2087 people were collected as part of the German Study on Tobacco Use (“DEBRA”): a nationally representative, face-to-face household survey. Public support was measured on total ban of sale, raising the minimum age for sales, taxation of tobacco industry sales, research into e-cigarettes, and ban of smoking in cars when children are present. Associations were assessed with multivariate logistic regression. Over 50% of the German population support taxing industry profits (57.3%) and assessing e-cigarettes as an aid to quit smoking (55.5%). Over 40% support raising the legal age of sale (43.1%), and 22.9% support a total ban on tobacco sales. A smoking ban in cars when children are present was most popular (71.5%), even among current smokers (67.0%). There is public support for stricter tobacco control measures in Germany. A smoking ban in cars when children are present could be a feasible policy to implement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Health Behavior and Public Health)

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11 pages, 339 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relationship between the Manner of Mobile Phone Use and Depression, Anxiety, and Stress in University Students

by Aleksandar Višnjić^1,2,*

, Vladica Veličković¹, Dušan Sokolović³, Miodrag Stanković^4,5, Kristijan Mijatović⁶

, Miodrag Stojanović^2,7, Zoran Milošević^2,7 and Olivera Radulović^1,2

¹ Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia

² Institute of Public Health of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia

³ Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia

⁴ Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia

⁵ Clinic for Mental Health Protection, Clinical Centre of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia

⁶ Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy

⁷ Department of Medical Statistics and Informatics, Medical Faculty of University, 18000 Niš, Serbia

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 697; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040697 - 8 Apr 2018

Cited by 51 | Viewed by 15412

Abstract

Objectives: There is insufficient evidence regarding the potential risk of mobile phone use on mental health. Therefore, the aim of this research was to examine the relationship between mobile phone use and mental health by measuring the levels of depression, anxiety, and [...] Read more.

Objectives: There is insufficient evidence regarding the potential risk of mobile phone use on mental health. Therefore, the aim of this research was to examine the relationship between mobile phone use and mental health by measuring the levels of depression, anxiety, and stress among university students in Serbia and Italy. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out at two distinguished universities in Serbia and Italy from March to May of the 2015/2016 academic year and included 785 students of both genders. The questionnaire was compiled and developed from different published sources regarding the manner and intensity of mobile phone use, along with the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS 42) for measuring psychological health. The statistical analysis of the data included the application of binary logistic regression and correlation tests. Results: Statistical analysis indicates that anxiety symptoms are somewhat more present in younger students (odds ratio (OR) = 0.86, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.76–0.96), in those who send more text messages SMSs (OR = 1.15, 95% CI: 1.11–1.31), and in those who browse the internet less frequently (OR = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.73–0.95). Stress is more common in students who make fewer calls a day (OR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.64–0.97), as well in those who spend more time talking on the mobile phone per day (OR = 1.28, 95% CI: 1.12–1.56). The strongest predictor of high stress levels was keeping the mobile phone less than 1 m away during sleeping (OR = 1.48, 95% CI: 1.12–2.08). Conclusions: The results indicated that the intensity and modality of mobile phone use could be a factor that can influence causal pathways leading to mental health problems in the university student population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Health Behavior and Public Health)

12 pages, 6519 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Co-Processing Sewage Sludge in the Cement Kiln on PAHs, Heavy Metals Emissions and the Surrounding Environment

by Dong Lv¹, Tianle Zhu^1,*, Runwei Liu², Xinghua Li¹, Yuan Zhao¹, Ye Sun¹, Hongmei Wang³, Fan Zhang³ and Qinglin Zhao⁴

¹ School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China

² Beijing Enterprises Holding Environment Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100124, China

³ Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China

⁴ School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 698; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040698 - 8 Apr 2018

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4818

Abstract

To understand the effects of co-processing sewage sludge in the cement kiln on non-criterion pollutants emissions and its surrounding environment, the flue gas from a cement kiln stack, ambient air and soil from the background/downwind sites were collected in the cement plant. Polycyclic [...] Read more.

To understand the effects of co-processing sewage sludge in the cement kiln on non-criterion pollutants emissions and its surrounding environment, the flue gas from a cement kiln stack, ambient air and soil from the background/downwind sites were collected in the cement plant. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals of the samples were analyzed. The results show that PAHs in flue gas mainly exist in the gas phase and the low molecular weight PAHs are the predominant congener. The co-processing sewage sludge results in the increase in PAHs and heavy metals emissions, especially high molecular weight PAHs and low-volatile heavy metals such as Cd and Pb in the particle phase, while it does not change their compositions and distribution patterns significantly. The concentrations and their distributions of the PAHs and heavy metals between the emissions and ambient air have a positive correlation and the co-processing sewage sludge results in the increase of PAHs and heavy metals concentrations in the ambient air. The PAHs concentration level and their distribution in soil are proportional to those in the particle phase of flue gas, and the co-processing sewage sludge can accelerate the accumulation of the PAHs and heavy metals in the surrounding soil, especially high/middle molecular weight PAHs and low-volatile heavy metals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Contaminants VS. Legacy Pollutants: Their Impacts on the Environmental Integrity and Public Health)

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12 pages, 287 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Examining Youth Dual and Polytobacco Use with E-Cigarettes

by Youn Ok Lee^1,*, Jessica K. Pepper¹, Anna J. MacMonegle¹, James M. Nonnemaker¹, Jennifer C. Duke¹ and Lauren Porter²

¹ RTI International, Public Health Research Division, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA

² Florida Department of Health, 4052 Bald Cypress Way, Tallahassee, FL 32399, USA

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 699; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040699 - 8 Apr 2018

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4235

Abstract

E-cigarettes and other non-cigarette tobacco products are increasingly popular among youth. Little is known to inform public health efforts to reduce youth use. We examined psychosocial correlates of single and multiple tobacco product use among youth e-cigarette users. Data were from the 2014 [...] Read more.

E-cigarettes and other non-cigarette tobacco products are increasingly popular among youth. Little is known to inform public health efforts to reduce youth use. We examined psychosocial correlates of single and multiple tobacco product use among youth e-cigarette users. Data were from the 2014 Florida Youth Tobacco Survey (N = 69,923), a representative sample of Florida middle and high school students. Associations between combinations of e-cigarette, cigarette and other tobacco product (OTP) use and psychosocial variables were examined using multinomial logistic regression with an analytic sample of N = 2756. Most e-cigarette-using youth used at least one other product (81%). Perceiving cigarettes as easy to quit was significantly associated with greater likelihood of combined e-cigarette/OTP use (relative risk ratio (RRR) = 2.51, p < 0.001) and combined e-cigarette/cigarette/OTP use (RRR = 3.20, p < 0.0001). Thinking you will be smoking cigarettes in 5 years was associated with product combinations that include cigarettes. Tobacco company marketing receptivity was associated with multiple product user types. Given that specific psychosocial factors put youth at risk for concurrent use of e-cigarettes with tobacco products, public health efforts should address polytobacco use specifically, instead of individual product use. Youth perceptions about the ease of quitting cigarettes, intentions to continue smoking cigarettes and receptivity to tobacco company marketing are promising areas for messaging aimed at reducing e-cigarette polytobacco product use. Full article

24 pages, 709 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Intra-Household Allocation of Nutrients in an Opening China

by Li Zhou^1,*, Xiaohong Chen¹ and Lei Lei^2,*

¹ College of Economics and Management, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China

² Institute of Developing Economies, Japan External Trade Organization, Chiba 261-8545, Japan

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 700; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040700 - 9 Apr 2018

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3689

Abstract

This paper uses China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) data to analyze the effect of foreign direct investment (FDI) on nutrient intakes across various family roles to identify the different family roles’ heterogeneous nutrition intake responses to economic openness. The empirical evidence shows [...] Read more.

This paper uses China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) data to analyze the effect of foreign direct investment (FDI) on nutrient intakes across various family roles to identify the different family roles’ heterogeneous nutrition intake responses to economic openness. The empirical evidence shows that FDI enhances labor forces’ calorie intake significantly, especially for rural households. The government should continue facilitating more FDI inflows, especially FDI in secondary industries for rural populations. However, the larger the family, the smaller the effect of FDI on nutrient intake for some family roles. The elderly and children may be weaker responders on nutrient intake than other family members in an open economy. This implies the existence of intra-household redistribution and that the level of effectiveness will decrease with family size. The results suggest that family members in rural areas can benefit more in terms of nutrient intake. Our empirical evidence also indicates that female family members’ calorie intake from the FDI effect is higher than that of male family members (except for the granddaughter/grandson). Preferential policies should be provided for the FDI, flowing to rural areas and female dominant industries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Health Behavior, Chronic Disease and Health Promotion)

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9 pages, 299 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Medical and Legal Aspects of Child Sexual Abuse: A Population-Based Study in a Hungarian County

by Andrea Enyedy¹, Panagiotis Tsikouras^2,* and Roland Csorba^3,4

¹ Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, City Hospital of Nyíregyháza, Mák u. 10–14, 4400 Nyíregyháza, Hungary

² Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece

³ Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, City Hospital of Aschaffenburg, Am Hasenkopf 1, 63739 Aschaffenburg, Germany

⁴ Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4033 Debrecen, Hungary

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 701; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040701 - 9 Apr 2018

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4959

Abstract

Background: Very few studies focus on childhood sexual abuse in middle European countries. Aim: The purpose of our study is to describe the medical and legal characteristics of children who experience sexual abuse and explore common features that may result in strategies for [...] Read more.

Background: Very few studies focus on childhood sexual abuse in middle European countries. Aim: The purpose of our study is to describe the medical and legal characteristics of children who experience sexual abuse and explore common features that may result in strategies for prevention. Methods: Between 2000 and 2015, 400 girls and 26 boys under the age of 18, suspected of being sexually abused, visited one of the four hospitals in a Hungarian county. Results: Mean age at onset was 10.81 years for boys, 13.46 years for girls. In 278 cases (65.3%), the perpetrator was known to the victim, and a stranger was suspected in 148 cases (34.7%). In 79 cases (30.7% of boys and 17.7% of girls), a family member was the accused perpetrator. In more than one-third (boys) and in one-fifth (girls) of cases, sexual abuse had occurred on multiple occasions. In the case of boys, child and adolescent sexual abuse (CSA) included oral genital, genital touching and genital to genital contact in 14 cases (53.8%) and anal intercourse in 12 (46.2%) cases. In case of girls, sexual abuse included coitus in 219 (54.8%), oral genital, genital touching, genital to genital contact in 164 (41.0%), anal abuse in 14 (3.5%) cases, physical injury was incurred in 15 cases. Legal proceedings followed the CSA in 205 (48.1%) cases. Conclusion: The results highlight the urgent need to address the issue of sexual abuse in Hungary and minimize its impact. Prevention requires a systematic and lifelong approach to educating children about personal space safety and privacy to reduce vulnerability and is the responsibility of parents and professionals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue IJERPH: 15th Anniversary)

18 pages, 31093 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Pb-Resistant Bacillus subtilis Bacterium Isolate for Co-Biosorption of Hazardous Sb(III) and Pb(II): Thermodynamics and Application Strategy

by Yue Cai^1,2, Xiaoping Li^1,2,*

, Dongying Liu^1,2, Changlin Xu^1,2, Yuwei Ai^1,2, Xuemeng Sun^1,2, Meng Zhang^1,2, Yu Gao^1,2, Yuchao Zhang^1,2, Tao Yang^1,2, Jingzhi Wang^1,2, Lijun Wang^1,2, Xiaoyun Li^1,2 and Hongtao Yu^2,3

¹ Department of Environmental Science, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, China

² International Joint Research Centre of Shaanxi Province for Pollutant Exposure and Eco-Environmental Health, Xi’an 710062, China

³ School of Computer, Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 702; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040702 - 9 Apr 2018

Cited by 38 | Viewed by 5802

Abstract

The present work is the first to study co-biosorption of Pb(II) and Sb(III) by a novel bacterium and its application strategy. The biosorption characteristics of Pb(II) and Sb(III) ions from aqueous solution using B. subtilis were investigated. Optimum pH, biomass dosage, contact time [...] Read more.

The present work is the first to study co-biosorption of Pb(II) and Sb(III) by a novel bacterium and its application strategy. The biosorption characteristics of Pb(II) and Sb(III) ions from aqueous solution using B. subtilis were investigated. Optimum pH, biomass dosage, contact time and temperature were determined to be 5.00, 6.00 mg/L, 45 min and 35 °C, respectively. Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) models were applied to describe the biosorption isotherm of the metal ions by B. subtilis. Results showed that Langmuir model fitted the equilibrium data of Pb(II) better than others, while biosorption of Sb(III) obeyed the Freundlich model well. The biosorption capacity of B. subtilis biomass for Pb(II) and Sb(III) ions was found to be 17.34 ± 0.14 and 2.32 ± 0.30 mg/g, respectively. Kinetic data showed the biosorption process of Pb(II) and Sb(III) ions both followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, with R² ranging from 0.974 to 0.999 for Pb(II) and from 0.967 to 0.979 for Sb(III). The calculated thermodynamic parameters, negative ∆G and positive ∆H and ∆S values, indicated the biosorption of Pb(II) and Sb(III) ions onto B. subtilis biomass in water was feasible, endothermic, and spontaneous. Bacterial bioleaching experiment revealed B. subtilis can increase the mobility of Pb(II) and Sb(III) in polluted soil when pH was close to 6 at low temperature. Consequently, B. subtilis, as a cheap and original bacterial material, could be a promising biomass to remove Pb or isolate Sb from industrial wastewater and to assist phytoremediation of Pb and Sb from weak acid or near neutral pH polluted soils at low temperature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Proceedings of 2nd International Symposium on Environment Science and Health)

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24 pages, 10604 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Innovative Context-Based Crystal-Growth Activity Space Method for Environmental Exposure Assessment: A Study Using GIS and GPS Trajectory Data Collected in Chicago

by Jue Wang¹

, Mei-Po Kwan¹

and Yanwei Chai^2,*

¹ Department of Geography and Geographic Information Science, Natural History Building, 1301 W Green Street University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA

² Department of Urban and Economic Geography, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 703; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040703 - 9 Apr 2018

Cited by 61 | Viewed by 7454

Abstract

Scholars in the fields of health geography, urban planning, and transportation studies have long attempted to understand the relationships among human movement, environmental context, and accessibility. One fundamental question for this research area is how to measure individual activity space, which is an [...] Read more.

Scholars in the fields of health geography, urban planning, and transportation studies have long attempted to understand the relationships among human movement, environmental context, and accessibility. One fundamental question for this research area is how to measure individual activity space, which is an indicator of where and how people have contact with their social and physical environments. Conventionally, standard deviational ellipses, road network buffers, minimum convex polygons, and kernel density surfaces have been used to represent people’s activity space, but they all have shortcomings. Inconsistent findings of the effects of environmental exposures on health behaviors/outcomes suggest that the reliability of existing studies may be affected by the uncertain geographic context problem (UGCoP). This paper proposes the context-based crystal-growth activity space as an innovative method for generating individual activity space based on both GPS trajectories and the environmental context. This method not only considers people’s actual daily activity patterns based on GPS tracks but also takes into account the environmental context which either constrains or encourages people’s daily activity. Using GPS trajectory data collected in Chicago, the results indicate that the proposed new method generates more reasonable activity space when compared to other existing methods. This can help mitigate the UGCoP in environmental health studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Mobility, Spatiotemporal Context, and Environmental Health: Recent Advances in Approaches and Methods)

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14 pages, 1502 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Are Bank Employees Stressed? Job Perception and Positivity in the Banking Sector: An Italian Observational Study

by Alice Mannocci^1,*, Laura Marchini², Alfredo Scognamiglio³, Alessandra Sinopoli¹, Simone De Sio⁴

, Sabina Sernia⁵ and Giuseppe La Torre¹

¹ Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy

² Statistical Unit, Trade Union Fisac-CGIL, 56100 Pisa, Italy

³ National Department of Health and Safety, Trade Union Fisac-CGIL, 00100 Rome, Italy

⁴ Research Unit of Occupational Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy

⁵ Center of Occupational Medicine, Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 707; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040707 - 10 Apr 2018

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 6259

Abstract

Background: The epidemiology of stress on bank workers in Europe is only at the introductory stages. This study investigated for the first time the association between occupational stress level in bank-employees using the BEST8, Karasek-Model and socio-demographic and working factors in Italy. [...] Read more.

Background: The epidemiology of stress on bank workers in Europe is only at the introductory stages. This study investigated for the first time the association between occupational stress level in bank-employees using the BEST8, Karasek-Model and socio-demographic and working factors in Italy. Methods: The observational pilot study involved 384 employees. Three questionnaires were adopted to collect data: Karasek-Model, BEST8 (p < 0.001) and Positivity-Scale. Results: 25% of the sample belonged to high stress group. The workers more stressed were older with a commercial role and consumer of antidepressants/sedatives. Women were much more likely to agree with the perception of feeling unsafe in a possible robbery (OR = 2.42; 95% CI: 1.50–3.91) and with that sales requests were in conflict with one’s own personal moral code (OR = 2.31; 95% CI: 1.38–3.87). Older employees declared feeling inadequate in the workplace (OR = 1.97; 95% CI: 1.07–3.65) and younger employees referred to be anxious about meeting financial budget goals. Workers who had a low positivity had a lower probability of adaptation (OR = 0.88; 95% CI: 0.83–0.93). Conclusions: The occupational stress level in the banking sector involves many aspects: gender, type of bank, role, personal morals, high job-demands, low level of decision-making. This study recommended that banks should implement strategic interventions for well-being of employees, and consequently for their productivity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Workplace Health Promotion 2018)

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14 pages, 16658 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Abundances of Clinically Relevant Antibiotic Resistance Genes and Bacterial Community Diversity in the Weihe River, China

by Xiaojuan Wang, Jie Gu^*, Hua Gao, Xun Qian and Haichao Li

College of Natural Resources and Environment, Agriculture Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agri-Environment in Northwest China, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 708; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040708 - 10 Apr 2018

Cited by 43 | Viewed by 6645

Abstract

The spread of antibiotic resistance genes in river systems is an emerging environmental issue due to their potential threat to aquatic ecosystems and public health. In this study, we used droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) to evaluate pollution with clinically relevant antibiotic [...] Read more.

The spread of antibiotic resistance genes in river systems is an emerging environmental issue due to their potential threat to aquatic ecosystems and public health. In this study, we used droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) to evaluate pollution with clinically relevant antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) at 13 monitoring sites along the main stream of the Weihe River in China. Six clinically relevant ARGs and a class I integron-integrase (intI1) gene were analyzed using ddPCR, and the bacterial community was evaluated based on the bacterial 16S rRNA V3–V4 regions using MiSeq sequencing. The results indicated Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Cyanobacteria, and Bacteroidetes as the dominant phyla in the water samples from the Weihe River. Higher abundances of bla_TEM, strB, aadA, and intI1 genes (10³ to 10⁵ copies/mL) were detected in the surface water samples compared with the relatively low abundances of strA, mecA, and vanA genes (0–1.94 copies/mL). Eight bacterial genera were identified as possible hosts of the intI1 gene and three ARGs (strA, strB, and aadA) based on network analysis. The results suggested that the bacterial community structure and horizontal gene transfer were associated with the variations in ARGs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aquatic Ecosystem Health)

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10 pages, 2252 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association between Precipitation and Diarrheal Disease in Mozambique

by Lindsay M. Horn¹

, Anjum Hajat¹, Lianne Sheppard^2,3, Colin Quinn⁴, James Colborn⁵, Maria Fernanda Zermoglio⁶, Eduardo S. Gudo⁷, Tatiana Marrufo⁷ and Kristie L. Ebi^2,8,*

¹ Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, P.O. Box 357236, Seattle, WA 98195, USA

² Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, P.O. Box 357234, Seattle, WA 98195, USA

³ Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, P.O. Box 357232, Seattle, WA 98195, USA

⁴ United States Agency for International Development (USAID 1300 Pennsylvania Ave NW, Washington, DC 20004, USA

⁵ Clinton Global Health Initiative, 383 Dorchester Ave., Suite 400, Boston, MA 02127, USA

⁶ Chemonics International, 1717 H St NW # 1, Washington, DC 20006, USA

⁷ Instituto Nacional de Saude, Av Eduardo Mondlane, 1008, 2nd Floor, P.O. Box 264, Maputo, Mozambique

⁸ Department of Global Health, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, P.O. Box 357965, Seattle, WA 98195, USA

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 709; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040709 - 10 Apr 2018

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 6391

Abstract

Diarrheal diseases are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Africa. Although research documents the magnitude and pattern of diarrheal diseases are associated with weather in particular locations, there is limited quantification of this association in sub-Saharan Africa and no studies conducted [...] Read more.

Diarrheal diseases are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Africa. Although research documents the magnitude and pattern of diarrheal diseases are associated with weather in particular locations, there is limited quantification of this association in sub-Saharan Africa and no studies conducted in Mozambique. Our study aimed to determine whether variation in diarrheal disease was associated with precipitation in Mozambique. In secondary analyses we investigated the associations between temperature and diarrheal disease. We obtained weekly time series data for weather and diarrheal disease aggregated at the administrative district level for 1997–2014. Weather data include modeled estimates of precipitation and temperature. Diarrheal disease counts are confirmed clinical episodes reported to the Mozambique Ministry of Health (n = 7,315,738). We estimated the association between disease counts and precipitation, defined as the number of wet days (precipitation > 1 mm) per week, for the entire country and for Mozambique’s four regions. We conducted time series regression analyses using an unconstrained distributed lag Poisson model adjusted for time, maximum temperature, and district. Temperature was similarly estimated with adjusted covariates. Using a four-week lag, chosen a priori, precipitation was associated with diarrheal disease. One additional wet day per week was associated with a 1.86% (95% CI: 1.05–2.67%), 1.37% (95% CI: 0.70–2.04%), 2.09% (95% CI: 1.01–3.18%), and 0.63% (95% CI: 0.11–1.14%) increase in diarrheal disease in Mozambique’s northern, central, southern, and coastal regions, respectively. Our study indicates a strong association between diarrheal disease and precipitation. Diarrheal disease prevention efforts should target areas forecast to experience increased rainfall. The burden of diarrheal disease may increase with increased precipitation associated with climate change, unless additional health system interventions are undertaken. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Change and Health Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessments)

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13 pages, 63750 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Heavy Metal Pollution Delineation Based on Uncertainty in a Coastal Industrial City in the Yangtze River Delta, China

by Bifeng Hu^1,2,3,4

, Ruiying Zhao¹, Songchao Chen^3,5

, Yue Zhou¹, Bin Jin⁶, Yan Li^7,* and Zhou Shi¹

¹ Institute of Agricultural Remote Sensing and Information Technology Application, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China

² Unité de Recherche en Science du Sol, INRA, Orléans 45075, France

³ InfoSol, INRA, US 1106, Orléans F-4075, France

⁴ Sciences de la Terre et de l’Univers, Orléans University, Orleans 45067, France

⁵ Unité Mixte de Rercherche (UMR) Sol Agro et hydrosystème Spatialisation (SAS), INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, Rennes 35042, France

⁶ Ningbo Agricultural Food Safety Management Station, Ningbo 315000, China

⁷ Institute of Land Science and Property, School of Public Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 710; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040710 - 10 Apr 2018

Cited by 49 | Viewed by 6830

Abstract

Assessing heavy metal pollution and delineating pollution are the bases for evaluating pollution and determining a cost-effective remediation plan. Most existing studies are based on the spatial distribution of pollutants but ignore related uncertainty. In this study, eight heavy-metal concentrations (Cr, Pb, Cd, [...] Read more.

Assessing heavy metal pollution and delineating pollution are the bases for evaluating pollution and determining a cost-effective remediation plan. Most existing studies are based on the spatial distribution of pollutants but ignore related uncertainty. In this study, eight heavy-metal concentrations (Cr, Pb, Cd, Hg, Zn, Cu, Ni, and Zn) were collected at 1040 sampling sites in a coastal industrial city in the Yangtze River Delta, China. The single pollution index (PI) and Nemerow integrated pollution index (NIPI) were calculated for every surface sample (0–20 cm) to assess the degree of heavy metal pollution. Ordinary kriging (OK) was used to map the spatial distribution of heavy metals content and NIPI. Then, we delineated composite heavy metal contamination based on the uncertainty produced by indicator kriging (IK). The results showed that mean values of all PIs and NIPIs were at safe levels. Heavy metals were most accumulated in the central portion of the study area. Based on IK, the spatial probability of composite heavy metal pollution was computed. The probability of composite contamination in the central core urban area was highest. A probability of 0.6 was found as the optimum probability threshold to delineate polluted areas from unpolluted areas for integrative heavy metal contamination. Results of pollution delineation based on uncertainty showed the proportion of false negative error areas was 6.34%, while the proportion of false positive error areas was 0.86%. The accuracy of the classification was 92.80%. This indicated the method we developed is a valuable tool for delineating heavy metal pollution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Pollution and Remediation)

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19 pages, 420 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Understanding and Increasing Influenza Vaccination Acceptance: Insights from a 2016 National Survey of U.S. Adults

by Glen J. Nowak^*

, Michael A. Cacciatore and María E. Len-Ríos

Center for Health and Risk Communication, Grady College of Journalism & Mass Communication, University of Georgia, 120 Hooper Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 711; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040711 - 10 Apr 2018

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 5235

Abstract

Background: The percentage of adults in the U.S. getting seasonal influenza vaccination has not changed significantly since 2013 and remains far below the federal government’s 70% target. Objective: This study assessed and identified characteristics, experiences, and beliefs associated with influenza vaccination [...] Read more.

Background: The percentage of adults in the U.S. getting seasonal influenza vaccination has not changed significantly since 2013 and remains far below the federal government’s 70% target. Objective: This study assessed and identified characteristics, experiences, and beliefs associated with influenza vaccination using a nationally representative survey of 1005 U.S. adults 19 years old and older. Methods: The sample was drawn from the National Opinion Research Center’s AmeriSpeak Panel, a probability-based panel designed to be representative of the U.S. household population. Results: Overall, 42.3% received an influenza vaccination in the past 12 months, with rates highest for non-Hispanic Whites and Blacks and those 65 years old and older. Hispanic respondents and those under 64 years old were much less likely to get an influenza vaccination. They were also less aware of the recommendation, less informed about influenza and the benefits of vaccination, and least confident in the vaccine. Conclusions: Increasing influenza vaccination coverage in the U.S. requires a greater focus on 19–64 year-olds, particularly those 50 to 64, Hispanics and continued focus on those with diabetes and asthma. Efforts need to increase awareness of influenza vaccination recommendations, foster a sense of being well informed about influenza vaccination benefits and the risks associated with non-vaccination, and increase confidence that there are meaningful benefits from receiving an influenza vaccination. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interventions and Approaches to Optimize Immunization Coverage Across the Lifespan)

15 pages, 363 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Sociodemographic, Psychological, and Genetic Factors Contributing to Depressive symptoms in Pre-, Peri- and Postmenopausal Women

by Elżbieta Grochans¹

, Małgorzata Szkup¹, Artur Kotwas², Jacek Kopeć³, Beata Karakiewicz²

and Anna Jurczak^4,*

¹ Department of Nursing, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, ul. Żołnierska 48, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland

² Department of Public Health, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, ul. Żołnierska 48, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland

³ Faculty of Medicine, School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, 2206 East Mall Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada

⁴ Department of Clinical Nursing, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, ul. Żołnierska 48, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 712; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040712 - 10 Apr 2018

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 4309

Abstract

Depressive symptoms that are faced by women in the pre-, peri-, and postmenopausal periods are determined by a wide array of sociodemographic, psychological, and biological variables. The aim of our study was to identify factors that contribute to depressive problems at this stage [...] Read more.

Depressive symptoms that are faced by women in the pre-, peri-, and postmenopausal periods are determined by a wide array of sociodemographic, psychological, and biological variables. The aim of our study was to identify factors that contribute to depressive problems at this stage of life. The study included 815 healthy Polish women aged 45–60 years. The survey part was conducted using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), the Neuroticism–Extroversion–Openness Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI), and a self-developed questionnaire. Genetic analysis was also performed. Depressive symptoms were observed in 25.5% of participants. 70% of the women were postmenopausal. No statistically significant differences in the severity of depressive symptoms were demonstrated with regard to genetic variables (p > 0.05). Reproductive capacity (p < 0.001), employment (p < 0.001), and being married (p < 0.018) were found to reduce the incidence of depressive symptoms. The contribution of personality and anxiety as a trait to depressive symptoms varied. Conclusions: The factors predisposing pre-, peri-, and postmenopausal women to depressive symptoms include lower education, lack of a life partner, unemployment, high anxiety, and neurotic personality. No evidence was found for the contribution of genetic factors to depressive symptoms in the examined women. Full article

13 pages, 1699 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Promoting Water Consumption on a Caribbean Island: An Intervention Using Children’s Social Networks at Schools

by Saskia C. M. Franken^1,2,*

, Crystal R. Smit² and Moniek Buijzen²

¹ Faculty for Accounting, Finance and Marketing, University of Aruba, J.E. Irausquinplein 4, Oranjestad, Aruba

² Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Montessorilaan 3, P.O. Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 713; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040713 - 10 Apr 2018

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 8282

Abstract

Sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption and the associated childhood obesity are major concerns in the Caribbean, creating a need for interventions promoting water consumption as a healthy alternative. A social network-based intervention (SNI) was tested among Aruban children to increase their water consumption and [...] Read more.

Sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption and the associated childhood obesity are major concerns in the Caribbean, creating a need for interventions promoting water consumption as a healthy alternative. A social network-based intervention (SNI) was tested among Aruban children to increase their water consumption and behavioral intention to do so and, consequently, to decrease SSB consumption and the associated behavioral intention. In this study, the moderating effects of descriptive and injunctive norms were tested. A cluster randomized controlled trial was completed in schools (mean age = 11 years ± SD = 0.98; 54% girls). Children were assigned to the intervention group (IG; n = 192) or control group (CG; n = 185). IG children were exposed to peer influencers promoting water consumption and CG children were not. Regression analyses showed that water consumption increased for IG children with a high injunctive norm score (p = 0.05); however, their intention to consume more water remained unchanged (p = 0.42). Moreover, IG children showed a decrease in SSB consumption (p = 0.04) and an increase in their intention to consume less SSB (p = 0.00). These findings indicate that SNIs are a promising instrument for health behavioral changes for Aruba and other islands in the Caribbean region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eating and Exercise in Children and Adolescents)

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17 pages, 20293 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Socio-Technical Exploration for Reducing & Mitigating the Risk of Retained Foreign Objects

by Siobhán Corrigan^1,*, Alison Kay¹, Katie O’Byrne¹, Dubhfeasa Slattery^2,3, Sharon Sheehan⁴, Nick McDonald¹, David Smyth⁵, Ken Mealy⁶ and Sam Cromie¹

¹ School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland

² Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons (RSCI) in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland

³ Medical Professionalism, RCSI and Bons Secours Health System, Dublin 2, Ireland

⁴ Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland

⁵ Department of Surgery & Clinical Director Perioperative Services, University Hospital Waterford, X91 ER8E Waterford, Ireland

⁶ Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons (RSCI) in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 714; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040714 - 10 Apr 2018

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 8629

Abstract

A Retained Foreign Object (RFO) is a fairly infrequent but serious adverse event. An accurate rate of RFOs is difficult to establish due to underreporting but it has been estimated that incidences range between 1/1000 and 1/19,000 procedures. The cost of a RFO [...] Read more.

A Retained Foreign Object (RFO) is a fairly infrequent but serious adverse event. An accurate rate of RFOs is difficult to establish due to underreporting but it has been estimated that incidences range between 1/1000 and 1/19,000 procedures. The cost of a RFO incident may be substantial and three-fold: (i) the cost to the patient of physical and/or psychological harm; (ii) the reputational cost to an institution and/or healthcare provider; and (iii) the financial cost to the taxpayer in the event of a legal claim. This Health Research Board-funded project aims to analyse and understand the problem of RFOs in surgical and maternity settings in Ireland and develop hospital-specific foreign object management processes and implementation roadmaps. This project will deploy an integrated evidence-based assessment methodology for social-technical modelling (Supply, Context, Organising, Process & Effects/ SCOPE Analysis Cube) and bow tie methodologies that focuses on managing the risks in effectively implementing and sustaining change. It comprises a multi-phase research approach that involves active and ongoing collaboration with clinical and other healthcare staff through each phase of the research. The specific objective of this paper is to present the methodological approach and outline the potential to produce generalisable results which could be applied to other health-related issues. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Systems and Services)

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13 pages, 728 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Social Interventions to Prevent Heat-Related Mortality in the Older Adult in Rome, Italy: A Quasi-Experimental Study

by Giuseppe Liotta^1,*

, Maria Chiara Inzerilli^2,3, Leonardo Palombi¹, Olga Madaro^2,4, Stefano Orlando¹

, Paola Scarcella¹

, Daniela Betti² and Maria Cristina Marazzi⁵

¹ Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”—Via Montpellier 1, 00173 Roma, Italy

² Community of Sant’Egidio, “Long Live the Elderly” Program—Via San Gallicano 25, 00153 Roma, Italy

³ Direction of Care Services, Municipality of Rome—Viale Manzoni 16, 00185 Roma, Italy

⁴ Local Health Unit “Roma 3”—Via Casal Bernocchi 73, 00125 Roma, Italy

⁵ Department of Human Studies, LUMSA University—Via Della Traspontina 21, 00193 Roma, Italy

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 715; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040715 - 11 Apr 2018

Cited by 40 | Viewed by 5854

Abstract

This study focuses on the impact of a program aimed at reducing heat-related mortality among older adults residing in central Rome by counteracting social isolation. The mortality of citizens over the age of 75 living in three Urban Areas (UAs) located in central [...] Read more.

This study focuses on the impact of a program aimed at reducing heat-related mortality among older adults residing in central Rome by counteracting social isolation. The mortality of citizens over the age of 75 living in three Urban Areas (UAs) located in central Rome is compared with that of the residents of four adjacent UAs during the summer of 2015. The data, broken down by UA, were provided by the Statistical Office of the Municipality of Rome, which gathers them on a routine basis. During the summer of 2015, 167 deaths were recorded in those UAs in which the Long Live the Elderly (LLE) program was active and 169 in those in which it was not, implying cumulative mortality rates of 25‰ (SD ± 1.4; Cl 95%: 23–29) and 29‰ (SD ± 6.7; Cl 95%: 17–43), respectively. Relative to the summer of 2014, the increase of deaths during the summer of 2015 was greater in UAs in which the LLE program had not been implemented (+97.3% vs. +48.8%). In conclusion, the paper shows the impact of a community-based active monitoring program, focused on strengthening individual relationship networks and the social capital of the community, on mortality in those over 75 during heat waves. Full article

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11 pages, 353 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Behaviors and Caregiver Perceptions of Overweight and Obesity among Chinese Preschool Children

by Amber Tang^1,†, Meimei Ji^2,†, Yefu Zhang², Jiaojiao Zou², Mingzhi Li², Lina Yang² and Qian Lin^2,*

¹ Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, 219 Prospect St., New Haven, CT 06511, USA

² Department of Nutrition Science and Food Hygiene, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Rd., Changsha 410078, China

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 716; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040716 - 11 Apr 2018

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4781

Abstract

Introduction: Early childhood obesity in China has become a pressing public health concern. A substantial barrier to healthy weight management is poor parental recognition of child overweight. This study examined the relationship between caregiver perceptions of child weight and dietary practices. Methods [...] Read more.

Introduction: Early childhood obesity in China has become a pressing public health concern. A substantial barrier to healthy weight management is poor parental recognition of child overweight. This study examined the relationship between caregiver perceptions of child weight and dietary practices. Methods: A total of 364 children between 2 and 6 years old from six urban preschools in Changsha (China) were included in a cross-sectional study. Information on household demographics, health behaviors, and caregiver attitudes was collected through a self-administered caregiver questionnaire. Chi-squared tests, t-tests, and multivariable logistic regression analysis were used to determine the relationship between caregiver perceptions, dietary behaviors, and child weight status. Results: Over 60% of caregivers with overweight/obese children underestimated their children’s weight status. These caregivers were less likely to worry about weight and restrict their children’s dietary intakes. Children of caregivers who incorrectly classified their weights were also more likely to have a poor appetite. Caregivers of male children and those from families with incomes between 7000 and 11,000 Ren Min Bi (RMB) were more likely to underestimate weight compared to caregivers with daughters and those from higher income households. Conclusions: Although accurate weight perception may be important for motivating healthy behavioral changes, it may also lead to greater restriction of children’s diets, which has been linked to long-term weight gain. Interventions to improve awareness of child overweight should be coupled with efforts that teach caregivers about healthy weight management strategies. Full article

16 pages, 348 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cancer Services and Their Initiatives to Improve the Care of Indigenous Australians

by Emma V. Taylor^1,*

, Margaret M. Haigh¹, Shaouli Shahid^1,2, Gail Garvey³, Joan Cunningham³

and Sandra C. Thompson¹

¹ Western Australian Centre for Rural Health, The University of Western Australia, 167 Fitzgerald Street, Geraldton, WA 6530, Australia

² Centre for Aboriginal Studies, Curtin University, Kent Street, Perth, WA 6102, Australia

³ Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT 0811, Australia

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 717; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040717 - 11 Apr 2018

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 6254

Abstract

Indigenous Australians continue to experience significantly poorer outcomes from cancer than non-Indigenous Australians. Despite the importance of culturally appropriate cancer services in improving outcomes, there is a lack of awareness of current programs and initiatives that are aimed at meeting the needs of [...] Read more.

Indigenous Australians continue to experience significantly poorer outcomes from cancer than non-Indigenous Australians. Despite the importance of culturally appropriate cancer services in improving outcomes, there is a lack of awareness of current programs and initiatives that are aimed at meeting the needs of Indigenous patients. Telephone interviews were used to identify and describe the Indigenous-specific programs and initiatives that are implemented in a subset of the services that participated in a larger national online survey of cancer treatment services. Fourteen services located across Australia participated in the interviews. Participants identified a number of factors that were seen as critical to delivering culturally appropriate treatment and support, including having a trained workforce with effective cross-cultural communication skills, providing best practice care, and improving the knowledge, attitudes, and understanding of cancer by Indigenous people. However, over a third of participants were not sure how their service compared with others, indicating that they were not aware of how other services are doing in this field. There are currently many Indigenous-specific programs and initiatives that are aimed at providing culturally appropriate treatment and supporting Indigenous people affected by cancer across Australia. However, details of these initiatives are not widely known and barriers to information sharing exist. Further research in this area is needed to evaluate programs and initiatives and showcase the effective approaches to Indigenous cancer care. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Indigenous Health and Wellbeing)

14 pages, 8314 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multisensory Integration Strategy for Modality-Specific Loss of Inhibition Control in Older Adults

by Ahreum Lee¹

, Hokyoung Ryu², Jae-Kwan Kim³ and Eunju Jeong^2,*

¹ Department of Industrial Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea

² Department of Arts and Technology, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea

³ Smart Factory Business Division, Samsung SDS, 35 Olympic Ro, Seoul 05510, Korea

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 718; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040718 - 11 Apr 2018

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3850

Abstract

Older adults are known to have lesser cognitive control capability and greater susceptibility to distraction than young adults. Previous studies have reported age-related problems in selective attention and inhibitory control, yielding mixed results depending on modality and context in which stimuli and tasks [...] Read more.

Older adults are known to have lesser cognitive control capability and greater susceptibility to distraction than young adults. Previous studies have reported age-related problems in selective attention and inhibitory control, yielding mixed results depending on modality and context in which stimuli and tasks were presented. The purpose of the study was to empirically demonstrate a modality-specific loss of inhibitory control in processing audio-visual information with ageing. A group of 30 young adults (mean age = 25.23, Standar Desviation (SD) = 1.86) and 22 older adults (mean age = 55.91, SD = 4.92) performed the audio-visual contour identification task (AV-CIT). We compared performance of visual/auditory identification (Uni-V, Uni-A) with that of visual/auditory identification in the presence of distraction in counterpart modality (Multi-V, Multi-A). The findings showed a modality-specific effect on inhibitory control. Uni-V performance was significantly better than Multi-V, indicating that auditory distraction significantly hampered visual target identification. However, Multi-A performance was significantly enhanced compared to Uni-A, indicating that auditory target performance was significantly enhanced by visual distraction. Additional analysis showed an age-specific effect on enhancement between Uni-A and Multi-A depending on the level of visual inhibition. Together, our findings indicated that the loss of visual inhibitory control was beneficial for the auditory target identification presented in a multimodal context in older adults. A likely multisensory information processing strategy in the older adults was further discussed in relation to aged cognition. Full article

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13 pages, 875 KiB

Open AccessArticle

by Sergei N. Drachev^1,2,*

, Tormod Brenn¹ and Tordis A. Trovik¹

¹ Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway

² International School of Public Health, Northern State Medical University, 163000 Arkhangelsk, Russia

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 719; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040719 - 11 Apr 2018

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 7150

Abstract

Background: Oral health (OH) is poor among young adults in Russia, but there is little information on OH-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in this population. We investigated how socio-demographic factors, self-reported OH characteristics, oral health behaviour, and clinically-assessed OH are related to OHRQoL [...] Read more.

Background: Oral health (OH) is poor among young adults in Russia, but there is little information on OH-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in this population. We investigated how socio-demographic factors, self-reported OH characteristics, oral health behaviour, and clinically-assessed OH are related to OHRQoL in medical and dental students in North-West Russia. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 391 medical and 275 dental Russian undergraduate students aged 18–25 years. Information on socio-demographic, self-reported OH characteristics, and oral health behaviour was obtained from a structured, self-administered questionnaire. A clinical examination was performed to assess dental caries experience based on the decayed (D) missing (M) filled (F) teeth (T) index; Simplified Oral Hygiene Index; and Gingival Index. OHRQoL was measured by the OH Impact Profile (OHIP-14). Results: 53.6% of students reported low OHRQoL during the last 12 months. Female sex (odds ratio [OR] = 1.48, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.00–2.19), rural place of childhood residence (OR = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.06–2.28), poor self-assessed dental aesthetic (OR = 1.75, 95% CI: 1.16–2.64), dissatisfaction with mouth and teeth (OR = 2.51, 95% CI: 1.68–3.77), and DMFT index (OR = 1.05, 95% CI: 1.01–1.09), were all significantly, independently associated with low OHRQoL. Conclusion: Socio-demographic factors (rural place of childhood residence, female sex), poor self-reported OH characteristics, and high DMFT index were associated with low OHRQoL. Full article

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12 pages, 358 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Friday Night Is Pizza Night: A Comparison of Children’s Dietary Intake and Maternal Perceptions and Feeding Goals on Weekdays and Weekends

by Debra A. Hoffmann^1,*, Jenna M. Marx¹, Jacob M. Burmeister² and Dara R. Musher-Eizenman¹

¹ Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA

² Department of Psychology, University of Findlay, Findlay, OH 45840, USA

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 720; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040720 - 11 Apr 2018

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 5097

Abstract

Childhood obesity is a serious issue in the U.S. While obesity is the result of a multitude of factors, a great deal of research has focused on children’s dietary intake. While children’s eating patterns vary throughout the week, not much else is known [...] Read more.

Childhood obesity is a serious issue in the U.S. While obesity is the result of a multitude of factors, a great deal of research has focused on children’s dietary intake. While children’s eating patterns vary throughout the week, not much else is known about weekday-weekend differences. Therefore, the current study examined differences in the frequency and portion size of school-age children’s consumption of common foods and beverages, as well as mothers’ perceptions of those items and their child feeding goals, on weekdays and weekends. A total of 192 mothers of children aged 7 to 11 were recruited through Amazon’s Mechanical Turk. Results showed a consistent pattern of more frequent consumption and larger portions of unhealthy foods and beverages on weekends. This aligned with mothers’ perceptions of those foods and beverages as weekend items, as well as their feeding goals of health and price being less important on weekends. It is quite possible that weekends are viewed as having less structure and facilitate schedules that allow children to consume more meals away from home. These findings shed light on additional risk factors in children’s eating patterns and highlight the serious implications that day of the week can have on childhood obesity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eating and Exercise in Children and Adolescents)

21 pages, 673 KiB

Open AccessArticle

by Matilde Leonardi^1,*

, Davide Guido¹, Rui Quintas^1,2, Fabiola Silvaggi¹

, Erika Guastafierro¹, Andrea Martinuzzi³, Somnath Chatterji⁴, Seppo Koskinen⁵, Beata Tobiasz-Adamczyk⁶, Josep Maria Haro^7,8, Maria Cabello^8,9 and Alberto Raggi¹

¹ Neurological Institute C. Besta IRCCS Foundation, Neurology, Public Health and Disability Unit, 20133 Milan, Italy

² Neurological Institute C. Besta IRCCS Foundation, Clinical and Experimental Epileptology Unit, 20133 Milan, Italy

³ E. Medea Scientific Institute, Conegliano-Pieve di Soligo Research Centre, 31015 Conegliano Veneto, Italy

⁴ Information, Evidence and Research Unit, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland

⁵ Ageing, Disability and Functioning Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland

⁶ Department of Medical Sociology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-034 Krakow, Poland

⁷ Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, CIBERSAM, 08830 Barcelona, Spain

⁸ Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, 28029 Madrid, Spain

⁹ Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 722; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040722 - 11 Apr 2018

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 7720

Abstract

Background: Research addressing the impact of a large number of factors on unemployment is scarce. We aimed to comprehensively identify factors related to unemployment in a sample of persons aged 18–64 from Finland, Poland and Spain. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, [...] Read more.

Background: Research addressing the impact of a large number of factors on unemployment is scarce. We aimed to comprehensively identify factors related to unemployment in a sample of persons aged 18–64 from Finland, Poland and Spain. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, factors from different areas were considered: socio-demographic indicators, health habits, chronic conditions, health state markers, vision and hearing indicators, and social networks and built environment scores. Results: Complete data were available for 5003 participants, mean age 48.1 (SD 11.5), 45.4% males. The most important factors connected to unemployment were health status indicators such as physical disability (OR = 2.944), self-rated health (OR = 2.629), inpatient care (OR = 1.980), and difficulties with getting to the toilet (OR = 2.040), while the most relevant factor related to employment were moderate alcohol consumption (OR = 0.732 for non-heavy drinkers; OR = 0.573 for infrequent heavy drinkers), and being married (OR = 0.734), or having been married (OR = 0.584). Other factors that played a significant role included presence of depression (OR = 1.384) and difficulties with near vision (OR = 1.584) and conversation hearing (OR = 1.597). Conclusions: Our results highlight the importance of selected factors related to unemployment, and suggest public health indications that could support concrete actions on modifiable factors, such as those aimed to promote physical activity and healthy behaviors, tackling depression or promoting education, in particular for the younger. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Healthy Workplaces, Employment and Chronic Conditions in Europe: Answering the Hidden Emergency with Innovative Strategies)

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19 pages, 6512 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Outcomes of Secondary Prevention among Coronary Heart Disease Patients in a High-Risk Region in Finland

by Teppo Repo^1,*, Markku Tykkyläinen¹, Juha Mustonen², Tuomas T. Rissanen², Matti Ketonen², Maija Toivakka¹ and Tiina Laatikainen^2,3,4

¹ Department of Geographical and Historical Studies, University of Eastern Finland, 80101 Joensuu, Finland

² North Karelia Hospital District, 80210 Joensuu, Finland

³ National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), 00271 Helsinki, Finland

⁴ Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 724; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040724 - 11 Apr 2018

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 5255

Abstract

Despite comprehensive national treatment guidelines, goals for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease (CHD) have not been sufficiently met everywhere in Finland. We investigated the recorded risk factor rates of CHD and their spatial differences in North Karelia Hospital District, which has a [...] Read more.

Despite comprehensive national treatment guidelines, goals for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease (CHD) have not been sufficiently met everywhere in Finland. We investigated the recorded risk factor rates of CHD and their spatial differences in North Karelia Hospital District, which has a very high cardiovascular burden, in order to form a general view of the state of secondary prevention in a high-risk region. Appropriate disease codes of CHD-diagnoses and coding for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) were used to identify from the electronic patient records the patient group eligible for secondary prevention. The cumulative incidence rate of new patients (n = 2556) during 2011–2014 varied from 1.9% to 3.5% between municipalities. The success in secondary prevention of CHD was assessed using achievement of treatment targets as defined in national guidelines. Health centres are administrated by municipalities whereupon the main reporting units were municipalities, together with composed classification of patients by age, gender and dwelling location. Health disparities between municipalities, settlement types and patient groups were found and are interpreted. Moreover, spatial high-risk and low-risk clusters of acute CHD were detected. The proportion of patients achieving the treatment targets of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) varied from 21% to 38% between municipalities. Variation was also observed in the follow-up of patients; e.g., the rate of follow-up measurements of LDL-C in municipalities varied from 72% to 86%. Spatial variation in patients’ sociodemographic and neighbourhood characteristics and morbidity burden partly explain the differences in outcomes, but there are also very likely differences in the care process between municipalities which requires a study in its own right. Full article

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20 pages, 9343 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Spatial Panel Data Analysis of Economic Growth, Urbanization, and NO_x Emissions in China

by Xiangyu Ge¹, Zhimin Zhou^1,*

, Yanli Zhou^2,*, Xinyue Ye³

and Songlin Liu⁴

¹ School of Statistics and Mathematics, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China

² School of Finance, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China

³ Computational Social Science Laboratory, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44240, USA

⁴ Faculty of Mathematics and Statistics, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 725; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040725 - 11 Apr 2018

Cited by 56 | Viewed by 6474

Abstract

Is nitrogen oxides emissions spatially correlated in a Chinese context? What is the relationship between nitrogen oxides emission levels and fast-growing economy/urbanization? More importantly, what environmental preservation and economic developing policies should China’s central and local governments take to mitigate the overall nitrogen [...] Read more.

Is nitrogen oxides emissions spatially correlated in a Chinese context? What is the relationship between nitrogen oxides emission levels and fast-growing economy/urbanization? More importantly, what environmental preservation and economic developing policies should China’s central and local governments take to mitigate the overall nitrogen oxides emissions and prevent severe air pollution at the provincial level in specific locations and their neighboring areas? The present study aims to tackle these issues. This is the first research that simultaneously studies the nexus between nitrogen oxides emissions and economic development/urbanization, with the application of a spatial panel data technique. Our empirical findings suggest that spatial dependence of nitrogen oxides emissions distribution exists at the provincial level. Through the investigation of the existence of an environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) embedded within the Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence, and Technology (STIRPAT) framework, we conclude something interesting: an inverse N-shaped EKC describes both the income-nitrogen oxides nexus and the urbanization-nitrogen oxides nexus. Some well-directed policy advice is provided to reduce nitrogen oxides in the future. Moreover, these results contribute to the literature on development and pollution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Environment, Green Operations and Sustainability)

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17 pages, 621 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Determinants and the Moderating Effect of Perceived Policy Effectiveness on Residents’ Separation Intention for Rural Household Solid Waste

by Chuanhui Liao^1,2,*

, Dingtao Zhao², Shuang Zhang¹ and Lanfang Chen¹

¹ School of Economics and Management, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China

² School of Management, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 726; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040726 - 11 Apr 2018

Cited by 68 | Viewed by 6433

Abstract

Currently, villages “besieged with garbage” have become a serious problem in rural areas of China. Separation of rural residential solid waste (RRSW) is one of the main strategies for waste reduction. Although previous studies have analyzed the social and psychological motivations of residents’ [...] Read more.

Currently, villages “besieged with garbage” have become a serious problem in rural areas of China. Separation of rural residential solid waste (RRSW) is one of the main strategies for waste reduction. Although previous studies have analyzed the social and psychological motivations of residents’ separation intention for municipal solid waste (MSW), little attention has been paid to the situation in rural areas. This paper investigates key factors influencing rural residents’ separation intention, as well as analyzing the moderating effects of perceived policy effectiveness on the relationship between the determinants and the intention, using survey data of 538 rural residents in the province of Sichuan in China. The results show that all the proposed key factors influence the separation intention significantly. Furthermore, the policies were divided into two types and the moderating effects were tested for each type. The results show that the perceived effectiveness of both the inducement policy and the capacity building policy moderated the relationship between attitude and separation intention positively, while the perceived effectiveness of the inducement policy moderated the relationship between subjective norms and intention negatively. The findings provide insightful information for policymakers to design effective RRSW separation policies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Science and Engineering)

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25 pages, 15642 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing Residential Exposure Risk from Spills of Flowback Water from Marcellus Shale Hydraulic Fracturing Activity

by Noura Abualfaraj^*, Patrick L. Gurian

and Mira S. Olson

CAEE Department, College of Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 727; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040727 - 11 Apr 2018

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5922

Abstract

Identifying sources of concern and risk from shale gas development, particularly from the hydraulic fracturing process, is an important step in better understanding sources of uncertainty within the industry. In this study, a risk assessment of residential exposure pathways to contaminated drinking water [...] Read more.

Identifying sources of concern and risk from shale gas development, particularly from the hydraulic fracturing process, is an important step in better understanding sources of uncertainty within the industry. In this study, a risk assessment of residential exposure pathways to contaminated drinking water is carried out. In this model, it is assumed that a drinking water source is contaminated by a spill of flowback water; probability distributions of spill size and constituent concentrations are fit to historical datasets and Monte Carlo simulation was used to calculate a distribution of risk values for two scenarios: (1) use of a contaminated reservoir for residential drinking water supply and (2) swimming in a contaminated pond. The swimming scenario did not produce risks of concern from a single exposure of 1 h duration, but 11 such 1-h exposures did produce risks of 10⁻⁶ due to radionuclide exposure. The drinking water scenario over a 30-year exposure duration produced cancer risk values exceeding 10⁻⁶ for arsenic, benzene, benzo(a)pyrene, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, pentachlorophenol, and vinyl chloride. However, this extended exposure duration is probably not realistic for exposure by a spill event. Radionuclides produced risks in the residential drinking water scenario of 10⁻⁶ in just 8 h, a much more realistic timeline for continual exposure due to a spill event. In general, for contaminants for which inhalation exposure was applicable, this pathway produced the highest risks with exposure from ingestion posing the next greatest risk to human health followed by dermal absorption (or body emersion for radionuclides). Considering non-carcinogenic effects, only barium and thallium exceed target limits, where the ingestion pathway seems to be of greater concern than dermal exposure. Exposure to radionuclides in flowback water, particularly through the inhalation route, poses a greater threat to human health than other contaminants examined in this assessment and should be the focus of risk assessment and risk mitigation efforts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Health Impacts of Hydraulic Fracturing)

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17 pages, 3222 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Race, Socioeconomic Status, and Health during Childhood: A Longitudinal Examination of Racial/Ethnic Differences in Parental Socioeconomic Timing and Child Obesity Risk

by Antwan Jones

Department of Sociology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 728; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040728 - 11 Apr 2018

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 7776

Abstract

Prior research suggests that socioeconomic standing during the early years of life, particularly in utero, is associated with child health. However, it is unclear whether socioeconomic benefits are only maximized at very young ages. Moreover, given the link between socioeconomic status (SES) and [...] Read more.

Prior research suggests that socioeconomic standing during the early years of life, particularly in utero, is associated with child health. However, it is unclear whether socioeconomic benefits are only maximized at very young ages. Moreover, given the link between socioeconomic status (SES) and race, research is inconclusive whether any SES benefits during those younger ages would uniformly benefit all racial and ethnic groups. Using 1986–2014 data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth (NLSY79), this study examines the impact of socioeconomic timing on child weight outcomes by race. Specifically, this research investigates whether specific points exist where socioeconomic investment would have higher returns on child health. Findings suggest that both the timing and the type of socioeconomic exposure is important to understanding child weight status. SES, particularly mother’s employment and father’s education, is important in determining child health, and each measure is linked to weight gain differently for White, Black, and Hispanic children at specific ages. Policies such as granting more educational access for men and work-family balance for women are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Obesity Prevention in Children and Adolescents)

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10 pages, 302 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Measuring Quality Gaps in TB Screening in South Africa Using Standardised Patient Analysis

by Carmen S. Christian^1,2,*, Ulf-G. Gerdtham^3,4, Dumisani Hompashe^2,5

, Anja Smith² and Ronelle Burger²

¹ Department of Economics, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa

² Department of Economics, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa

³ Department of Economics, Lund University, SE-220 07 Lund, Sweden

⁴ Department of Clinical Science (Malmo), Lund University, SE-202 13 Malmö, Sweden

⁵ Department of Economics, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 729; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040729 - 12 Apr 2018

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 9570

Abstract

This is the first multi-district Standardised Patient (SP) study in South Africa. It measures the quality of TB screening at primary healthcare (PHC) facilities. We hypothesise that TB screening protocols and best practices are poorly adhered to at the PHC level. The SP [...] Read more.

This is the first multi-district Standardised Patient (SP) study in South Africa. It measures the quality of TB screening at primary healthcare (PHC) facilities. We hypothesise that TB screening protocols and best practices are poorly adhered to at the PHC level. The SP method allows researchers to observe how healthcare providers identify, test and advise presumptive TB patients, and whether this aligns with clinical protocols and best practice. The study was conducted at PHC facilities in two provinces and 143 interactions at 39 facilities were analysed. Only 43% of interactions resulted in SPs receiving a TB sputum test and being offered an HIV test. TB sputum tests were conducted routinely (84%) while HIV tests were offered less frequently (47%). Nurses frequently neglected to ask SPs whether their household contacts had confirmed TB (54%). Antibiotics were prescribed without taking temperatures in 8% of cases. The importance of returning to the facility to receive TB test results was only explained in 28%. The SP method has highlighted gaps in clinical practice, signalling missed opportunities. Early detection of sub-optimal TB care is instrumental in decreasing TB-related morbidity and mortality. The findings provide the rationale for further quality improvement work in TB management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Quality of Patient-Centered Care)

12 pages, 5783 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microbial Groundwater Quality Status of Hand-Dug Wells and Boreholes in the Dodowa Area of Ghana

by George Lutterodt^1,†, Jack Van de Vossenberg^2,*,†

, Yvonne Hoiting³, Alimamy K. Kamara^2,4, Sampson Oduro-Kwarteng⁴ and Jan Willem A. Foppen³

¹ Department of Civil Engineering, Central University, Miotso-Campus, Miotso Tema, Ghana

² Department of Environmental Engineering and Water Technology, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611 AX Delft, The Netherlands

³ Department of Water Science and Engineering, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611 AX Delft, The Netherlands

⁴ Department of Civil Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana

^† Shared first authorship.

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 730; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040730 - 12 Apr 2018

Cited by 49 | Viewed by 6879

Abstract

To assess the suitability of water sources for drinking purposes, samples were taken from groundwater sources (boreholes and hand-dug wells) used for drinking water in the Dodowa area of Ghana. The samples were analyzed for the presence of fecal indicator bacteria (Escherichia [...] Read more.

To assess the suitability of water sources for drinking purposes, samples were taken from groundwater sources (boreholes and hand-dug wells) used for drinking water in the Dodowa area of Ghana. The samples were analyzed for the presence of fecal indicator bacteria (Escherichia coli) and viruses (Adenovirus and Rotavirus), using membrane filtration with plating and glass wool filtration with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), respectively. In addition, sanitary inspection of surroundings of the sources was conducted to identify their vulnerability to pollution. The presence of viruses was also assessed in water samples from the Dodowa River. More than 70% of the hand-dug wells were sited within 10 m of nearby sources of contamination. All sources contained E. coli bacteria, and their numbers in samples of water between dug wells and boreholes showed no significant difference (p = 0.48). Quantitative PCR results for Adenovirus indicated 27% and 55% were positive for the boreholes and hand-dug wells, respectively. Samples from all boreholes tested negative for the presence of Rotavirus while 27% of the dug wells were positive for Rotavirus. PCR tests of 20% of groundwater samples were inhibited. Based on these results we concluded that there is systemic microbial and fecal contamination of groundwater in the area. On-site sanitation facilities, e.g., pit latrines and unlined wastewater drains, are likely the most common sources of fecal contamination of groundwater in the area. Water abstracted from groundwater sources needs to be treated before use for consumption purposes. In addition, efforts should be made to delineate protected areas around groundwater abstraction points to minimize contamination from point sources of pollution. Full article

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10 pages, 1620 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Rural Medical Insurance on Chronically Ill Patients’ Choice of the Same Hospital Again in Rural Northern China

by Ke Jiang^1,3

, Daming You¹, Zhendong Li^2,3,*

, Wei Wei⁴ and Mitchell Mainstone⁵

¹ School of Business, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, China

² College of Management and Economics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China

³ Manchester Institute of Innovation Research, Alliance Manchester Business School, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK

⁴ Department of Scientific Research, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China

⁵ Hertford College, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3BW, UK

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 731; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040731 - 12 Apr 2018

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3751

Abstract

The emergence of rural health insurance plays a crucial role in alleviating the pressure on rural medical expenditure. Under the current medical system in northern China, rural medical insurance may reduce the free referral of patients with chronic diseases among hospitals. This study [...] Read more.

The emergence of rural health insurance plays a crucial role in alleviating the pressure on rural medical expenditure. Under the current medical system in northern China, rural medical insurance may reduce the free referral of patients with chronic diseases among hospitals. This study was carried out based on the results of an investigation of rural chronically-ill patients in eight county hospitals in northern China, as well as through the comparison and analysis of patients with chronic diseases, considering whether they were with or without rural health insurance. The main results showed that both age (χ2 = 22.9, p < 0.000) and income level (χ2 = 18.5, p < 0.000) had considerable impact on the rural peoples’ willingness to buy health insurance. Meanwhile, both the quality of the hospital’s treatment (B = 0.555, p < 0.000), and service quality (B = 0.168, p < 0.000) had a significant positive correlation with the likelihood of a given patient choosing the same hospital on the next visit, but the medical costs had a significant negative correlation (B = −0.137, p < 0.000). Eventually, it was found that the provision of rural health insurance had weakened the three relationships upon which the aforementioned correlations were based. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Health Behavior, Chronic Disease and Health Promotion)

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15 pages, 11893 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Climate and Land Use on the Spatio-Temporal Variability of Tick-Borne Bacteria in Europe

by Roberto Rosà¹

, Veronica Andreo^1,2

, Valentina Tagliapietra^1,*, Ivana Baráková^1,3, Daniele Arnoldi¹

, Heidi Christine Hauffe¹, Mattia Manica¹

, Fausta Rosso¹, Lucia Blaňarová⁴, Martin Bona⁵, Marketa Derdáková³

, Zuzana Hamšíková³, Maria Kazimírová³, Jasna Kraljik³, Elena Kocianová⁶, Lenka Mahríková³, Lenka Minichová⁶, Ladislav Mošanský⁴, Mirko Slovák³, Michal Stanko⁴, Eva Špitalská⁶

, Els Ducheyne⁷, Markus Neteler⁸

, Zdenek Hubálek⁹, Ivo Rudolf⁹, Kristyna Venclikova^9,10, Cornelia Silaghi^11,12,13, Evelyn Overzier¹¹, Robert Farkas¹⁴, Gábor Földvári¹⁴

, Sándor Hornok¹⁴, Nóra Takács¹⁴ and Annapaola Rizzoli¹

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¹ Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy

² Department of Earth Observation Science, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands

³ Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84506 Bratislava, Slovakia

⁴ Parasitological Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 04001 Košice, Slovakia

⁵ Department of Anatomy, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 04001 Košice, Slovakia

⁶ Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia

⁷ Avia-GIS, Risschotlei 33, 2980 Zoersel, Belgium

⁸ Mundialis GmbH & Co. KG, 53111 Bonn, Germany

⁹ Institute of Vertebrate Biology, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 60365 Brno, Czech Republic

¹⁰ Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry CAS, 16206 Prague 6, Czech Republic

¹¹ Comparative Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 80802 Munich, Germany

¹² Institute of Parasitology, National Centre for Vector Entomology, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland

¹³ Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald, Germany

¹⁴ Department of Parasitology and Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary

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Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 732; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040732 - 12 Apr 2018

Cited by 38 | Viewed by 9248

Abstract

The incidence of tick-borne diseases caused by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Rickettsia spp. has been rising in Europe in recent decades. Early pre-assessment of acarological hazard still represents a complex challenge. The aim of this study was to model Ixodes [...] Read more.

The incidence of tick-borne diseases caused by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Rickettsia spp. has been rising in Europe in recent decades. Early pre-assessment of acarological hazard still represents a complex challenge. The aim of this study was to model Ixodes ricinus questing nymph density and its infection rate with B. burgdorferi s.l., A. phagocytophilum and Rickettsia spp. in five European countries (Italy, Germany, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary) in various land cover types differing in use and anthropisation (agricultural, urban and natural) with climatic and environmental factors (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), Land Surface Temperature (LST) and precipitation). We show that the relative abundance of questing nymphs was significantly associated with climatic conditions, such as higher values of NDVI recorded in the sampling period, while no differences were observed among land use categories. However, the density of infected nymphs (DIN) also depended on the pathogen considered and land use. These results contribute to a better understanding of the variation in acarological hazard for Ixodes ricinus transmitted pathogens in Central Europe and provide the basis for more focused ecological studies aimed at assessing the effect of land use in different sites on tick–host pathogens interaction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emergence of Tick-Borne Diseases Resulting from Human Landscape Change)

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11 pages, 959 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Phenotype Classification of Internet Use Disorder in a Large-Scale High-School Study

by Katajun Lindenberg^1,*

, Katharina Halasy¹, Carolin Szász-Janocha¹ and Lutz Wartberg²

¹ Institute for Psychology, University of Education Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany

² German Center for Addiction Research in Childhood and Adolescence, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 733; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040733 - 12 Apr 2018

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 5980

Abstract

Internet Use Disorder (IUD) affects numerous adolescents worldwide, and (Internet) Gaming Disorder, a specific subtype of IUD, has recently been included in DSM-5 and ICD-11. Epidemiological studies have identified prevalence rates up to 5.7% among adolescents in Germany. However, little is known about [...] Read more.

Internet Use Disorder (IUD) affects numerous adolescents worldwide, and (Internet) Gaming Disorder, a specific subtype of IUD, has recently been included in DSM-5 and ICD-11. Epidemiological studies have identified prevalence rates up to 5.7% among adolescents in Germany. However, little is known about the risk development during adolescence and its association to education. The aim of this study was to: (a) identify a clinically relevant latent profile in a large-scale high-school sample; (b) estimate prevalence rates of IUD for distinct age groups and (c) investigate associations to gender and education. N = 5387 adolescents out of 41 schools in Germany aged 11–21 were assessed using the Compulsive Internet Use Scale (CIUS). Latent profile analyses showed five profile groups with differences in CIUS response pattern, age and school type. IUD was found in 6.1% and high-risk Internet use in 13.9% of the total sample. Two peaks were found in prevalence rates indicating the highest risk of IUD in age groups 15–16 and 19–21. Prevalence did not differ significantly between boys and girls. High-level education schools showed the lowest (4.9%) and vocational secondary schools the highest prevalence rate (7.8%). The differences between school types could not be explained by academic level. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Internet and Mobile Phone Addiction: Health and Educational Effects)

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14 pages, 7523 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Occurrence and Risk Assessment of PAHs in Surface Sediments from Western Arctic and Subarctic Oceans

by Fajin Chen¹

, Yan Lin^2,3, Minggang Cai^2,3,4, Jingjing Zhang³, Yuanbiao Zhang⁵, Weiming Kuang⁵, Lin Liu³, Peng Huang¹ and Hongwei Ke^3,*

¹ Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Coastal Ocean Variation and Disaster Prediction, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China

² Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China

³ College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361002, China

⁴ State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361002, China

⁵ Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, China

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 734; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040734 - 12 Apr 2018

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 5694

Abstract

In the fourth Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition (from July to September, 2010), 14 surface sediment samples were collected from the Bering Sea, Chukchi Sea, and Canadian Basin to examine the spatial distributions, potential sources, as well as ecological and health risk assessment [...] Read more.

In the fourth Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition (from July to September, 2010), 14 surface sediment samples were collected from the Bering Sea, Chukchi Sea, and Canadian Basin to examine the spatial distributions, potential sources, as well as ecological and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The ∑PAH (refers to the sum of 16 priority PAHs) concentration range from 27.66 ng/g to 167.48 ng/g (dry weight, d.w.). Additionally, the concentrations of ∑PAH were highest in the margin edges of the Canadian Basin, which may originate from coal combustion with an accumulation of Canadian point sources and river runoff due to the surface ocean currents. The lowest levels occurred in the northern of Canadian Basin, and the levels of ∑PAH in the Chukchi Sea were slightly higher than those in the Being Sea. Three isomer ratios of PAHs (Phenanthrene/Anthracene, BaA/(BaA+Chy), and LMW/HMW) were used to investigate the potential sources of PAHs, which showed the main source of combustion combined with weaker petroleum contribution. Compared with four sediment quality guidelines, the concentrations of PAH are much lower, indicating a low potential ecological risk. All TEQ_PAH also showed a low risk to human health. Our study revealed the important role of the ocean current on the redistribution of PAHs in the Arctic. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Contaminants VS. Legacy Pollutants: Their Impacts on the Environmental Integrity and Public Health)

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14 pages, 380 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Epigenetic and Transcriptional Modifications in Repetitive Elements in Petrol Station Workers Exposed to Benzene and MTBE

by Federica Rota¹, Anastasia Conti^2,3, Laura Campo⁴

, Chiara Favero¹, Laura Cantone¹, Valeria Motta¹, Elisa Polledri⁴

, Rosa Mercadante¹, Giorgio Dieci²

, Valentina Bollati^1,4

and Silvia Fustinoni^1,4,*

¹ EPIGET, Epidemiology, Epigenetics and Toxicology Lab, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, via San Barnaba 8, 20122 Milan, Italy

² Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy

³ Present address: San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-TIGET), 20132 Milan, Italy

⁴ Occupational Medicine Unit, Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 735; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040735 - 12 Apr 2018

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4624

Abstract

Benzene, a known human carcinogen, and methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity, are fuel-related pollutants. This study investigated the effect of these chemicals on epigenetic and transcriptional alterations in DNA repetitive elements. In 89 petrol station workers and [...] Read more.

Benzene, a known human carcinogen, and methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity, are fuel-related pollutants. This study investigated the effect of these chemicals on epigenetic and transcriptional alterations in DNA repetitive elements. In 89 petrol station workers and 90 non-occupationally exposed subjects the transcriptional activity of retrotransposons (LINE-1, Alu), the methylation on repeated-element DNA, and of H3K9 histone, were investigated in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Median work shift exposure to benzene and MTBE was 59 and 408 µg/m³ in petrol station workers, and 4 and 3.5 µg/m³, in controls. Urinary benzene (BEN-U), S-phenylmercapturic acid, and MTBE were significantly higher in workers than in controls, while trans,trans-muconic acid (tt-MA) was comparable between the two groups. Increased BEN-U was associated with increased Alu-Y and Alu-J expression; moreover, increased tt-MA was associated with increased Alu-Y and Alu-J and LINE-1 (L1)-5′UTR expression. Among repetitive element methylation, only L1-Pa5 was hypomethylated in petrol station workers compared to controls. While L1-Ta and Alu-YD6 methylation was not associated with benzene exposure, a negative association with urinary MTBE was observed. The methylation status of histone H3K9 was not associated with either benzene or MTBE exposure. Overall, these findings only partially support previous observations linking benzene exposure with global DNA hypomethylation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental and Occupational Exposure to Benzene and Oxidative Damage)

16 pages, 2867 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Health Impacts of Ambient Air Pollution in Finland

by Heli Lehtomäki^1,*

, Antti Korhonen¹, Arja Asikainen¹, Niko Karvosenoja², Kaarle Kupiainen², Ville-Veikko Paunu², Mikko Savolahti², Mikhail Sofiev³, Yuliia Palamarchuk³, Ari Karppinen³, Jaakko Kukkonen³ and Otto Hänninen¹

¹ National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), 70701 Kuopio, Finland

² Finnish Environmental Institute (SYKE), 00251 Helsinki, Finland

³ Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), 00560 Helsinki, Finland

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 736; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040736 - 12 Apr 2018

Cited by 40 | Viewed by 10820

Abstract

Air pollution has been estimated to be one of the leading environmental health risks in Finland. National health impact estimates existing to date have focused on particles (PM) and ozone (O₃). In this work, we quantify the impacts of particles, ozone, [...] Read more.

Air pollution has been estimated to be one of the leading environmental health risks in Finland. National health impact estimates existing to date have focused on particles (PM) and ozone (O₃). In this work, we quantify the impacts of particles, ozone, and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) in 2015, and analyze the related uncertainties. The exposures were estimated with a high spatial resolution chemical transport model, and adjusted to observed concentrations. We calculated the health impacts according to Word Health Organization (WHO) working group recommendations. According to our results, ambient air pollution caused a burden of 34,800 disability-adjusted life years (DALY). Fine particles were the main contributor (74%) to the disease burden, which is in line with the earlier studies. The attributable burden was dominated by mortality (32,900 years of life lost (YLL); 95%). Impacts differed between population age groups. The burden was clearly higher in the adult population over 30 years (98%), due to the dominant role of mortality impacts. Uncertainties due to the concentration–response functions were larger than those related to exposures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Air Quality and Health)

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14 pages, 8931 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Using Landscape Analysis to Test Hypotheses about Drivers of Tick Abundance and Infection Prevalence with Borrelia burgdorferi

by A. Michelle Ferrell¹ and R. Jory Brinkerhoff^1,2,*

¹ Department of Biology, University of Richmond, 28 Westhampton Way, Richmond, VA 23173, USA

² College of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 3209 Pietermaritzburg, South Africa

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 737; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040737 - 12 Apr 2018

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 5941

Abstract

Patterns of vector-borne disease risk are changing globally in space and time and elevated disease risk of vector-borne infection can be driven by anthropogenic modification of the environment. Incidence of Lyme disease, caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, has risen in [...] Read more.

Patterns of vector-borne disease risk are changing globally in space and time and elevated disease risk of vector-borne infection can be driven by anthropogenic modification of the environment. Incidence of Lyme disease, caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, has risen in a number of locations in North America and this increase may be driven by spatially or numerically expanding populations of the primary tick vector, Ixodes scapularis. We used a model selection approach to identify habitat fragmentation and land-use/land cover variables to test the hypothesis that the amount and configuration of forest cover at spatial scales relevant to deer, the primary hosts of adult ticks, would be the predominant determinants of tick abundance. We expected that land cover heterogeneity and amount of forest edge, a habitat thought to facilitate deer foraging and survival, would be the strongest driver of tick density and that larger spatial scales (5–10 km) would be more important than smaller scales (1 km). We generated metrics of deciduous and mixed forest fragmentation using Fragstats 4.4 implemented in ArcMap 10.3 and found, after adjusting for multicollinearity, that total forest edge within a 5 km buffer had a significant negative effect on tick density and that the proportion of forested land cover within a 10 km buffer was positively associated with density of I. scapularis nymphs. None of the 1 km fragmentation metrics were found to significantly improve the fit of the model. Elevation, previously associated with increased density of I. scapularis nymphs in Virginia, while significantly predictive in univariate analysis, was not an important driver of nymph density relative to fragmentation metrics. Our results suggest that amount of forest cover (i.e., lack of fragmentation) is the most important driver of I. scapularis density in our study system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emergence of Tick-Borne Diseases Resulting from Human Landscape Change)

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11 pages, 380 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Eye on the Ball: Table Tennis as a Pro-Health Form of Leisure-Time Physical Activity

by Elżbieta Biernat^1,*

, Sonia Buchholtz² and Justyna Krzepota³

¹ Department of Tourism, Collegium of World Economy, Warsaw School of Economics, Al. Niepodległości 162, 02-554 Warsaw, Poland

² Department of Economics I, Collegium of Economic Analysis, Warsaw School of Economics, Al. Niepodległości 162, 02-554 Warsaw, Poland

³ Department of Physical Culture and Health Promotion, University of Szczecin, Al. Piastów 40b, blok 6, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 738; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040738 - 12 Apr 2018

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 8091

Abstract

Background: The article is devoted to an analysis of leisure-time (amateur) table tennis in Poland, its practitioners and the regularities of their activity. Methods: The study examined 12,406 persons in 4689 households (representative for the population). We used binary logistic regression and descriptive [...] Read more.

Background: The article is devoted to an analysis of leisure-time (amateur) table tennis in Poland, its practitioners and the regularities of their activity. Methods: The study examined 12,406 persons in 4689 households (representative for the population). We used binary logistic regression and descriptive statistics in order to identify the patterns and determinants of table-tennis practice in Poland. Results: Table tennis is practised by 2.8% of population, and by 6.6% of physically active Poles. Among adults it is predominantly an occasional recreational game, not performed as a sport per se. Among children, it is often the part of physical education (PE) classes. Statistically significant predictors of contact with table tennis are: gender, age, income, place of residence, children in the household and being a student. Conclusions: Due to the undeniable benefits of table tennis (health, pleasure, personal and social development), the sport is recommended for use as a tool in increasing the (overall low) physical activity of Poles. Its popularization requires promotion in the media (as a health-oriented activity) and using various channels, including public places, the workplace (as part of corporate social responsibility) and physical education classes at school. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effect of Sport Activity on Health Promotion)

13 pages, 3554 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Domain-Specific Adult Sedentary Behaviour Questionnaire (ASBQ) and the GPAQ Single-Item Question: A Reliability and Validity Study in an Asian Population

by Anne H. Y. Chu^1,*

, Sheryl H. X. Ng¹, David Koh^1,2 and Falk Müller-Riemenschneider^1,3

¹ Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117549, Singapore

² PAPRSB Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong BE1410, Brunei Darussalam

³ Institute of Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité University Medical Centre Berlin, Berlin 10098, Germany

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 739; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040739 - 12 Apr 2018

Cited by 38 | Viewed by 7763

Abstract

This study examined the validity and reliability of a domain-specific Adult Sedentary Behaviour Questionnaire (ASBQ) and the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) single-item sitting question using self- and interviewer-administered modes of administration against the triaxial ActiGraph wGT3X-BT accelerometer. The ASBQ and the GPAQ [...] Read more.

This study examined the validity and reliability of a domain-specific Adult Sedentary Behaviour Questionnaire (ASBQ) and the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) single-item sitting question using self- and interviewer-administered modes of administration against the triaxial ActiGraph wGT3X-BT accelerometer. The ASBQ and the GPAQ were administered twice, seven days apart. Participants were asked to put on the waist-worn accelerometer for seven days. Convergent validity was assessed using Spearman’s rho, mean absolute error (MAE), and Bland-Altman analysis (n = 78). Reliability was assessed using the Spearman’s rho and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) (n = 84). Participants were adults aged 20–65 years and identifying as Chinese, Malay, or Indian. Only the self-administered GPAQ was significantly correlated with accelerometry-based measures (rho: 0.46), but not the interviewer-administered version (rho: 0.12). MAE for GPAQ was 207.5–218.3 min/day in relation to the accelerometer and for ASBQ was 154.7–174.6 min/day. Bland-Altman plots demonstrated large limits of agreement between questionnaire and accelerometry-based measures. While the self-administered GPAQ demonstrated a moderate correlation with accelerometry, the mean bias and the limits of agreement were large. The GPAQ (rho: 0.68–0.79; ICC: 0.68–0.78) and the ASBQ (rho: 0.53–0.64; ICC: 0.66–0.74) showed moderate-to-good reliability for total sedentary time using either self- or interviewer-administration. Future research should incorporate accelerometers to generate useful sedentary behaviour measures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sedentary Behaviour and Health)

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26 pages, 5697 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Use of a Survey to Assess the Environmental Exposure and Family Perception to Lead in Children (<6 Years) in Four Valley Cities, Northwestern China

by Xuemeng Sun^1,2, Xiaoping Li^1,2,*

, Dongying Liu^1,2, Tao Yang^1,2, Yanan Zhao^1,2, Ting Wu^1,2, Yue Cai^1,2, Yuwei Ai^1,2, Xu Zhang^1,2, Jiwen Wang^1,2, Rui Yang^1,2, Hongtao Yu^2,3 and Howard W. Mielke⁴

¹ Department of Environmental Science, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, China

² International Joint Research Centre of Shaanxi Province for Pollutant Exposure and Eco-Environmental Health, Xi’an 710062, China

³ School of Computer, Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA

⁴ Department of Pharmacology, Environmental Signaling Laboratory, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue SL-8683, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 740; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040740 - 12 Apr 2018

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5628

Abstract

With the growth of industry, the extensive use of lead, and urban expansion in Northwestern Valley Cities (NVC) China, there is probable reason for presuming an increasing risk of lead exposure. However, little is known about the lead exposure of children less than [...] Read more.

With the growth of industry, the extensive use of lead, and urban expansion in Northwestern Valley Cities (NVC) China, there is probable reason for presuming an increasing risk of lead exposure. However, little is known about the lead exposure of children less than 6 years old in NVC. As a first investigation, this study uses a survey to systematically determine the influences of various risk factors within the family environment, parents’ background, children’s behavior, mother’s behavior during pregnancy, and parental perception about children’s blood lead (CBL). A total of 596 families were recruited from the general population in Urumqi, Lanzhou, Xining and Yan’an. Parents, and their children (<6 years old), were asked about the environment and behaviors which could possibly relate with lead exposure. The results indicated that in the typical NVC of China, children’s environment and behavior, parents’ education level, and mother’s pregnancy behavior, were associated with potential CBL. It was noted that not all parents in NVC China recognized the importance of children’s lead exposure. Therefore, children’s health care and medical screening campaigns need to be designed to improve family’s fundamental knowledge of lead hazards, associated health effects, and prevention in the NVC of China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Proceedings of 2nd International Symposium on Environment Science and Health)

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13 pages, 24732 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial Distribution of Stony Desertification and Key Influencing Factors on Different Sampling Scales in Small Karst Watersheds

by Zhenming Zhang^1,2, Yunchao Zhou^1,2,3,*, Shijie Wang^3,4 and Xianfei Huang^1,2

¹ Forest Resource and Environment Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China

² College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China

³ Puding Karst Ecosystem Research Station of Guizhou Province, Puding 562100, China

⁴ State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guiyang 550002, China

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 743; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040743 - 13 Apr 2018

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4594

Abstract

Karst areas are typical ecologically fragile areas, and stony desertification has become the most serious ecological and economic problems in these areas worldwide as well as a source of disasters and poverty. A reasonable sampling scale is of great importance for research on [...] Read more.

Karst areas are typical ecologically fragile areas, and stony desertification has become the most serious ecological and economic problems in these areas worldwide as well as a source of disasters and poverty. A reasonable sampling scale is of great importance for research on soil science in karst areas. In this paper, the spatial distribution of stony desertification characteristics and its influencing factors in karst areas are studied at different sampling scales using a grid sampling method based on geographic information system (GIS) technology and geo-statistics. The rock exposure obtained through sampling over a 150 m × 150 m grid in the Houzhai River Basin was utilized as the original data, and five grid scales (300 m × 300 m, 450 m × 450 m, 600 m × 600 m, 750 m × 750 m, and 900 m × 900 m) were used as the subsample sets. The results show that the rock exposure does not vary substantially from one sampling scale to another, while the average values of the five subsamples all fluctuate around the average value of the entire set. As the sampling scale increases, the maximum value and the average value of the rock exposure gradually decrease, and there is a gradual increase in the coefficient of variability. At the scale of 150 m × 150 m, the areas of minor stony desertification, medium stony desertification, and major stony desertification in the Houzhai River Basin are 7.81 km², 4.50 km², and 1.87 km², respectively. The spatial variability of stony desertification at small scales is influenced by many factors, and the variability at medium scales is jointly influenced by gradient, rock content, and rock exposure. At large scales, the spatial variability of stony desertification is mainly influenced by soil thickness and rock content. Full article

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12 pages, 317 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Health Risk Assessment on Hazardous Ingredients in Household Deodorizing Products

by Minjin Lee^1,2, Joo-Hyon Kim³, Daeyeop Lee³, Jaewoo Kim², Hyunwoo Lim³, Jungkwan Seo³ and Young-Kwon Park^1,*

¹ School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoulsiripdaero 163, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02504, Korea

² Consumer Product & Environment Business Division, KOTITI Testing & Research Institute, 111 Sagimakgol-ro, Jungwon-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13202, Korea

³ Division of Risk Assessment, National Institute of Environmental Research, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu, Incheon 22689, Korea

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 744; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040744 - 13 Apr 2018

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4501

Abstract

The inhalation of a water aerosol from a humidifier containing disinfectants has led to serious lung injuries in Korea. To promote the safe use of products, the Korean government enacted regulations on the chemicals in various consumer products that could have adverse health [...] Read more.

The inhalation of a water aerosol from a humidifier containing disinfectants has led to serious lung injuries in Korea. To promote the safe use of products, the Korean government enacted regulations on the chemicals in various consumer products that could have adverse health effects. Given the concern over the potential health risks associated with the hazardous ingredients in deodorizing consumer products, 17 ingredients were analyzed and assessed according to their health risk on 3 groups by the application type in 47 deodorizing products. The risk assessment study followed a stepwise procedure (e.g., collecting toxicological information, hazard identification/exposure assessment, and screening and detailed assessment for inhalation and dermal routes). The worst-case scenario and maximum concentration determined by the product purpose and application type were used as the screening assessment. In a detailed assessment, the 75th exposure factor values were used to estimate the assumed reasonable exposure to ingredients. The exposed concentrations of seven ingredients were calculated. Due to limitation of toxicity information, butylated hydroxyl toluene for a consumer’s exposure via the dermal route only was conducted for a detailed assessment. This study showed that the assessed ingredients have no health risks at their maximum concentrations in deodorizing products. This approach can be used to establish guidelines for ingredients that may pose inhalation and dermal hazards. Full article

12 pages, 319 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Taking a Gamble for High Rewards? Management Perspectives on the Value of Mental Health Peer Workers

by Louise Byrne^1,2,*

, Helena Roennfeldt¹, Peri O’Shea¹ and Fiona Macdonald²

¹ Midwifery and Social Sciences, School of Nursing, Central Queensland University, 554/700 Yaamba Road, Norman Gardens, QLD 4701, Australia

² School of Management, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe St, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 746; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040746 - 13 Apr 2018

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 6222

Abstract

Mental health peer work is attracting growing interest and provides a potentially impactful method of service user involvement in mental health design and delivery, contributing to mental health reform. The need to effectively support this emerging workforce is consequently increasing. This study aimed [...] Read more.

Mental health peer work is attracting growing interest and provides a potentially impactful method of service user involvement in mental health design and delivery, contributing to mental health reform. The need to effectively support this emerging workforce is consequently increasing. This study aimed to better understand the views of management in relation to peer work and specifically explores the value of peer work from the perspective of management. This qualitative research employed grounded theory methods. There were 29 participants in total, employed in both peer designated and non-peer designated management roles, in not for profit and public health organisations in Queensland, Australia. The value of peer work as described by participants is found to be partially dependent on practical supports and strategies from the organisation. There were high benefits for all facets of the organisation when effective recruitment and ongoing support for peer workers was prioritised and a higher perception of limitations when they were not. Due to some parallels, it may be useful to explore the potential for peer work to be conceptually and/or practically considered as a form of diversity and inclusion employment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mental Health and Social Care and Social Interventions)

11 pages, 2532 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Active (Opt-In) Consent Underestimates Mean BMI-z and the Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity Compared to Passive (Opt-Out) Consent. Evidence from the Healthy Together Victoria and Childhood Obesity Study

by Claudia Strugnell^1,*

, Liliana Orellana²

, Joshua Hayward¹, Lynne Millar^3,4

, Boyd Swinburn^1,5 and Steven Allender¹

¹ Global Obesity Centre, Centre for Population Health Research, Deakin University, 1 Gheringhap Street, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia

² Biostatistics Unit, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia

³ Australian Health Policy Collaboration, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia

⁴ Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science, The University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC 3021, Australia

⁵ School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 747; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040747 - 13 Apr 2018

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 6984

Abstract

Background: Tracking population trends in childhood obesity and identifying target areas for prevention requires accurate prevalence data. This study quantified the magnitude of non-participation bias for mean Body Mass Index-z scores and overweight/obesity prevalence associated with low (opt-in) compared to high (opt-out) participation [...] Read more.

Background: Tracking population trends in childhood obesity and identifying target areas for prevention requires accurate prevalence data. This study quantified the magnitude of non-participation bias for mean Body Mass Index-z scores and overweight/obesity prevalence associated with low (opt-in) compared to high (opt-out) participation consent methodologies. Methods: Data arose from all Local Government Areas (LGAs) participating in the Healthy Together Victoria Childhood Obesity Study, Australia. Primary schools were randomly selected in 2013 and 2014 and all Grades 4 and 6 students (aged approx. 9–12 years) were invited to participate via opt-in consent (2013) and opt-out consent (2014). For the opt-in wave N = 38 schools (recruitment rate (RR) 24.3%) and N = 856 students participated (RR 36.3%). For the opt-out wave N = 47 schools (RR 32%) and N = 2557 students participated (RR 86.4%). Outcomes: differences between opt-in and opt-out sample estimates (bias) for mean BMI-z, prevalence of overweight/obesity and obesity (alone). Standardized bias (Std bias) estimates defined as bias/standard error are reported for BMI-z. Results: The results demonstrate strong evidence of non-participation bias for mean BMI-z overall (Std bias = −4.5, p < 0.0001) and for girls (Std bias = −5.4, p < 0.0001), but not for boys (Std bias = −1.1, p = 0.15). The opt-in strategy underestimated the overall population prevalence of overweight/obesity and obesity by −5.4 and −4.5 percentage points respectively (p < 0.001 for both). Significant underestimation was seen in girls, but not for boys. Conclusions: Opt-in consent underestimated prevalence of childhood obesity, particularly in girls. Prevalence, monitoring and community intervention studies on childhood obesity should move to opt-out consent processes for better scientific outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Health Behavior, Chronic Disease and Health Promotion)

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13 pages, 944 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

The Effect of PM_2.5 from Household Combustion on Life Expectancy in Sub-Saharan Africa

by Badamassi Aboubacar^1,*, Xu Deyi¹, Mahaman Yacoubou Abdoul Razak² and Boubacar Hamidou Leyla³

¹ School of Economics and Management, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China

² Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China

³ Key Laboratory of Tectonics and Petroleum Resources of Ministry of Education, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 748; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040748 - 13 Apr 2018

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4774

Abstract

Household fuel combustion, especially using solid combustibles (biomass and fossil fuels), for cooking and other activities produces emissions that contribute to concentrations of indoor as well as outdoor air pollutants such as particulate matter with diameter smaller than 2.5 μm (PM_2.5) [...] Read more.

Household fuel combustion, especially using solid combustibles (biomass and fossil fuels), for cooking and other activities produces emissions that contribute to concentrations of indoor as well as outdoor air pollutants such as particulate matter with diameter smaller than 2.5 μm (PM_2.5) that deteriorate health and likely affect life expectancy (LEX). This study investigates the impact of PM_2.5 from household combustion on LEX considering several covariates while controlling for ambient PM_2.5 generated by other sectors. The generalized method of moments (GMM) model and the panel cointegration model were applied to a dataset of 43 Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) countries over the time period of 1995–2010. Both approaches provide similar results indicating that household PM_2.5 is significantly and negatively associated with higher aggregate LEX in the long-run, and, to a greater degree for female’s. Also, among the control variables, PM_2.5 from the transport sector has a greater influence on male’s LEX. Thus, efforts should be combined to reduce household PM_2.5 since lower levels are associated with increased LEX. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lung Health, Tuberculosis, and Air Pollution in Low- and Middle-Income Countries)

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9 pages, 1320 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Indoor Radon Exposure in Italian Schools

by Antonio Azara¹

, Marco Dettori^1,*

, Paolo Castiglia¹, Andrea Piana¹

, Paolo Durando²

, Valentina Parodi²

, Giovanni Salis³, Laura Saderi¹

and Giovanni Sotgiu¹

¹ Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Via P. Manzella, 07100 Sassari, Italy

² Department of Health Sciences, University of Genova, Piazza Manin, 16122 Genova, Italy

³ ASSL Nuoro, ATS Sardegna, Via Monsignor Cogoni, 08100 Nuoro, Italy

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 749; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040749 - 13 Apr 2018

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 4637

Abstract

Background: The aim of the study was to assess radon concentration in schoolrooms in a city located in the midwest of Italy. Methods: A two-phase environmental study was carried out in 19 school buildings of 16 primary, secondary, and tertiary schools. Results: Median [...] Read more.

Background: The aim of the study was to assess radon concentration in schoolrooms in a city located in the midwest of Italy. Methods: A two-phase environmental study was carried out in 19 school buildings of 16 primary, secondary, and tertiary schools. Results: Median (interquartile range—IQR) indoor radon concentration in schoolrooms was 91.6 (45.0–140.3) Bq/m³. The highest (median 952.8 Bq/m³) radon concentration was found in one (3.6%) classroom, located in a building of a primary school whose median concentration was 185 Bq/m³. Radon concentration was significantly correlated with the number of students and teachers, foundation wall construction material, and with the absence of underground floors. A geopedological survey was performed close to the building with highest radon level, showing the presence of granite and tonalithic granodiorite in the soil. Conclusions: Radon levels should be routinely assessed where individuals live or work. Schools are susceptible targets, because of childhood stay and the long daily stay of occupants. Low-cost interventions, such as implementation of natural air ventilation and school maintenance, can reduce radon levels, limiting individual exposure. Full article

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32 pages, 1514 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Carbon Emission Reduction with Capital Constraint under Greening Financing and Cost Sharing Contract

by Juanjuan Qin, Yuhui Zhao and Liangjie Xia^*

Business School, Tianjin University of Finance and Economics, Tianjin 300222, China

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 750; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040750 - 13 Apr 2018

Cited by 51 | Viewed by 5468

Abstract

Motivated by the industrial practices, this work explores the carbon emission reductions for the manufacturer, while taking into account the capital constraint and the cap-and-trade regulation. To alleviate the capital constraint, two contracts are analyzed: greening financing and cost sharing. We use the [...] Read more.

Motivated by the industrial practices, this work explores the carbon emission reductions for the manufacturer, while taking into account the capital constraint and the cap-and-trade regulation. To alleviate the capital constraint, two contracts are analyzed: greening financing and cost sharing. We use the Stackelberg game to model four cases as follows: (1) in Case A1, the manufacturer has no greening financing and no cost sharing; (2) in Case A2, the manufacturer has greening financing, but no cost sharing; (3) in Case B1, the manufacturer has no greening financing but has cost sharing; and, (4) in Case B2, the manufacturer has greening financing and cost sharing. Then, using the backward induction method, we derive and compare the equilibrium decisions and profits of the participants in the four cases. We find that the interest rate of green finance does not always negatively affect the carbon emission reduction of the manufacturer. Meanwhile, the cost sharing from the retailer does not always positively affect the carbon emission reduction of the manufacturer. When the cost sharing is low, both of the participants’ profits in Case B1 (under no greening finance) are not less than that in Case B2 (under greening finance). When the cost sharing is high, both of the participants’ profits in Case B1 (under no greening finance) are less than that in Case B2 (under greening finance). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Environment, Green Operations and Sustainability)

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21 pages, 461 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nature Disaster Risk Evaluation with a Group Decision Making Method Based on Incomplete Hesitant Fuzzy Linguistic Preference Relations

by Ming Tang¹, Huchang Liao^1,2,*

, Zongmin Li¹ and Zeshui Xu¹

¹ Business School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China

² Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, University of Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 751; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040751 - 13 Apr 2018

Cited by 38 | Viewed by 4115

Abstract

Because the natural disaster system is a very comprehensive and large system, the disaster reduction scheme must rely on risk analysis. Experts’ knowledge and experiences play a critical role in disaster risk assessment. The hesitant fuzzy linguistic preference relation is an effective tool [...] Read more.

Because the natural disaster system is a very comprehensive and large system, the disaster reduction scheme must rely on risk analysis. Experts’ knowledge and experiences play a critical role in disaster risk assessment. The hesitant fuzzy linguistic preference relation is an effective tool to express experts’ preference information when comparing pairwise alternatives. Owing to the lack of knowledge or a heavy workload, information may be missed in the hesitant fuzzy linguistic preference relation. Thus, an incomplete hesitant fuzzy linguistic preference relation is constructed. In this paper, we firstly discuss some properties of the additive consistent hesitant fuzzy linguistic preference relation. Next, the incomplete hesitant fuzzy linguistic preference relation, the normalized hesitant fuzzy linguistic preference relation, and the acceptable hesitant fuzzy linguistic preference relation are defined. Afterwards, three procedures to estimate the missing information are proposed. The first one deals with the situation in which there are only

$n - 1$ known judgments involving all the alternatives; the second one is used to estimate the missing information of the hesitant fuzzy linguistic preference relation with more known judgments; while the third procedure is used to deal with ignorance situations in which there is at least one alternative with totally missing information. Furthermore, an algorithm for group decision making with incomplete hesitant fuzzy linguistic preference relations is given. Finally, we illustrate our model with a case study about flood disaster risk evaluation. A comparative analysis is presented to testify the advantage of our method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Hazards and Public Health: A Systems Approach)

13 pages, 1363 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Traffic Noise and Relaxations Sounds on Pedestrian Walking Speed

by Marek Franěk^*

, Lukáš Režný

, Denis Šefara and Jiří Cabal

Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Králové, Rokitanského 62, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 752; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040752 - 14 Apr 2018

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 6179

Abstract

Exposure to noise in everyday urban life is considered to be an environmental stressor. A specific outcome of reactions to environmental stress is a fast pace of life that also includes a faster pedestrian walking speed. The present study examined the effect of [...] Read more.

Exposure to noise in everyday urban life is considered to be an environmental stressor. A specific outcome of reactions to environmental stress is a fast pace of life that also includes a faster pedestrian walking speed. The present study examined the effect of listening to annoying acoustical stimuli (traffic noise) compared with relaxation sounds (forest birdsong) on walking speed in a real outdoor urban environment. The participants (N = 83) walked along an urban route of 1.8 km. They listened to either traffic noise or forest birdsong, or they walked without listening to any acoustical stimuli in the control condition. The results showed that participants listening to traffic noise walked significantly faster on the route than both the participants listening to forest birdsong sounds and the participants in the control condition. Participants who listened to forest birdsong walked slightly slower than those under control conditions; however, this difference was not significant. Analysis of the walk experience showed that participants who listened to forest birdsong during the walk liked the route more than those who listened to traffic sounds. The study demonstrated that exposure to traffic noise led to an immediate increase in walking speed. It was also shown that exposure to noise may influence participants’ perception of an environment. The same environment may be more liked in the absence of noise or in the presence of relaxation sounds. The study also documented the positive effect of listening to various kinds of relaxation sounds while walking in an outdoor environment with traffic noise. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Health)

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13 pages, 319 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Information to Improve Public Perceptions of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA’s) Tobacco Regulatory Role

by Amira Osman^1,*, Sarah D. Kowitt², Paschal Sheeran³, Kristen L. Jarman¹

, Leah M. Ranney⁴

and Adam O. Goldstein^1,4

¹ Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA

² Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA

³ Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA

⁴ Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 753; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040753 - 14 Apr 2018

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4138

Abstract

While the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has had regulatory authority over tobacco products since 2009, public awareness of this authority remains limited. This research examines several broad types of information about FDA tobacco regulatory mission that may improve the perceptions of FDA [...] Read more.

While the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has had regulatory authority over tobacco products since 2009, public awareness of this authority remains limited. This research examines several broad types of information about FDA tobacco regulatory mission that may improve the perceptions of FDA as a tobacco regulator. Using Amazon Mechanical Turk, 1766 adults, smokers and non-smokers, were randomly assigned to view a statement about FDA regulatory authority that varied three information types in a 2 × 2 × 2 between subjects experimental design: (1) FDA’s roles in regulating tobacco (yes/no); (2) The scientific basis of regulations (yes/no); and (3) A potential protective function of regulations (yes/no). Using factorial ANOVA, we estimated the main and interactive effects of all three types of information and of smoking status on the perceptions of FDA. Participants that were exposed to information on FDA roles reported higher FDA credibility and a greater perceived knowledge of FDA than those who did not. Exposure to information about the scientific basis of regulations led to more negative views of the tobacco industry. Participants who learned of the FDA’s commitment to protecting the public reported higher FDA credibility and more positive attitudes toward regulations than those who did not learn of this commitment. We observed no significant interaction effects. The findings suggest that providing information about the regulatory roles and protective characterization of the FDA’s tobacco regulatory mission positively influence public perceptions of FDA and tobacco regulations. Full article

19 pages, 4865 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association between Ambient Temperatures and Mental Disorder Hospitalizations in a Subtropical City: A Time-Series Study of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region

by Emily Y. Y. Chan^1,2,*

, Holly C. Y. Lam¹, Suzanne H. W. So³, William B. Goggins¹, Janice Y. Ho¹, Sida Liu¹ and Phoebe P. W. Chung¹

¹ The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, China

² Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK

³ Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 754; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040754 - 14 Apr 2018

Cited by 82 | Viewed by 8666

Abstract

Background: Mental disorders have been found to be positively associated with temperature in cool to cold climatic regions but the association in warmer regions is unclear. This study presented the short-term association between temperatures and mental disorder hospitalizations in a subtropical city [...] Read more.

Background: Mental disorders have been found to be positively associated with temperature in cool to cold climatic regions but the association in warmer regions is unclear. This study presented the short-term association between temperatures and mental disorder hospitalizations in a subtropical city with a mean annual temperature over 21 °C. Methods: Using Poisson-generalized additive models and distributed-lagged nonlinear models, daily mental disorder hospitalizations between 2002 and 2011 in Hong Kong were regressed on daily mean temperature, relative humidity, and air pollutants, adjusted for seasonal trend, long-term trend, day-of-week, and holiday. Analyses were stratified by disease class, gender and age-group. Results: 44,600 admissions were included in the analysis. Temperature was positively associated with overall mental-disorder hospitalizations (cumulative relative risk at 28 °C vs. 19.4 °C (interquartile range, lag 0–2 days) = 1.09 (95% confidence interval 1.03, 1.15)), with the strongest effect among the elderly (≥75 years old). Transient mental disorders due to conditions classified elsewhere and episodic mood disorders also showed strong positive associations with temperature. Conclusion: This study found a positive temperature–mental-disorder admissions association in a warm subtropical region and the association was most prominent among older people. With the dual effect of global warming and an aging population, targeted strategies should be designed to lower the disease burden. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Impacts of Warming of 1.5 °C and 2 °C)

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17 pages, 39871 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Highly Accessible Urban Food Environment on Weight Management: A Qualitative Study in Seoul

by Nan-He Yoon¹

, Seunghyun Yoo^2,3,*

and Soonman Kwon²

¹ Department of Health Administration, Hanyang Cyber University, Wangsimni-ro 220, Seongdong Gu, Seoul 04763, Korea

² Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea

³ Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 755; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040755 - 14 Apr 2018

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 5294

Abstract

We explored the characteristics of the food environment and its influence on weight management in Seoul, Korea. Photo elicitation interviews were conducted with 73 participants who took three photographs per topic related to their food environment and discussed these photographs in groups. Through [...] Read more.

We explored the characteristics of the food environment and its influence on weight management in Seoul, Korea. Photo elicitation interviews were conducted with 73 participants who took three photographs per topic related to their food environment and discussed these photographs in groups. Through thematic analysis, we identified four themes concerning participants’ perceptions of the food environment and weight management: (1) “convenience comes first,” (2) “tempting food environment,” (3) “alcohol and anju,” and (4) “burden of individual effort to manage weight.” A systematic change toward an environment supportive of healthy eating and weight management is recommended. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Health Behavior, Chronic Disease and Health Promotion)

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8 pages, 435 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Parental Opinions and Attitudes about Children’s Vaccination Safety in Silesian Voivodeship, Poland

by Bogumiła Braczkowska¹, Małgorzata Kowalska¹

, Kamil Barański¹

, Maksymilian Gajda^1,*

, Tomasz Kurowski² and Jan E. Zejda¹

¹ Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland

² Student Scientific Society Unit at the Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 756; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040756 - 15 Apr 2018

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4602

Abstract

Despite mandatory vaccinations in Poland, the final decision on vaccination in children is taken by their parents or legal guardians. Understanding parents’ attitudes and opinions regarding vaccinations is essential for planning and undertaking extensive and properly targeted educational actions aimed at preventing their [...] Read more.

Despite mandatory vaccinations in Poland, the final decision on vaccination in children is taken by their parents or legal guardians. Understanding parents’ attitudes and opinions regarding vaccinations is essential for planning and undertaking extensive and properly targeted educational actions aimed at preventing their hesitancy. In 2016, a cross-sectional study was conducted in the Silesian Voivodeship (Poland) in 11 randomly selected educational institutions. The authors’ self-administered questionnaire contained 24 mixed-type questions. It was distributed among 3000 parents or legal guardians of children aged 6–13 years; prior consent of the relevant bioethics committee had been obtained. The response rate was 41.3% (N = 1239). Data were analysed using descriptive and analytical statistics, and focused on parental opinions regarding the safety of vaccines. Results of simple and multivariable analyses showed that perceived risk of adverse vaccine reaction (AVR), contraindications and perception of the qualification procedure for vaccination as substandard were significant factors associated with the rating of children’s vaccination as unsafe (p < 0.001). Respondents with a lower level of education, compared with those with higher, more often declared vaccinations to be safe (p = 0.03); however, results of multivariable analysis did not confirm that effect. AVR occurrence, finding of contraindication to vaccinations and perception of qualification procedure for vaccination were found to be the most important factors responsible for influencing general public opinions in the field of vaccination safety. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Health Behavior, Chronic Disease and Health Promotion)

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11 pages, 338 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Taekwondo Training Improves Mood and Sociability in Children from Multicultural Families in South Korea: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study

by Hee-Tae Roh¹, Su-Youn Cho² and Wi-Young So^3,*

¹ Department of Physical Education, College of Arts and Physical Education, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea

² Department of Taekwondo, Youngsan University, Yangsan-si 50510, Korea

³ Sports and Health Care Major, College of Humanities and Arts, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju-si 27469, Korea

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 757; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040757 - 16 Apr 2018

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 6482

Abstract

Purpose: Children from multicultural families face physical, social, mental, and intellectual hurdles; however, relative interventions are lacking in South Korea (hereafter Korea) in this regard. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of regular Taekwondo (TKD) training on physical fitness, [...] Read more.

Purpose: Children from multicultural families face physical, social, mental, and intellectual hurdles; however, relative interventions are lacking in South Korea (hereafter Korea) in this regard. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of regular Taekwondo (TKD) training on physical fitness, mood, sociability, and cognitive functions in these children. Methods: This study included 30 children from multicultural families in Korea who were randomly assigned to a TKD group (n = 15) and control group (n = 15). The children in TKD group underwent 16 weeks of TKD training once a week for 60 min. Each participant underwent a basic fitness test and sociability questionnaire before and after the intervention. Furthermore, we examined the changes in the mood and cognitive function by determining the profile of mood states (POMS), and Stroop color and word test, respectively. Results: Results of the Stork test of balance were significantly higher in the TKD group after intervention (p < 0.05). In terms of sub-variables, POMS, tension, and depression scores were significantly lower (p < 0.05) after the intervention, while the vigor score was significantly higher in the intervention group than those in the control group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, sociability and ‘being left out’ score, a sub-variable of sociability, was significantly lower (p < 0.05) after the intervention, while sociability score was significantly higher (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that participation in regular TKD training can be effective for balanced improvements in variables of basic fitness and that it exerts a positive effect on the mood and development of sociability. Full article

10 pages, 331 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Associations between Sleep Duration and Sleep Quality with Body-Mass Index in a Large Sample of Young Adults

by Tomislav Krističević, Lovro Štefan^*

and Goran Sporiš

Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 758; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040758 - 15 Apr 2018

Cited by 58 | Viewed by 9797

Abstract

Background: The main aims of this study were to explore the associations between time spent in bed (as a proxy of sleep duration) and sleep quality with overweight/obesity status in a large sample of young adults. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, participants were [...] Read more.

Background: The main aims of this study were to explore the associations between time spent in bed (as a proxy of sleep duration) and sleep quality with overweight/obesity status in a large sample of young adults. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, participants were 2100 university students (49.6% of women). We used Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire to assess time spent in bed and sleep quality. Body-mass index (BMI) was self-reported and dichotomized as normal (<25 kg/m²) vs. overweight/obesity (≥25 kg/m²) status. Results: In model 1, both short (<6 h/day, OR = 2.72; 95% CI 1.27 to 5.84) and long (>10 h/day, OR = 3.38; 95% CI 2.12 to 5.40) time spent in bed were associated with a greater likelihood of being overweight/obese. In model 2, poor sleep quality (>5 points, OR = 1.45; 95% CI 1.14 to 1.83) was associated with a greater likelihood of being overweight/obese. After entering time spent in bed and sleep quality simultaneously into the model 3, both short (OR = 2.64; 95% CI 1.23 to 5.66) and long (OR = 3.27; 95% CI 2.04 to 5.23) time spent in bed and poor sleep quality (OR = 1.40; 95% CI 1.10 to 1.78) were associated with overweight/obesity status. Conclusions: Our results show that both short and long time spent in bed and poor sleep quality are associated with overweight/obesity status in young adults. Special interventions and policies that use both sleep duration and sleep quality as protective factors against overweight/obesity are warranted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sleep Health)

16 pages, 3923 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cardiovascular-Related Outcomes in U.S. Adults Exposed to Lead

by Emmanuel Obeng-Gyasi^1,*

, Rodrigo X. Armijos², M. Margaret Weigel², Gabriel M. Filippelli³

and M. Aaron Sayegh⁴

¹ Department of Built Environment, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA

² Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Indiana University School of Public Health, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA

³ Department of Earth Sciences, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA

⁴ Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Public Health, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 759; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040759 - 15 Apr 2018

Cited by 49 | Viewed by 6965

Abstract

Cardiovascular-related clinical markers were evaluated in this cross-sectional study of United States adults (aged ≥ 20) exposed to lead via the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007–2008 and the 2009–2010 datasets. In four quartiles of exposure—0–2 μg/dL, 2–5 μg/dL, 5–10 μg/dL, and [...] Read more.

Cardiovascular-related clinical markers were evaluated in this cross-sectional study of United States adults (aged ≥ 20) exposed to lead via the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007–2008 and the 2009–2010 datasets. In four quartiles of exposure—0–2 μg/dL, 2–5 μg/dL, 5–10 μg/dL, and 10 μg/dL and over, clinical and anthropometric markers were evaluated—to examine how the markers manifested in the quartiles. Associations were determined via linear regression. Finally, clinical makers, and how they manifested between exposed and less-exposed occupations, were explored in addition to how duration of exposure altered these clinical markers. In regression analysis, Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, were significantly associated with blood lead level (BLL). In the occupational analysis, Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP), DBP, C-reactive protein (CRP), triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, showed differences between populations in the exposed and less-exposed occupations. Regarding Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing, the duration of exposure altered SBP, CRP, and LDL cholesterol. With mining, the duration of exposure altered SBP, DBP, triglycerides, and HDL cholesterol, whereas in construction, the duration in occupation altered SBP, triglycerides, and CRP. In conclusion, lead exposure has a profound effect on the cardiovascular system, with potentially adverse outcomes existing at all exposure levels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Health)

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9 pages, 1595 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Source Apportionment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Sediment by the Application of Non-Negative Factor Analysis: A Case Study of Dalian Bay

by Fu-Lin Tian^1,2, Fa-Yun Li^1,2,*, De-Gao Wang³

and Yan-Jie Wang^1,2

¹ Institute of Eco-Environmental Sciences, Liaoning Shihua University, Fushun 113001, China

² National & Local United Engineering Laboratory of Petroleum Chemical Process Operation, Optimization and Energy Conservation Technology, Liaoning Shihua University, Fushun 113001, China

³ School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 761; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040761 - 16 Apr 2018

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3895

Abstract

An improved method, factor analysis with non-negative constraints (FA-NNC) was adopted to apportion the sources of sediment polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Dalian Bay, China. Cosine similarity and Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis were used to assist the FA-NNC source resolution. The results identified [...] Read more.

An improved method, factor analysis with non-negative constraints (FA-NNC) was adopted to apportion the sources of sediment polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Dalian Bay, China. Cosine similarity and Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis were used to assist the FA-NNC source resolution. The results identified three sources for PAHs, which were overall traffic, diesel engine emissions and residential coal combustion. The contributions of these sources were quantified as 78 ± 4.6% from overall traffic, 12 ± 3.2% from diesel engine emissions, and 10 ± 1.9% from residential coal combustion. The results from the Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis indicated that the model was robust and convergent. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Non-Point Source Pollution and Environmental Assessment)

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26 pages, 6853 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Retooling CalEnviroScreen: Cumulative Pollution Burden and Race-Based Environmental Health Vulnerabilities in California

by Raoul S. Liévanos

Department of Sociology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1291, USA

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 762; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040762 - 16 Apr 2018

Cited by 43 | Viewed by 9514

Abstract

The California Community Environmental Health Screening Tool (CalEnviroScreen) advances research and policy pertaining to environmental health vulnerability. However, CalEnviroScreen departs from its historical foundations and comparable screening tools by no longer considering racial status as an indicator of environmental health vulnerability and predictor [...] Read more.

The California Community Environmental Health Screening Tool (CalEnviroScreen) advances research and policy pertaining to environmental health vulnerability. However, CalEnviroScreen departs from its historical foundations and comparable screening tools by no longer considering racial status as an indicator of environmental health vulnerability and predictor of cumulative pollution burden. This study used conceptual frameworks and analytical techniques from environmental health and inequality literature to address the limitations of CalEnviroScreen, especially its inattention to race-based environmental health vulnerabilities. It developed an adjusted measure of cumulative pollution burden from the CalEnviroScreen 2.0 data that facilitates multivariate analyses of the effect of neighborhood racial composition on cumulative pollution burden, net of other indicators of population vulnerability, traffic density, industrial zoning, and local and regional clustering of pollution burden. Principal component analyses produced three new measures of population vulnerability, including Latina/o cumulative disadvantage that represents the spatial concentration of Latinas/os, economic disadvantage, limited English-speaking ability, and health vulnerability. Spatial error regression analyses demonstrated that concentrations of Latinas/os, followed by Latina/o cumulative disadvantage, are the strongest demographic determinants of adjusted cumulative pollution burden. Findings have implications for research and policy pertaining to cumulative impacts and race-based environmental health vulnerabilities within and beyond California. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Achieving Environmental Health Equity: Great Expectations)

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12 pages, 378 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Educational Attainment and Smoking Status in a National Sample of American Adults; Evidence for the Blacks’ Diminished Return

by Shervin Assari^1,2,*

and Ritesh Mistry³

¹ Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, 4250 Plymouth Road, SPC 5763, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2700, USA

² Center for Research on Ethnicity, Culture and Health, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA

³ Department of Health Behaviors and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 763; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040763 - 16 Apr 2018

Cited by 97 | Viewed by 9547

Abstract

Background: Although higher socioeconomic status (SES) indicators such as educational attainment are linked with health behaviors, the Blacks’ Diminished Return theory posits that the protective effects of SES are systemically smaller for Blacks than Whites. Aims: To explore the Black/White differences in the [...] Read more.

Background: Although higher socioeconomic status (SES) indicators such as educational attainment are linked with health behaviors, the Blacks’ Diminished Return theory posits that the protective effects of SES are systemically smaller for Blacks than Whites. Aims: To explore the Black/White differences in the association between education and smoking. Methods: This cross-sectional study used the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS) 2017 (n = 3217). HINTS is a national survey of American adults. The current analysis included 2277 adults who were either Whites (n = 1868; 82%) or Blacks (n = 409; 18%). The independent variable was educational attainment, and the dependent variables were ever and current (past 30-day) smoking. Demographic factors (age and gender) were covariates. Race was the focal moderator. Results: In the pooled sample, higher educational attainment was associated with lower odds of ever and current smoking. Race interacted with the effects of higher educational attainment on current smoking, suggesting a stronger protective effect of higher education against current smoking for Whites than Blacks. Race did not interact with the effect of educational attainment on odds of ever smoking. Conclusions: In line with previous research in the United States, education is more strongly associated with health and health behaviors in Whites than Blacks. Smaller protective effects of education on health behaviors may be due to the existing racism across institutions such as the education system and labor market. Full article

11 pages, 3034 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterizing Depression Issues on Sina Weibo

by Xianyun Tian¹

, Philip Batterham², Shuang Song¹, Xiaoxu Yao¹ and Guang Yu^1,*

¹ School of Management, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China

² Centre for Mental Health Research, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 764; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040764 - 16 Apr 2018

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 6914

Abstract

The prevalence of depression has increased significantly over the past few years both in developed and developing countries. However, many people with symptoms of depression still remain untreated or undiagnosed. Social media may be a tool to help researchers and clinicians to identify [...] Read more.

The prevalence of depression has increased significantly over the past few years both in developed and developing countries. However, many people with symptoms of depression still remain untreated or undiagnosed. Social media may be a tool to help researchers and clinicians to identify and support individuals who experience depression. More than 394,000,000 postings were collected from China’s most popular social media website, Sina Weibo. 1000 randomly selected depression-related postings was coded and analyzed to learn the themes of these postings, and a text classifier was built to identify the postings indicating depression. The identified depressed users were compared with the general population on demographic characteristics, diurnal patterns, and patterns of emoticon usage. We found that disclosure of depression was the most popular theme; depression displayers were more engaged with social media compared to non-depression displayers, the depression postings showed geographical variations, depression displayers tended to be active during periods of leisure and sleep, and depression displayers used negative emoticons more frequently than non-depression displayers. This study offers a broad picture of depression references on China’s social media, which may be cost effectively developed to detect and help individuals who may suffer from depression disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Health Behavior, Chronic Disease and Health Promotion)

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14 pages, 300 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Coronial Practice, Indigeneity and Suicide

by Gordon Tait¹, Belinda Carpenter^2,* and Stephanie Jowett³

¹ Faculty of Education, School of Cultural and Professional Learning, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia

² Faculty of Law, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia

³ Australian Centre for Health Law Research, Faculty of Law, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 765; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040765 - 16 Apr 2018

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5164

Abstract

All available data suggest that, like many other Indigenous peoples, Australian Aborigines are significantly more likely to kill themselves than are non-Aboriginal Australians. This statistical disparity is normally positioned an objective, ontological and undeniable social fact, a fact best explained as a function [...] Read more.

All available data suggest that, like many other Indigenous peoples, Australian Aborigines are significantly more likely to kill themselves than are non-Aboriginal Australians. This statistical disparity is normally positioned an objective, ontological and undeniable social fact, a fact best explained as a function of endemic community disadvantage and disenfranchisement. This research explores the possibility that higher-than-normal Aboriginal suicide rates may also be a function of coronial decision-making practices. Based upon in-depth interviews with 32 coroners from across Australia, the following conclusions emerged from the data. First, coroners have differing perceptions of Indigenous capacity, and are less likely to have concerns about intent when the suicide is committed by an Indigenous person. Second, coroners have identified divergent scripts of Indigenous suicide, particularly its spontaneity and public location, and this supports rather than challenges, a finding of suicide. Third, the coronial perception of Indigenous life is a factor which influences a suicide determination for Indigenous deaths. Finally, the low level of Indigenous engagement with the coronial system, and the unlikelihood of a challenge to the finding of suicide by Indigenous families, means that a coronial determination of suicide is more likely. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Suicide Research)

13 pages, 309 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Boy Smokers’ Rationalisations for Engaging in Potentially Fatal Behaviour: In-Depth Interviews in The Netherlands

by Michael Schreuders^1,*, Nikha T. Krooneman¹, Bas Van den Putte^2,3

and Anton E. Kunst¹

¹ Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Centre, 1100DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands

² Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1018WV Amsterdam, The Netherlands

³ Trimbos Institute, Netherlands Institute for Mental Health and Addiction, 3521VS Utrecht, The Netherlands

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 767; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040767 - 16 Apr 2018

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4282

Abstract

Adolescent smokers engage in cognitive rationalisation processes that lower perceptions of personal vulnerability to the health consequences of smoking. There is, however, hardly any evidence that provides in-depth insights on adolescents’ recurring rationalisations. Therefore, we explored how boy smokers deal with the knowledge [...] Read more.

Adolescent smokers engage in cognitive rationalisation processes that lower perceptions of personal vulnerability to the health consequences of smoking. There is, however, hardly any evidence that provides in-depth insights on adolescents’ recurring rationalisations. Therefore, we explored how boy smokers deal with the knowledge that they are engaging in potentially fatal behaviour. Interviews were held with 16 boy smokers aged 16 to 17 years old. The qualitative analysis focussed on combining boys’ reasons about why they think they will not experience severe health consequences into coherent rationalisations that recurred among interviewees. Three rationalisations emerged from the analysis. First, boys trivialize the immediate consequences and think these can be compensated for and are outweighed by the benefits of smoking. Second, boys assume that smoking will only take place during adolescence and they will, therefore, recover from the damage inflicted. Third, boys believe that they have control over the amount and frequency of smoking and, thereby, can ensure that they will not experience fatal consequences. Boys’ recurring rationalisations build on their view that they are supposed to have fun and will not become typical adult smokers. Interventions should address these rationalisations in order to increase adolescents’ perceptions of personal vulnerability, and thereby contribute to decreasing adolescent smoking. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Health Behavior, Chronic Disease and Health Promotion)

18 pages, 368 KiB

Open AccessArticle

by Yunshuang Rao^1,2, Xianglong Xu^1,3,4

, Dengyuan Liu^1,3,4, Cesar Reis⁵

, Ian M. Newman⁶

, Liqiang Qin⁷, Manoj Sharma^8,9

, Jun Shen² and Yong Zhao^1,3,4,*

¹ School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China

² The Fourth Student Office of the School of Nursing, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China

³ Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China

⁴ The Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China

⁵ Department of Preventive Medicine, Loma Linda University Medical Center, 24785 Stewart Street, Suite 204, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA

⁶ Department of Educational Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, P.O. Box 880345, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA

⁷ School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China

⁸ Department of Behavioral and Environmental Health, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39213, USA

⁹ School of Health Sciences, Walden University, 100 Washington Avenue South, Suite 900, Minneapolis, MS 55401, USA

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 768; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040768 - 16 Apr 2018

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3944

Abstract

Background: Arthritis is a common disease in China, but few studies have been conducted to explore the associated health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and its influencing factors in Chongqing, China. This study aimed to explore the association of arthritis and HRQoL and probe [...] Read more.

Background: Arthritis is a common disease in China, but few studies have been conducted to explore the associated health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and its influencing factors in Chongqing, China. This study aimed to explore the association of arthritis and HRQoL and probe factors affecting HRQoL among arthritis patients. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Chongqing, China. A total of 1224 adults were included in the analysis. Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36 Health Survey (SF-36) was used to measure HRQoL. Multiple linear regression models (stepwise) and covariance analysis models were used to examine the association of arthritis with HRQoL and analyze factors associated with HRQoL among arthritis patients. Results: Participants with arthritis had poorer HRQoL than those without. Among arthritis patients, the female was associated with a poorer state of physical functioning (p < 0.05); unemployed patients had a poorer state of role-physical than employed patients (p < 0.05); low average monthly income was associated with a poorer state of physical functioning (p < 0.01); childhood non-breastfeeding history was associated with a poorer state of social functioning (p < 0.01); average or dissatisfied attitude to current living conditions was associated with a poorer state of vitality and mental health (p < 0.05 for all); moreover, poor or general appetite was associated with a poorer state of role-physical, general health, social functioning, bodily pain, and role-emotional (p < 0.01 for all). Conclusions: Arthritis patients have worse HRQoL than those without in the Chinese population. Female, low socioeconomic status, childhood non-breastfeeding history, average or dissatisfied attitude to current living conditions and poor or general appetite were associated with poorer state of HRQoL among Chinese arthritis patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Health Behavior, Chronic Disease and Health Promotion)

17 pages, 382 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Patient and Medical Staff Satisfaction regarding Healthcare Services in Wuhan Public Hospitals

by Runtang Meng¹

, Jingjing Li², Yunquan Zhang¹

, Yong Yu³, Yi Luo⁴

, Xiaohan Liu⁵, Yanxia Zhao⁵, Yuantao Hao⁵, Ying Hu^1,6 and Chuanhua Yu^1,6,*

¹ Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, 185 Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, China

² Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd.NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA

³ School of Public Health and Management, Hubei University of Medicine, 30 South Renmin Road, Shiyan 442000, China

⁴ School of Nursing, Ningbo College of Health Sciences, 51 Xuefu Road, Ningbo 315100, China

⁵ Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Health Information Research Center, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Rd.2, Guangzhou 510080, China

⁶ Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, 8 South Donghu Road, Wuhan 430072, China

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 769; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040769 - 17 Apr 2018

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 9103

Abstract

Satisfaction evaluation is widely used in healthcare systems to improve healthcare service quality to obtain better health outcomes. The aim of this study was to measure employee work satisfaction and patient satisfaction status in Wuhan, China. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 14 [...] Read more.

Satisfaction evaluation is widely used in healthcare systems to improve healthcare service quality to obtain better health outcomes. The aim of this study was to measure employee work satisfaction and patient satisfaction status in Wuhan, China. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 14 medical institutions. The final valid sample comprised a total of 696 medical staff and 668 patients. The overall satisfaction levels of medical staff and patients were 58.28 ± 14.60 (10.47–100.00) and 65.82 ± 14.66 (8.62–100.00), respectively. The factors affecting medical staff satisfaction, ranking in sequence from most to least satisfied, were: the work itself, working environment and atmosphere, hospital management, practicing environment, and job rewards. Patient satisfaction factors, from most to least affecting, were ranked as follows: physician-patient relationship and communication, service organization and facilities, continuity and collaboration of medical care, access to relevant information and support, and healthcare and related services, respectively. The overall satisfaction evaluation of medical staff was average. Healthcare policy makers and medical institution management staff should focus on job rewards and working environment. This would allow them to increase their work happiness and sense of belonging, which in turn would allow them to provide better medical services to patients. The overall patient evaluation was satisfactory, with patients satisfied at all levels of the satisfaction evaluation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Health Economics)

12 pages, 1126 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Factors Associated with HPV Vaccine Refusal among Young Adult Women after Ten Years of Vaccine Implementation

by Vincenzo Restivo¹

, Claudio Costantino¹

, Tiziana Francesca Fazio¹, Nicolò Casuccio², Claudio D’Angelo², Francesco Vitale¹ and Alessandra Casuccio^1,*

¹ Department of Science for Health Promotion and Mother Child Care “G. D’Alessandro”, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 133, 90127 Palermo, Italy

² Department of Medical Prevention, Local Health Unit of Palermo, Palermo 90141, Italy

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 770; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040770 - 17 Apr 2018

Cited by 41 | Viewed by 6335

Abstract

In Italy, the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination was implemented for twelve years old girls in 2007, but its coverage was lower than the recommended level. Sicily is one of the Italian administrative regions with lower vaccination coverage, with a value of 59% for [...] Read more.

In Italy, the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination was implemented for twelve years old girls in 2007, but its coverage was lower than the recommended level. Sicily is one of the Italian administrative regions with lower vaccination coverage, with a value of 59% for those born in 1996 increasing to 62% coverage for those born in 1999. The aim of the study was to investigate factors associated with the refusal of HPV vaccination among young adult women of Palermo, Italy. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Policlinico “Paolo Giaccone” Hospital (Palermo 1) and the questionnaire was validated in a convenience sample representing 10% of the young women. A cross-sectional study was conducted through the administration of a telephone questionnaire, consisting of 23 items on HPV infection and vaccination knowledge based on the Health Belief Model framework. The eligible population were young women (18–21 years old) who had at least a vaccination among all included in the Sicilian vaccination schedule, without starting or completing HPV vaccination. Overall, 141 young women were enrolled (response rate 22%). Among them, 84.4% were unvaccinated and 15.6% had at least one dose of the HPV vaccine. In multivariate analysis, the factors associated with the refusal of the HPV vaccination were a bachelor’s as the education level (OR = 10.2, p = 0.041), lower participation at school seminar on HPV (OR = 0.2, p = 0.047) and lower perception of HPV vaccine benefits (OR = 0.4, p = 0.048). Public health educational program focusing and tailored on benefits perception of HPV vaccine and HPV disease severity, carried out at school or during medical visits, can be useful to improve HPV vaccination uptake. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interventions and Approaches to Optimize Immunization Coverage Across the Lifespan)

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10 pages, 337 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Predictors of Response to Ketamine in Treatment Resistant Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorder

by Carola Rong¹

, Caroline Park^1,2, Joshua D. Rosenblat^1,3, Mehala Subramaniapillai^1,2, Hannah Zuckerman¹, Dominika Fus¹, Yena L. Lee^1,2, Zihang Pan^1,2, Elisa Brietzke^1,4, Rodrigo B. Mansur^1,3, Danielle S. Cha¹, Leanna M. W. Lui¹ and Roger S. McIntyre^1,2,3,5,*

¹ Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit (MDPU), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON MT5 2S8, Canada

² Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada

³ Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada

⁴ Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-903, Brazil

⁵ Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 771; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040771 - 17 Apr 2018

Cited by 89 | Viewed by 11019

Abstract

Objectives: Extant evidence indicates that ketamine exerts rapid antidepressant effects in treatment-resistant depressive (TRD) symptoms as a part of major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD). The identification of depressed sub-populations that are more likely to benefit from ketamine treatment remains a [...] Read more.

Objectives: Extant evidence indicates that ketamine exerts rapid antidepressant effects in treatment-resistant depressive (TRD) symptoms as a part of major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD). The identification of depressed sub-populations that are more likely to benefit from ketamine treatment remains a priority. In keeping with this view, the present narrative review aims to identify the pretreatment predictors of response to ketamine in TRD as part of MDD and BD. Method: Electronic search engines PubMed/MEDLINE, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Scopus were searched for relevant articles from inception to January 2018. The search term ketamine was cross-referenced with the terms depression, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, predictors, and response and/or remission. Results: Multiple baseline pretreatment predictors of response were identified, including clinical (i.e., Body Mass Index (BMI), history of suicide, family history of alcohol use disorder), peripheral biochemistry (i.e., adiponectin levels, vitamin B12 levels), polysomnography (abnormalities in delta sleep ratio), neurochemistry (i.e., glutamine/glutamate ratio), neuroimaging (i.e., anterior cingulate cortex activity), genetic variation (i.e., Val66Met BDNF allele), and cognitive functioning (i.e., processing speed). High BMI and a positive family history of alcohol use disorder were the most replicated predictors. Conclusions: A pheno-biotype of depression more, or less likely, to benefit with ketamine treatment is far from complete. Notwithstanding, metabolic-inflammatory alterations are emerging as possible pretreatment response predictors of depressive symptom improvement, most notably being cognitive impairment. Sophisticated data-driven computational methods that are iterative and agnostic are more likely to provide actionable baseline pretreatment predictive information. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adult Psychiatry)

11 pages, 307 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of Health Coverage Schemes on Length of Stay and Preventable Hospitalization in Seoul

by Jungah Kim and Changwoo Shon^*

The Seoul Institute, 57 Nambusunhwan-ro, 340-gil, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06756, Korea

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 772; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040772 - 17 Apr 2018

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3629

Abstract

The Medical Aid program is government’s medical benefit program to secure the minimum livelihood and medical services for low-income Korean households. In Seoul, the number of Medical Aid beneficiaries has grown, driving an increases in the length of stay (LOS) and healthcare cost. [...] Read more.

The Medical Aid program is government’s medical benefit program to secure the minimum livelihood and medical services for low-income Korean households. In Seoul, the number of Medical Aid beneficiaries has grown, driving an increases in the length of stay (LOS) and healthcare cost. Until now, studies have focused on quantity indicators, such as LOS, but only a few studies have been conducted on the service quality. We investigated both LOS and the preventable hospitalization (PH) rate as proxy indicators for the quantity and quality of services provided to Medical Aid beneficiaries in Seoul. To understand the program’s impact, we extracted appropriate data of Medical Aid beneficiaries and data of the lower 20% of National Health Insurance (NHI) enrollees, performed Propensity Score Matching (PSM), and controlled the variables related to disease severity. The differences between Medical Aid beneficiaries and NHI enrollees were estimated using multilevel analysis. The LOS of Medical Aid beneficiaries was longer, and the preventable hospitalization (PH) rate was higher than that of NHI enrollees. It implies that these beneficiaries did not receive timely and adequate healthcare services, despite their high rate of service utilization. Thus, indicators such as patient’s visits and screening related to PHs should be included in management policies to improve primary care. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Health Economics)

21 pages, 1645 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Coworkers’ Safety Violations on an Individual Worker: A Social Contagion Effect within the Construction Crew

by Huakang Liang^1,2

, Ken-Yu Lin²

, Shoujian Zhang^3,*

and Yikun Su⁴

¹ School of Management, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China

² Department of Construction Management, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA

³ School of Civil Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China

⁴ School of Civil Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 773; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040773 - 17 Apr 2018

Cited by 59 | Viewed by 7251

Abstract

This research developed and tested a model of the social contagion effect of coworkers’ safety violations on individual workers within construction crews. Both situational and routine safety violations were considered in this model. Empirical data were collected from 345 construction workers in China [...] Read more.

This research developed and tested a model of the social contagion effect of coworkers’ safety violations on individual workers within construction crews. Both situational and routine safety violations were considered in this model. Empirical data were collected from 345 construction workers in China using a detailed questionnaire. The results showed that both types of safety violations made by coworkers were significantly related to individuals’ perceived social support and production pressure. Individuals’ attitudinal ambivalence toward safety compliance mediated the relationships between perceived social support and production pressure and both types of individuals’ safety violations. However, safety motivation only mediated the effects of perceived social support and production pressure on individuals’ situational safety violations. Further, this research supported the differences between situational and routine safety violations. Specifically, we found that individuals were more likely to imitate coworkers’ routine safety violations than their situational safety violations. Coworkers’ situational safety violations had an indirect effect on individuals’ situational safety violations mainly through perceived social support and safety motivation. By contrast, coworkers’ routine safety violations had an indirect effect on individuals’ routine safety violations mainly through perceived production pressure and attitudinal ambivalence. Finally, the theoretical and practical implications, research limitations, and future directions were discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improving Safety, Health, and Wellbeing in Construction)

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15 pages, 5919 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Multicity Analysis of the Short-Term Effects of Air Pollution on the Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Hospital Admissions in Shandong, China

by Yi Liu¹, Jingjie Sun², Yannong Gou², Xiubin Sun¹, Xiujun Li¹, Zhongshang Yuan¹, Lizhi Kong³ and Fuzhong Xue^1,*

¹ Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Shandong University, 44, Wenhuaxi Street, Jinan 250012, China

² Health and Family Planning Information Center of Shandong Province, 75, Yuhan Street, Jinan 250002, China

³ Shandong Academy of Environmental Science, 50, Lishan Street, Jinan 250013, China

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 774; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040774 - 17 Apr 2018

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 5011

Abstract

Although there is growing evidence linking chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) hospital admissions to the exposure to ambient air pollution, the effect can vary depending on the local geography, pollution type, and pollution level. The number of large-scale multicity studies remains limited in [...] Read more.

Although there is growing evidence linking chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) hospital admissions to the exposure to ambient air pollution, the effect can vary depending on the local geography, pollution type, and pollution level. The number of large-scale multicity studies remains limited in China. This study aims to assess the short-term effects of ambient air pollution (PM_2.5, PM₁₀, SO₂, NO₂) on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease hospital admissions from 2015 to 2016, with a total of 216,159 records collected from 207 hospitals in 17 cities all over the Shandong province, east China. Generalized additive models and penalized splines were applied to study the data whilst controlling for confounding meteorological factors and long-term trends. The air pollution was analyzed with 0–6 day lag effects and the percentage change of hospital admissions was assessed for a 10-μg/m³ increase in the air pollution levels. We also examined the percentage changes for different age groups and gender, respectively. The results showed that air pollution was significantly associated with adverse health outcomes and stronger effects were observed for females. The air pollution health effects were also impacted by geographical factors such that the air pollution had weaker health effects in coastal cities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Health)

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14 pages, 28247 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing the Impact of Urbanization on Direct Runoff Using Improved Composite CN Method in a Large Urban Area

by Chunlin Li¹

, Miao Liu^1,*, Yuanman Hu¹, Tuo Shi^1,2, Min Zong^1,2 and M. Todd Walter³

¹ CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China

² University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

³ Department for Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, 62 Riley-Robb Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 775; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040775 - 17 Apr 2018

Cited by 57 | Viewed by 5658

Abstract

Urbanization is one of the most widespread anthropogenic activities, which brings a range of physical and biochemical changes to hydrological system and processes. Increasing direct runoff caused by land use change has become a major challenge for urban ecological security. Reliable prediction of [...] Read more.

Urbanization is one of the most widespread anthropogenic activities, which brings a range of physical and biochemical changes to hydrological system and processes. Increasing direct runoff caused by land use change has become a major challenge for urban ecological security. Reliable prediction of the quantity and rate of surface runoff is an inherently difficult and time-consuming task for large ungauged urban areas. In this study, we combined Geographic Information System and remote sensing technology with an improved Soil Conservation Service curve number model to evaluate the effects of land use change on direct runoff volume of the four-ring area in Shenyang, China, and analyzed trends of direct runoff at different scales. Through analyzing trends of direct runoff from 1984 to 2015 at different scales, we explored how urbanization and other potential factors affect direct runoff changes. Total direct runoff volume increased over time, and trends varied from the inner urban area to suburban area. Zones 1 and 2 had a tendency toward decreasing direct runoff volume and risks, while Zones 3 and 4 showed gradual increases at both regional and pixel scales. The most important influence on direct runoff change was urban surface change caused by urbanization. This study presents a framework for identifying hotspots of runoff increase, which can provide important guidance to urban managers in future green infrastructure planning, in the hopes of improving the security of urban water ecological patterns. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Science and Engineering)

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9 pages, 345 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Management Control Systems and Clinical Experience of Managers in Public Hospitals

by Rogério Joao Lunkes^1,*

, David Naranjo-Gil² and Ernesto Lopez-Valeiras^3,4

¹ Department of Accounting, University Federal of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis-SC 88040-900, Brazil

² Financial Economics and Accounting Department, Pablo de Olavide University, 41013 Sevilla, Spain

³ Financial Economics and Accounting Department, Universidad de Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain

⁴ Biocost Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, 36312 Vigo, Spain

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 776; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040776 - 17 Apr 2018

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5214

Abstract

Healthcare authorities are encouraging managers in hospitals to acquire clinical experience and knowledge in order to better carry out and coordinate healthcare service delivery. The main objective of this paper is to analyse how the clinical experience of hospital managers is related to [...] Read more.

Healthcare authorities are encouraging managers in hospitals to acquire clinical experience and knowledge in order to better carry out and coordinate healthcare service delivery. The main objective of this paper is to analyse how the clinical experience of hospital managers is related to public health institutions’ performance. It is proposed that the effect of the clinical experience on operative and financial organizational performance is indirect through the mediating variables of perceived utility of management information and horizontal management control system. This paper analyses how these variables impact hospital performance through the data from a survey sent to 364 hospital managers in Brazil. The results show that managers’ clinical experience is related to higher perceived utility of historical, financial, short-term, and internal information, but not with horizontal control adoption in hospitals. Furthermore, our results show that, in hospitals, perceived utility of forecasted, non-financial, long-term, and external managerial information positively affects hospitals’ financial performance, while adoption of horizontal control management positively affects operational performance. Through showing evidence that clinical background could explain the differences not only in hospital service management but also in information capabilities and management control processes, this study offer meaningful implications for healthcare authorities and hospital managers involved in the development and implementation of strategies in the health sector. Full article

18 pages, 631 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Intuitionistic Multiplicative ORESTE Method for Patients’ Prioritization of Hospitalization

by Cheng Zhang¹, Xingli Wu¹, Di Wu¹, Huchang Liao^1,2,*

, Li Luo¹ and Enrique Herrera-Viedma^2,3

¹ Business School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China

² Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, University of Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain

³ Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 777; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040777 - 17 Apr 2018

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 4217

Abstract

The tension brought about by sickbeds is a common and intractable issue in public hospitals in China due to the large population. Assigning the order of hospitalization of patients is difficult because of complex patient information such as disease type, emergency degree, and [...] Read more.

The tension brought about by sickbeds is a common and intractable issue in public hospitals in China due to the large population. Assigning the order of hospitalization of patients is difficult because of complex patient information such as disease type, emergency degree, and severity. It is critical to rank the patients taking full account of various factors. However, most of the evaluation criteria for hospitalization are qualitative, and the classical ranking method cannot derive the detailed relations between patients based on these criteria. Motivated by this, a comprehensive multiple criteria decision making method named the intuitionistic multiplicative ORESTE (organísation, rangement et Synthèse dedonnées relarionnelles, in French) was proposed to handle the problem. The subjective and objective weights of criteria were considered in the proposed method. To do so, first, considering the vagueness of human perceptions towards the alternatives, an intuitionistic multiplicative preference relation model is applied to represent the experts’ preferences over the pairwise alternatives with respect to the predetermined criteria. Then, a correlation coefficient-based weight determining method is developed to derive the objective weights of criteria. This method can overcome the biased results caused by highly-related criteria. Afterwards, we improved the general ranking method, ORESTE, by introducing a new score function which considers both the subjective and objective weights of criteria. An intuitionistic multiplicative ORESTE method was then developed and further highlighted by a case study concerning the patients’ prioritization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Health Economics)

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13 pages, 826 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Patterns of Physical Activity and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: A Pilot Study

by Mustafa Al-Zoughool^1,2,*

, Haila Al-Ahmari¹ and Altaf Khan³

¹ Department of Community and Environmental Health, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia

² King Abdulla International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia

³ Biostatistics Section, King Abdulla International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 778; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040778 - 17 Apr 2018

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4662

Abstract

Background: In the current study, we investigated the effect of physical activity (PA) on the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Methods: In total, 146 cases of CHD and 157 matched controls were included in the study. Data on sociodemographics, lifestyle, [...] Read more.

Background: In the current study, we investigated the effect of physical activity (PA) on the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Methods: In total, 146 cases of CHD and 157 matched controls were included in the study. Data on sociodemographics, lifestyle, and medical history factors were collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. A standard World Health Organization (WHO)-based lifestyle questionnaire was used to assess PA. The risk of CHD was analyzed in relation to PA patterns using logistic regression. Results: Vigorous-intensity leisure PA was not associated with a lower risk of CHD. Subjects in the highest tertile of moderate occupational PA had a significantly lower risk of CHD compared to the lowest tertile (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 0.31, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.17–0.56). Subjects in the highest tertile of walking hasd an adjusted OR of 0.37 (95% CI 0.20–0.70). Subjects in the medium and highest tertiles of sedentary behavior had adjusted ORs of 2.01 (95% CI 1.06–3.79) and 3.88 (95% CI 2.14–7.02), respectively (p-value for trend < 0.001). Conclusion: The current results showed that both moderate occupational PA and walking protected against CHD. Sedentary behavior increased the risk of CHD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Health Behavior and Public Health)

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14 pages, 1384 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Developing an Extended Model of the Relation between Work Motivation and Health as Affected by the Work Ability as Part of a Corporate Age Management Approach

by Annemarie Feißel^1,*, Richard Peter², Enno Swart¹

and Stefanie March¹

¹ Institute for Social Medicine and Health Economics, Faculty of Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany

² Institute of the History, Philosophy and Ethics of Medicine, Ulm University, Parkstraße 11, 89073 Ulm, Germany

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 779; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040779 - 17 Apr 2018

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 6554

Abstract

Due to demographic changes, the employee structure in companies is changing dramatically. It will be necessary to offer employees suitable, age-adequate jobs. As one of its foremost goals, optimized business management strategies must create conditions for guaranteeing a person’s health, work ability, and [...] Read more.

Due to demographic changes, the employee structure in companies is changing dramatically. It will be necessary to offer employees suitable, age-adequate jobs. As one of its foremost goals, optimized business management strategies must create conditions for guaranteeing a person’s health, work ability, and work motivation. In the context of corporate age management concepts, the literature recommends to retain and integrate older employees in the organization. This paper aims at developing an extended model of the relation between work motivation and health as affected by work ability and at deriving a host of measures that enterprises can apply as part of a corporate age management policy to counteract the impact of demographic changes. The model also takes into consideration factors influencing the relation between work motivation and health as affected by work ability (socio-demographic parameters, occupation, work-related stress). Additionally, the extended model translates the literature-based results into a corporate setting by way of a corporate age management program. The model comprises a process focusing on retaining and promoting work ability in order to maintain or boost work motivation and health. The host of measures presented serves as a basis to preventively counter demographic change on an individual, interpersonal, and structural level. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Workplace Health Promotion 2018)

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20 pages, 374 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mapping European Welfare Models: State of the Art of Strategies for Professional Integration and Reintegration of Persons with Chronic Diseases

by Chiara Scaratti^1,*, Matilde Leonardi¹

, Fabiola Silvaggi¹

, Carolina C. Ávila², Amalia Muñoz-Murillo^3,4, Panayiota Stavroussi⁵, Olga Roka⁵, Helena Burger⁶, Klemens Fheodoroff⁷, Beata Tobiasz-Adamczyk⁸, Carla Sabariego⁹

, Eva Esteban⁹

, Sonja Gruber¹⁰, Olga Svestkova¹¹, Rune Halvorsen¹², Asel Kadyrbaeva¹³ and Sabrina Ferraina¹³

¹ Neurology, Public Health and Disability Unit, Neurological Institute C. Besta IRCCS Foundation, 20133 Milan, Italy

² Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid and CIBER of Mental Health (CIBERSAM), 28028 Madrid, Spain

³ Innovation and Teaching Unit, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, 08830 Barcelona, Spain

⁴ Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, 08830 Barcelona, Spain

⁵ Department of Special Education, University of Thessaly, 38221 Volos, Greece

⁶ The University Rehabilitation Institute, Republic of Slovenia, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia

⁷ Gailtal Klinik—Neurologische Rehabilitation, 9620 Hermagor, Austria

⁸ Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-008 Krakow, Poland

⁹ Chair for Public Health and Health Services Research, Research Unit for Biopsychosocial Health, Department of Medical Information Processing, Biometry and Epidemiology (IBE), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), 81377 Munich, Germany

¹⁰ Disability and Diversity Studies, Carinthia University of Applied Science (CUAS), 9020 Klagenfurt, Austria

¹¹ Department of Rehabilitation Medicine 1th Medical Faculty Charles University and University Hospital in Prague, 12800 Praha, Czech Republic

¹² Department of Social Work, Child Welfare and Social Policy, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, 0130 Oslo, Norway

¹³ European Association of Service providers for Persons with Disabilities (EASPD), 1040 Brussels, Belgium

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Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 781; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040781 - 17 Apr 2018

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 5337

Abstract

Background: Persons with chronic diseases (PwCDs) often experience work-related problems, and innovative actions to improve their participation in the labor market are needed. In the frame of the European (EU) Pathways Project, the aim of the study is to compare existing strategies (policies, [...] Read more.

Background: Persons with chronic diseases (PwCDs) often experience work-related problems, and innovative actions to improve their participation in the labor market are needed. In the frame of the European (EU) Pathways Project, the aim of the study is to compare existing strategies (policies, systems, and services) for professional (re-)integration of PwCDs and mental health conditions available at both European and national level between different European welfare models: Scandinavian, Continental, Anglo-Saxon, Mediterranean, and “Post-Communist”. Method: The European strategies were identified by an overview of relevant academic and grey literature searched through Medline and internet searches, while national strategies were explored through questionnaires and in-depth interviews with national relevant stakeholders. Results: The mapping of existing strategies revealed that, both at European and national level, PwCDs are often considered as part of the group of “persons with disabilities” and only in this case they can receive employment support. European countries put in place actions to support greater labor market participation, but these differ from country to country. Conclusion: Strategies targeting “persons with disabilities” do not necessarily address all the needs of persons with chronic diseases. Countries should consider the importance of employment for all to achieve smart, sustainable, and inclusive growth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Healthy Workplaces, Employment and Chronic Conditions in Europe: Answering the Hidden Emergency with Innovative Strategies)

11 pages, 759 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Epidemiological Significance and Temporal Stability of Mycobacterial Interspersed Repetitive Units-Variable Number of Tandem Repeats-Based Method Applied to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in China

by Yang Li¹, Yi Hu^1,2,*, Mikael Mansjö³, Qi Zhao¹

, Weili Jiang¹, Solomon Ghebremichael³, Sven Hoffner² and Biao Xu^1,2

¹ Department of Epidemiology, China and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety (Fudan University), School of Public Health, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200032, China

² Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden

³ The Public Health Agency of Sweden, SE-171 82 Solna, Sweden

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 782; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040782 - 17 Apr 2018

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3750

Abstract

This study aimed to validate the epidemiological significance and temporal stability of Mycobacterial Interspersed Repetitive Units-Variable Number of Tandem Repeats (MIRU-VNTR) typing in a genetically and geographically diverse set of clinical isolates from patients diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis in China. Between 2010 and [...] Read more.

This study aimed to validate the epidemiological significance and temporal stability of Mycobacterial Interspersed Repetitive Units-Variable Number of Tandem Repeats (MIRU-VNTR) typing in a genetically and geographically diverse set of clinical isolates from patients diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis in China. Between 2010 and 2013, a total of 982 Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates were collected from four population-based investigations in China. Apart from the currently applied 24-locus MIRU-VNTR, six additional hypervariable loci were analyzed in order to validate the MIRU-VNTR combinations in terms of their epidemiological links, clustering time span, and paired geographic distance. In vitro temporal stability was analyzed for both individual MIRU-VNTR loci, and for several combinations of loci. In the present study, four MIRU-VNTR combinations, including the hypervariable loci 3820, 3232, 2163a, and 4120, were evaluated. All of these combinations obtained a Hunter-Gaston discriminatory index (HGDI) value over 0.9900 with a reduced clustering proportion (from 32.0% to 25.6%). By comparing epidemiological links, clustering time span, and paired geographic distance, we found that the performances of the four MIRU-VNTR combinations were comparable to the insertion sequence 6110 restriction fragment length polymorphism (IS6110-RFLP), and significantly better than that of 24-locus MIRU-VNTR genotyping alone. The proportion of temporally stable loci ranged from 90.5% to 92.5% within the combined MIRU-VNTR genotyping, which is higher than IS6110-RFLP (85.4%). By adding four hypervariable loci to the standard 24-locus MIRU-VNTR genotyping, we obtained a high discriminatory power, stability and epidemiological significance. This algorithm could therefore be used to improve tuberculosis transmission surveillance and outbreak investigation in China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Infectious Disease (EID) Research, Management and Response)

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12 pages, 9874 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Whole Body and Local Muscle Fatigue Using Electromyography and a Perceived Exertion Scale for Squat Lifting

by Imran Ahmad

and Jung-Yong Kim^*

Department of Industrial Management Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 784; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040784 - 18 Apr 2018

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 6863

Abstract

This research study aims at addressing the paradigm of whole body fatigue and local muscle fatigue detection for squat lifting. For this purpose, a comparison was made between perceived exertion with the heart rate and normalized mean power frequency (NMPF) of eight major [...] Read more.

This research study aims at addressing the paradigm of whole body fatigue and local muscle fatigue detection for squat lifting. For this purpose, a comparison was made between perceived exertion with the heart rate and normalized mean power frequency (NMPF) of eight major muscles. The sample consisted of 25 healthy males (age: 30 ± 2.2 years). Borg’s CR-10 scale was used for perceived exertion for two segments of the body (lower and upper) and the whole body. The lower extremity of the body was observed to be dominant compared to the upper and whole body in perceived response. First mode of principal component analysis (PCA) was obtained through the covariance matrix for the eight muscles for 25 subjects for NMPF of eight muscles. The diagonal entries in the covariance matrix were observed for each muscle. The muscle with the highest absolute magnitude was observed across all the 25 subjects. The medial deltoid and the rectus femoris muscles were observed to have the highest frequency for each PCA across 25 subjects. The rectus femoris, having the highest counts in all subjects, validated that the lower extremity dominates the sense of whole body fatigue during squat lifting. The findings revealed that it is significant to take into account the relation between perceived and measured effort that can help prevent musculoskeletal disorders in repetitive occupational tasks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Musculoskeletal Disorders)

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11 pages, 1979 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prevalence of Self-Reported Gluten-Related Disorders and Adherence to a Gluten-Free Diet in Salvadoran Adult Population

by Noé Ontiveros^1,*, Cecilia Ivonne Rodríguez-Bellegarrigue², Gerardo Galicia-Rodríguez³, Marcela De Jesús Vergara-Jiménez³, Elia María Zepeda-Gómez³, Jesús Gilberto Arámburo-Galvez³

, Martina Hilda Gracia-Valenzuela⁴ and Francisco Cabrera-Chávez^3,*

¹ División de Ciencias e Ingeniería, Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Sonora, Navojoa, Sonora 85880, Mexico

² Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Luis Edmundo Vasquez, Departamento de Salud Pública, Universidad Dr. José Matias Delgado, Antiguo Cuscatlán 1502, El Salvador

³ Nutrition Sciences Academic Unit, University of Sinaloa, Av. Cedros and Sauces Street, Los Fresnos, Culiacán, Sinaloa 80019, Mexico

⁴ Instituto Tecnológico del Valle del Yaqui, Block 611, Bácum, Valle del Yaqui, Sonora 82276, Mexico

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 786; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040786 - 18 Apr 2018

Cited by 40 | Viewed by 4978

Abstract

Gluten-related disorders are not considered of relevance at public health level in Central America. The prevalence of gluten-related disorders, and adherence to a gluten-free diet, remain unknown in the Central American region. We conducted a cross-sectional survey of the Central American population from [...] Read more.

Gluten-related disorders are not considered of relevance at public health level in Central America. The prevalence of gluten-related disorders, and adherence to a gluten-free diet, remain unknown in the Central American region. We conducted a cross-sectional survey of the Central American population from San Salvador, El Salvador, to estimate the prevalence rates of self-reported gluten-related disorders and adherence to a gluten-free diet. 1326 individuals were surveyed. Self-reported prevalence rates were (95% Confidence Interval): gluten sensitivity 3.1% (2.3–4.2); physician-diagnosed celiac disease 0.15% (0.04–0.5); wheat allergy 0.75% (0.4–1.3); non-celiac gluten sensitivity 0.98% (0.5–1.6). The prevalence rate of adherence to a gluten-free diet was 7.0% (5.7–8.5). Seven self-reported physician diagnosed gluten-sensitive cases informed the co-existence of non-celiac gluten sensitivity with celiac disease and/or wheat allergy. Among the non-self-reported gluten sensitivity individuals following a gluten-free diet, 50% reported that they were seeing a health professional for gluten-free dietary advice. Gluten sensitivity is commonly reported in Salvadoran population, but some health professionals acknowledge the coexistence of wheat allergy, celiac disease, and non-celiac gluten sensitivity. Among studies at population level, the prevalence of adherence to a gluten-free diet in Salvadoran population is the highest reported until now. However, just a few of the gluten-free diet followers were doing it for health-related benefits; the others reported weight control and the perception that the diet is healthier as the main motivation for adopting such a diet. Full article

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17 pages, 2307 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating Geologic Sources of Arsenic in Well Water in Virginia (USA)

by Tiffany VanDerwerker¹, Lin Zhang², Erin Ling³, Brian Benham³ and Madeline Schreiber^1,*

¹ Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA

² Department of Statistics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA

³ Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 787; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040787 - 18 Apr 2018

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5168

Abstract

We investigated if geologic factors are linked to elevated arsenic (As) concentrations above 5 μg/L in well water in the state of Virginia, USA. Using geologic unit data mapped within GIS and two datasets of measured As concentrations in well water (one from [...] Read more.

We investigated if geologic factors are linked to elevated arsenic (As) concentrations above 5 μg/L in well water in the state of Virginia, USA. Using geologic unit data mapped within GIS and two datasets of measured As concentrations in well water (one from public wells, the other from private wells), we evaluated occurrences of elevated As (above 5 μg/L) based on geologic unit. We also constructed a logistic regression model to examine statistical relationships between elevated As and geologic units. Two geologic units, including Triassic-aged sedimentary rocks and Triassic-Jurassic intrusives of the Culpeper Basin in north-central Virginia, had higher occurrences of elevated As in well water than other geologic units in Virginia. Model results support these patterns, showing a higher probability for As occurrence above 5 μg/L in well water in these two units. Due to the lack of observations (<5%) having elevated As concentrations in our data set, our model cannot be used to predict As concentrations in other parts of the state. However, our results are useful for identifying areas of Virginia, defined by underlying geology, that are more likely to have elevated As concentrations in well water. Due to the ease of obtaining publicly available data and the accessibility of GIS, this study approach can be applied to other areas with existing datasets of As concentrations in well water and accessible data on geology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Arsenic Contamination, Bioavailability and Public Health)

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11 pages, 306 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Predicting Effects of Psychological Inflexibility/Experiential Avoidance and Stress Coping Strategies for Internet Addiction, Significant Depression, and Suicidality in College Students: A Prospective Study

by Wei-Po Chou^1,2, Cheng-Fang Yen^1,3,*

and Tai-Ling Liu^1,3,*

¹ Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan

² Department of Psychiatry, Tsyr-Huey Mental Hospital, Kaohsiung Jen-Ai’s Home, Kaohsiung 831, Taiwan

³ Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, and Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 788; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040788 - 18 Apr 2018

Cited by 69 | Viewed by 10905

Abstract

The aims of this study were to evaluate the predicting effects of psychological inflexibility/experiential avoidance (PI/EA) and stress coping strategies for Internet addiction, significant depression and suicidality among college students during the follow-up period of one year. A total of 500 college students [...] Read more.

The aims of this study were to evaluate the predicting effects of psychological inflexibility/experiential avoidance (PI/EA) and stress coping strategies for Internet addiction, significant depression and suicidality among college students during the follow-up period of one year. A total of 500 college students participated in this study. The level of PI/EA and stress coping strategies were evaluated initially. One year later, 324 participants were invited to complete the Chen Internet Addiction Scale, Beck Depression Inventory-II and the questionnaire for suicidality to evaluate depression symptoms and internet addiction and suicidality. The predicting effects of PI/EA and stress coping strategies were examined by using logistic regression analysis controlling for the effects of gender and age. The results indicated that PI/EA at the initial assessment increased the risk of Internet addiction (OR = 1.087, 95% CI: 1.042–1.135), significant depression (OR = 1.125, 95% CI: 1.081–1.170), and suicidality (OR = 1.099, 95% CI: 1.053–1.147) at the follow-up assessment. Less effective coping at the initial assessment also increased the risk of Internet addiction (OR = 1.074, 95% CI: 1.011–1.140), significant depression (OR = 1.091, 95% CI: 1.037–1.147), and suicidality (OR = 1.074, 95% CI: 1.014–1.138) at the follow-up assessment. Problem focused and emotion-focus coping at the initial assessment was not significantly associated with the risks of Internet addiction, significant depression, and suicidality at the follow-up assessment. College students who have high PI/EA or are accustomed to using less effective stress coping strategies should be the target of prevention programs for IA (internet addiction), depression, and suicidality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Suicide Risk and Mental Disorders)

23 pages, 409 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Indigenous Health and Human Rights: A Reflection on Law and Culture

by Odette Mazel

Melbourne Law School and Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Carlton 3010, Australia

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 789; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040789 - 18 Apr 2018

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 11510

Abstract

In Australia, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples bear a greater burden of disease and have lower life expectancy than their non-Indigenous counterparts. These combined indicators are evidence of an entrenched health crisis in the Indigenous population that is linked to systemic disadvantage [...] Read more.

In Australia, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples bear a greater burden of disease and have lower life expectancy than their non-Indigenous counterparts. These combined indicators are evidence of an entrenched health crisis in the Indigenous population that is linked to systemic disadvantage over many decades. In an effort to improve life expectancy and lessen the burden of disease, a number of strategies and national frameworks now embed a human rights-based approach to achieving health equality. This paper explores the application of human rights to Indigenous health and examines the inherent tensions that exist in engaging a system of law based on universal assumptions of the Enlightenment to advance Indigenous rights. What becomes apparent through this exploration is that the strategic approach of Indigenous peoples’ use of human rights, despite its genesis in a system of law that justified colonisation, has opened up opportunities to reframe fixed ideas of law and culture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Indigenous Health and Wellbeing)

14 pages, 716 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association between Body Image Dissatisfaction and Self-Rated Health, as Mediated by Physical Activity and Eating Habits: Structural Equation Modelling in ELSA-Brasil

by Patricia De Oliveira da Silva¹, Joanna Miguez Nery Guimarães¹, Rosane Härter Griep²

, Enirtes Caetano Prates Melo¹, Sheila Maria Alvim Matos³, Maria Del Carmem Molina⁴, Sandhi Maria Barreto⁵ and Maria De Jesus Mendes da Fonseca^1,*

¹ National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rua Leopoldo Bulhões, 1480, Manguinhos, 21041-210 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

² Laboratory of Health and Environment Education, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, 21040-360 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

³ Institute of Collective Health, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40110-040 Salvador, BA, Brazil

⁴ Health Sciences Centre, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 29043-900 Vitória, ES, Brazil

⁵ Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 790; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040790 - 18 Apr 2018

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 5455

Abstract

This study investigated whether the association between body image dissatisfaction and poor self-rated health is mediated by insufficient physical activity and unhealthy eating habits. The participants were 6727 men and 8037 women from the baseline (2008–2010) of the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health [...] Read more.

This study investigated whether the association between body image dissatisfaction and poor self-rated health is mediated by insufficient physical activity and unhealthy eating habits. The participants were 6727 men and 8037 women from the baseline (2008–2010) of the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto, ELSA-Brasil). Structural equation modelling was used. Associations were found between body image dissatisfaction and poor self-rated health in both sexes. Insufficient physical activity was a mediator. However, unhealthy eating habits were found to exert a mediator effect only via insufficient physical activity. Body image dissatisfaction was found to associate, both directly and possibly indirectly, with poor self-rated health, mediated by insufficient physical activity and unhealthy eating habits. Accordingly, encouraging physical activity and healthy eating can contribute to reducing body image dissatisfaction and favour better self-rated health. Full article

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10 pages, 1264 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Evaluation of Arabin Pessary and Cervical Cerclage for the Prevention of Preterm Labor in Asymptomatic Women with High Risk Factors

by Panagiotis Tsikouras^1,*, George Anastasopoulos², Vasileios Maroulis¹, Anastasia Bothou³, Anna Chalkidou¹, Dorelia Deuteraiou¹, Xanthoula Anthoulaki¹, Georgios Tsatsaris²

, Arzou Halil Bourazan¹, George Iatrakis⁴, Stefanos Zervoudis³, Georgios Galazios¹, Lola-Katerina Inagamova¹, Roland Csorba⁵ and Alexander-Tobias Teichmann⁵

¹ Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece

² Medical Informatics Laboratory, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece

³ Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rea Hospital, 17564 Athens, Greece

⁴ Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Technological Educational Institute, 17564 Athens, Greece

⁵ Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinicum Aschaffenburg, Teaching Hospital of University, 97070 Würzburg, Germany

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 791; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040791 - 18 Apr 2018

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 7200

Abstract

Objective: Preterm labor is one of the most significant obstetric problems associated with high rate of actual and long-term perinatal complications. Despite the creation of scoring systems, uterine activity monitoring, cervical ultrasound and several biochemical markers, the prediction and prevention of preterm labor [...] Read more.

Objective: Preterm labor is one of the most significant obstetric problems associated with high rate of actual and long-term perinatal complications. Despite the creation of scoring systems, uterine activity monitoring, cervical ultrasound and several biochemical markers, the prediction and prevention of preterm labor is still a matter of concern. The aim of this study was to examine cervical findings for the prediction and the comparative use of Arabin pessary or cerclage for the prevention of preterm birth in asymptomatic women with high risk factors for preterm labor. Material and methods: The study group was composed of singleton pregnancies (spontaneously conceived) with high risk factors for preterm labor. Cervical length, dilatation of the internal cervical os and funneling, were estimated with transvaginal ultrasound during the first and the second trimesters of pregnancy. Results: Cervical funneling, during the second trimester of pregnancy, was the most significant factor for the prediction of preterm labor. The use of Arabin cervical pessary was found to be more effective than cerclage in the prolongation of pregnancy. Conclusion: In women at risk for preterm labor, the detection of cervical funneling in the second trimester of pregnancy may help to predict preterm labor and to apply the appropriate treatment for its prevention. Although the use of cervical pessary was found to be more effective than cerclage, more studies are needed to classify the effectiveness of different methods for such prevention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue IJERPH: 15th Anniversary)

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8 pages, 456 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Common Perceived Barriers and Facilitators for Reducing Sedentary Behaviour among Office Workers

by Carla F. J. Nooijen^1,2,*

, Lena V. Kallings²

, Victoria Blom^2,3, Örjan Ekblom²

, Yvonne Forsell^1,4 and Maria M. Ekblom^2,3

¹ The Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, 11365 Stockholm, Sweden

² The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences (GIH), 11486 Stockholm, Sweden

³ The Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden

⁴ Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Stockholm Health Care District, 11365 Stockholm, Sweden

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 792; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040792 - 18 Apr 2018

Cited by 46 | Viewed by 12281

Abstract

Qualitative studies identified barriers and facilitators associated with work-related sedentary behaviour. The objective of this study was to determine common perceived barriers and facilitators among office workers, assess subgroup differences, and describe sedentary behaviour. From two Swedish companies, 547 office workers (41 years [...] Read more.

Qualitative studies identified barriers and facilitators associated with work-related sedentary behaviour. The objective of this study was to determine common perceived barriers and facilitators among office workers, assess subgroup differences, and describe sedentary behaviour. From two Swedish companies, 547 office workers (41 years (IQR = 35–48), 65% women, 66% highly educated) completed questionnaires on perceived barriers and facilitators, for which subgroup differences in age, gender, education, and workplace sedentary behaviour were assessed. Sedentary behaviour was measured using inclinometers (n = 311). The most frequently reported barrier was sitting is a habit (67%), which was reported more among women than men (Χ² = 5.14, p = 0.03) and more among highly sedentary office workers (Χ² = 9.26, p < 0.01). The two other most reported barriers were that standing is uncomfortable (29%) and standing is tiring (24%). Facilitators with the most support were the introduction of either standing- or walking-meetings (respectively 33% and 29%) and more possibilities or reminders for breaks (31%). The proportion spent sedentary was 64% at the workplace, 61% on working days, and 57% on non-working days. This study provides a detailed understanding of office workers’ ideas about sitting and means to reduce sitting. We advise to include the supported facilitators and individualized support in interventions to work towards more effective strategies to reduce sedentary behaviour. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sedentary Behaviour and Health)

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15 pages, 2814 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of UV Aging on Antimicrobial and Mechanical Properties of PLA Films with Incorporated Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles

by Małgorzata Mizielińska^1,*

, Urszula Kowalska¹, Michał Jarosz¹, Patrycja Sumińska¹, Nicolas Landercy² and Emmanuel Duquesne²

¹ Center of Bioimmobilisation and Innovative Packaging Materials, Faculty of Food Sciences and Fisheries, West Pomeranian University of Technology Szczecin, Janickiego 35, Szczecin 71-270, Poland

² Materianova, Avenue Nicolas Copernic, 1, 7000 Mons, Belgium

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 794; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040794 - 18 Apr 2018

Cited by 47 | Viewed by 5236

Abstract

The aim of this study was to examine the influence of accelerated UV-aging on the activity against chosen microorganisms and the mechanical properties of poly-lactic acid (PLA) films enhanced with ZnO nanoparticles. The pure PLA films and tri-layered PLAZnO1%/PLA/PLAZnO1% films of 150 µm [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to examine the influence of accelerated UV-aging on the activity against chosen microorganisms and the mechanical properties of poly-lactic acid (PLA) films enhanced with ZnO nanoparticles. The pure PLA films and tri-layered PLAZnO1%/PLA/PLAZnO1% films of 150 µm thickness were extruded. The samples were treated with UV-A and Q-SUN irradiation. After irradiation the antimicrobial activity and mechanical properties of the films were analyzed. The results of the study demonstrated that PLA films did not inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus atrophaeus, and Candida albicans cells. PLA films with incorporated zinc oxide nanoparticles decreased the number of analyzed microorganisms. Accelerated UV aging had no negative effect on the activity of the film containing nano-ZnO against Gram-positive bacteria, but it influenced the activity against Gram-negative cells and C. albicans. Q-SUN irradiation decreased the antimicrobial effect of films with incorporated nanoparticles against B. cereus. UV-A and Q-UV irradiation did not influence the mechanical properties of PLA films containing incorporated ZnO nanoparticles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Science and Engineering)

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15 pages, 13098 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mapping and Modelling Malaria Risk Areas Using Climate, Socio-Demographic and Clinical Variables in Chimoio, Mozambique

by Joao L. Ferrao^1,*, Sergio Niquisse², Jorge M. Mendes³

and Marco Painho³

¹ Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade Católica de Moçambique, Chimoio 20106, Mozambique

² GIS Department, Faculdade de Economia e Gestão, Universidade Católica de Moçambique, Beira 2107, Mozambique

³ NOVA Information Management School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1000-260 Lisboa, Portugal

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 795; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040795 - 19 Apr 2018

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 8630

Abstract

Background: Malaria continues to be a major public health concern in Africa. Approximately 3.2 billion people worldwide are still at risk of contracting malaria, and 80% of deaths caused by malaria are concentrated in only 15 countries, most of which are in [...] Read more.

Background: Malaria continues to be a major public health concern in Africa. Approximately 3.2 billion people worldwide are still at risk of contracting malaria, and 80% of deaths caused by malaria are concentrated in only 15 countries, most of which are in Africa. These high-burden countries have achieved a lower than average reduction of malaria incidence and mortality, and Mozambique is among these countries. Malaria eradication is therefore one of Mozambique’s main priorities. Few studies on malaria have been carried out in Chimoio, and there is no malaria map risk of the area. This map is important to identify areas at risk for application of Public Precision Health approaches. By using GIS-based spatial modelling techniques, the research goal of this article was to map and model malaria risk areas using climate, socio-demographic and clinical variables in Chimoio, Mozambique. Methods: A 30 m × 30 m Landsat image, ArcGIS 10.2 and BioclimData were used. A conceptual model for spatial problems was used to create the final risk map. The risks factors used were: the mean temperature, precipitation, altitude, slope, distance to water bodies, distance to roads, NDVI, land use and land cover, malaria prevalence and population density. Layers were created in a raster dataset. For class value comparisons between layers, numeric values were assigned to classes within each map layer, giving them the same importance. The input dataset were ranked, with different weights according to their suitability. The reclassified outputs of the data were combined. Results: Chimoio presented 96% moderate risk and 4% high-risk areas. The map showed that the central and south-west “Residential areas”, namely, Centro Hipico, Trangapsso, Bairro 5 and 1° de Maio, had a high risk of malaria, while the rest of the residential areas had a moderate risk. Conclusions: The entire Chimoio population is at risk of contracting malaria, and the precise estimation of malaria risk, therefore, has important precision public health implications and for the planning of effective control measures, such as the proper time and place to spray to combat vectors, distribution of bed nets and other control measures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Impacts of Warming of 1.5 °C and 2 °C)

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11 pages, 1039 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association between Sleep Duration and Perceived Stress: Salaried Worker in Circumstances of High Workload

by Dong-Woo Choi^1,2, Sung-Youn Chun^1,2, Sang Ah Lee^1,2, Kyu-Tae Han³

and Eun-Cheol Park^2,4,*

¹ Department of Public Health, Graduate School, Yonsei University, 03772 Seoul, Korea

² Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University, 03772 Seoul, Korea

³ Department of Policy Research Affairs, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, 10444 Koyang, Korea

⁴ Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 03772 Seoul, Korea

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 796; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040796 - 19 Apr 2018

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 10377

Abstract

The aim of this study was to find the association between sleep duration and perceived stress in salaried workers according to occupational categories and which lifestyle factors affected those correlations in South Korea. This study used data from the 2015 Community Health Survey [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to find the association between sleep duration and perceived stress in salaried workers according to occupational categories and which lifestyle factors affected those correlations in South Korea. This study used data from the 2015 Community Health Survey (CHS). The self-reported sleep duration was used as the dependent variable in this study. We explored sleep duration and stress awareness among salaried workers, as well as household income and educational level with multiple logistic regression analysis. Salaried workers who slept for five or less hours had a higher odds ratio for high-stress awareness (OR: 1.86, 95% CI: 1.74–1.98). Stress awareness is associated with short sleep duration; specialized workers, office workers, those with above mid-high household income and graduate, university, or college level workers especially need to sleep adequately to manage stress. Full article

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11 pages, 752 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exercise Caution: Questions to Ask Adolescents Who May Exercise Too Hard

by Emma Forsén Mantilla^*, Johanna Levallius, Elin Monell and Andreas Birgegård

Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Norra Stationsgatan 69, 7 tr 113 64 Stockholm, Sweden

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 797; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040797 - 19 Apr 2018

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5169

Abstract

When the primary goal of exercise is to compensate for food intake and to alter body shape and weight, it is considered compulsive and may be harmful. Compulsive exercise (CE) is important in the pathogenesis of eating disorders (EDs). Many healthy adolescents engage [...] Read more.

When the primary goal of exercise is to compensate for food intake and to alter body shape and weight, it is considered compulsive and may be harmful. Compulsive exercise (CE) is important in the pathogenesis of eating disorders (EDs). Many healthy adolescents engage in CE too, and this may indicate a risk for EDs. Our aim was to learn more about ED risk factors tied to CE and to try to isolate questions to ask in order to probe for high ED risk in adolescents engaging in CE. Using two well-established instruments (the Structural Analysis of Social Behavior and the Eating Disorders Examination Questionnaire), we studied associations between ED variables and CE in healthy adolescent boys and girls. We examined gender-specific items to generate the best possible fit for each gender. Individuals with CE displayed significantly greater ED pathology and more self-criticism, and this pattern was stronger in girls than in boys. Risk factors for ED among individuals with CE differed slightly for boys and girls. We put forward a set of gender-specific questions that may be helpful when probing for ED risk among adolescents engaging in CE. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eating and Exercise in Children and Adolescents)

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14 pages, 518 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Antecedents and Consequences of Health Literacy in an Ecological Perspective: Results from an Experimental Analysis

by Chiara Lorini^1,*, Francesca Ierardi²

, Letizia Bachini², Martina Donzellini³, Fabrizio Gemmi² and Guglielmo Bonaccorsi¹

¹ Department of Health Science, University of Florence, Viale GB Morgagni 48, 50134 Firenze, Italy

² Quality and Equity Unit, Regional Health Agency of Tuscany, 50141 Florence, Italy

³ School of Specialization in Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 798; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040798 - 19 Apr 2018

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 5749

Abstract

This study analyses the relationship between the antecedents and consequences of health literacy (HL) at the ecological level among the nations involved in the European Health Literacy Survey (HLS-EU). The antecedents and consequences were investigated by means of proxy indicators. The HL was [...] Read more.

This study analyses the relationship between the antecedents and consequences of health literacy (HL) at the ecological level among the nations involved in the European Health Literacy Survey (HLS-EU). The antecedents and consequences were investigated by means of proxy indicators. The HL was measured using the 47-item HLS-EU questionnaire (HLS-EUQ47) and the Newest Vital Sign (NVS). The two measures stood in significant correlation to the outcomes of the sub-discipline of the Euro Health Consumer Index (r = 0.790 for HLS-EUQ47; r = 0.789 for NVS). The HLS-EUQ47 also stood in correlation to the percentage of population with post-secondary education (r = 0.810), the reading performance for 15-year-old students (r = 0.905), the presence of a national screening program for breast (r = 0.732) or cervical cancer (r = 0.873). The NVS stood in correlation with the unemployment rate (r = −0.778), the Gross Domestic Product (r = 0.719), the Gini coefficient (r = −0.743), the rank of the Euro Patient Empowerment Index (r = −0.826), the expenditure on social protection (r = 0.814), the Consumer Empowerment Index (r = 0.898), the percentage of adults using the internet for seeking health information (r = 0.759), the prevalence of overweight individuals (r = −0.843), the health expenditure (r = 0.766), as well as the percentage of individuals using the internet for interacting with public authorities (r = 0.755). This study provides some preliminary considerations regarding alternative means by which to study HL and proposes new methods for experimentation. The methods and the results could offer a means by which the relationship between society and overall healthcare protection could be strengthened. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Literacy in Context—Settings, Media, and Populations)

12 pages, 1387 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Water Reclamation Using a Ceramic Nanofiltration Membrane and Surface Flushing with Ozonated Water

by Takahiro Fujioka^1,*

, Anh T. Hoang¹, Tetsuji Okuda², Haruka Takeuchi³

, Hiroaki Tanaka³ and Long D. Nghiem⁴

¹ Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan

² Faculty of Science & Technology, Ryukoku University, Shiga 520-2194, Japan

³ Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Kyoto University, Shiga 520-0811, Japan

⁴ Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo NSW 2007, Australia

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 799; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040799 - 19 Apr 2018

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 6747

Abstract

A new membrane fouling control technique using ozonated water flushing was evaluated for direct nanofiltration (NF) of secondary wastewater effluent using a ceramic NF membrane. Experiments were conducted at a permeate flux of 44 L/m²h to evaluate the ozonated water flushing [...] Read more.

A new membrane fouling control technique using ozonated water flushing was evaluated for direct nanofiltration (NF) of secondary wastewater effluent using a ceramic NF membrane. Experiments were conducted at a permeate flux of 44 L/m²h to evaluate the ozonated water flushing technique for fouling mitigation. Surface flushing with clean water did not effectively remove foulants from the NF membrane. In contrast, surface flushing with ozonated water (4 mg/L dissolved ozone) could effectively remove most foulants to restore the membrane permeability. This surface flushing technique using ozonated water was able to limit the progression of fouling to 35% in transmembrane pressure increase over five filtration cycles. Results from this study also heighten the need for further development of ceramic NF membrane to ensure adequate removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) for water recycling applications. The ceramic NF membrane used in this study showed approximately 40% TOC rejection, and the rejection of PPCPs was generally low and highly variable. It is expected that the fouling mitigation technique developed here is even more important for ceramic NF membranes with smaller pore size and thus better PPCP rejection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Membrane Technologies for Water and Wastewater Treatment)

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14 pages, 761 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association of Anthropometric Indices of Obesity with Hypertension in Chinese Elderly: An Analysis of Age and Gender Differences

by Qian Wang¹, Lingzhong Xu^1,2,*, Jiajia Li^1,2, Long Sun^1,2, Wenzhe Qin¹, Gan Ding¹, Jing Zhu¹, Jiao Zhang¹, Zihang Yu¹ and Su Xie¹

¹ School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China

² Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 801; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040801 - 19 Apr 2018

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 5274

Abstract

This study aims to explore the association of anthropometric indices of obesity with hypertension in Chinese elderly and its possible gender and age differences. A total of 7070 adults age 60 or older were interviewed in a cross-sectional study conducted in 2017. Anthropometric [...] Read more.

This study aims to explore the association of anthropometric indices of obesity with hypertension in Chinese elderly and its possible gender and age differences. A total of 7070 adults age 60 or older were interviewed in a cross-sectional study conducted in 2017. Anthropometric indices for each participant were measured by using standard methods of trained doctoral/master students. We performed two binary logistic regression models to examine the association of the nine different anthropometric indices and hypertension by gender. Lastly, analyses were performed in two steps stratified for age. Comparing individuals with and without hypertension, there were statistically significant differences in anthropometric indices except height, a body shape index (ABSI), and hip index (HI) in males; and except height in females. There were gender differences in the relationship between anthropometric indices and the prevalence of hypertension in Chinese older adults. After stratification by age, the associations of all anthropometric indices became weaker, disappeared, or even went in the opposite direction. Furthermore, body mass index (BMI) in men (except individuals older than 80) and hip circumference (HC) in women showed a significant impact on the risk of hypertension. The association of anthropometric indices of obesity with hypertension in Chinese elderly differ by gender and age. These findings indicate a need to develop gender-specific strategies for the male and female elderly in the primary and secondary prevention of hypertension. Full article

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21 pages, 24078 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Regional Ecosystem Health—A Case Study of the Golden Triangle of Southern Fujian Province, China

by Ziyan Wang^1,2, Lina Tang^1,*

, Quanyi Qiu¹, Huaxiang Chen^1,2

, Tong Wu^1,2 and Guofan Shao¹

¹ Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences Urban Environment and Health Key Laboratory, Xiamen 361021, China

² University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101407, China

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 802; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040802 - 19 Apr 2018

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 5089

Abstract

Intensifying urbanization and rapid population growth in Fujian Province, China, has caused pollution of air and water resources; this has adversely impacted ecosystems and human health. China has recently begun pursuing a massive infrastructure and economic development strategy called the Belt and Road [...] Read more.

Intensifying urbanization and rapid population growth in Fujian Province, China, has caused pollution of air and water resources; this has adversely impacted ecosystems and human health. China has recently begun pursuing a massive infrastructure and economic development strategy called the Belt and Road Initiative, which could potentially cause further environmental damage. Evaluations of ecosystem health are therefore a first step towards identifying the potential impacts from the development and planning sustainable development strategies in the Golden Triangle of Southern Fujian. To this end, our study analyzed landscape patterns and evaluated ecosystem health in this region. We used an index system method to develop a pressure–state–response (PSR) model for assessing the region’s ecosystem health. We found that: (1) the landscape type with the greatest area in the study region is cultivated land and there were no areas that were undisturbed by human activity; (2) the overall ecological health of the region is good, but there is distinct variation across the region. This study incorporates the landscape pattern into an evaluation of ecosystem health. Using counties as evaluation units, we provide a general evaluation index for this scale. The methods reported here can be used in complex ecological environments to inform sustainable management decisions. Full article

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14 pages, 500 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Convergence in Sleep Time Accomplished? Gender Gap in Sleep Time for Middle-Aged Adults in Korea

by Seung-Eun Cha¹

and Ki-Soo Eun^2,*

¹ Department of Child and Family Welfare, University of Suwon, 17 Wauangill, Bongdam-eup, Hwasung-si, Gyounggi-do 18323, Korea

² Graduate School of International Studies, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 803; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040803 - 19 Apr 2018

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5105

Abstract

Although the gender gap in sleep time has narrowed significantly in the last decade, middle-aged women between ages 35 and 60 still sleep less than their male counterparts in Korea. This study examines and provides evidence for factors contributing to the gender gap [...] Read more.

Although the gender gap in sleep time has narrowed significantly in the last decade, middle-aged women between ages 35 and 60 still sleep less than their male counterparts in Korea. This study examines and provides evidence for factors contributing to the gender gap in this age group. Using Korean Time Use Survey (KTUS) data from 2004, 2009 and 2014, we find that middle-aged women’s difficulty in managing work-life balance and traditional role expectations placed upon women are the main causes of the gender gap in sleep time. The decomposition analysis reveals that the improved socioeconomic status and recent changes in familial expectations for women may have helped them sleep more than in the past. However, there remain fundamental differences in attitude and time use patterns between men and women that prevent middle-aged women from getting the same amount of sleep. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Impact of 24-Hour Movement Behaviour and Time Use)

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8 pages, 501 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Urinary Cotinine Concentration and Self-Reported Smoking Status in 1075 Subjects Living in Central Italy

by Enrico Paci¹, Daniela Pigini¹, Lisa Bauleo²

, Carla Ancona²

, Francesco Forastiere² and Giovanna Tranfo^1,*

¹ INAIL, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Via di Fontana Candida 1, Monteporzio Catone, 00078 Rome, Italy

² Lazio Regional Health Service, Department of Epidemiology, Via Cristoforo Colombo 112, 00147 Rome, Italy

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 804; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040804 - 19 Apr 2018

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 6615

Abstract

Background: Urinary cotinine, a metabolite of nicotine, is a marker of tobacco smoke exposure. A cutoff value for cotinine concentration can be set to distinguish smokers from non-smokers, independently from self-declared status. Method: Cotinine was determined by isotopic dilution High Performance Liquid Chromatography [...] Read more.

Background: Urinary cotinine, a metabolite of nicotine, is a marker of tobacco smoke exposure. A cutoff value for cotinine concentration can be set to distinguish smokers from non-smokers, independently from self-declared status. Method: Cotinine was determined by isotopic dilution High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) between 2013 and 2014 on urine samples of a population of 1075 subjects. Results: 296 subjects have a cotinine level higher than 100 μg/g of creatinine (cutoff), with a median cotinine concentration of 1504.70 μg/g of creatinine. The mean is 27.5% of smokers and 60.5% in this group are females. The median value for non-smokers is 5.6 μg/g of creatinine. Two hundred and seventy-five subjects declared to be smokers in the questionnaire, but 6 (2.2%) present urinary cotinine levels lower than cutoff; 800 subjects declared to be non-smokers, but 26 of them presented urinary cotinine levels that were higher than the cutoff (3.3%). Conclusion: Using the cutoff of 100 μg/g, the misclassification of smokers resulted to be 2.2%, indicating that the selected value is suitable for studying the human exposures to environmental and occupational pollutants, including those produced by smoking. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Tobacco Smoke: Exposure and Effects)

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14 pages, 5294 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling Skin Injury from Hot Rice Porridge Spills

by Torgrim Log

Department of Engineering, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, 5528 Haugesund, Norway

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 808; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040808 - 20 Apr 2018

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4578

Abstract

The present work analyzes skin burns from spills of hot rice and milk products. The traditional Norwegian rice porridge serves as an example. By testing spills on objects emulating an arm, it was concluded that spills were seldom thinner than 3 mm, and [...] Read more.

The present work analyzes skin burns from spills of hot rice and milk products. The traditional Norwegian rice porridge serves as an example. By testing spills on objects emulating an arm, it was concluded that spills were seldom thinner than 3 mm, and stayed in place due to the viscosity of the porridge for more than one minute. The Pennes bioheat equation was solved numerically for such spills, including heat conduction to the skin and convective heat losses from the porridge surface. Temperatures were analyzed in the porridge and skin layers, and the resulting skin injury was calculated based on the basal layer temperature. Parameters influencing burn severity, such as porridge layer thickness, porridge temperature, removal of the porridge and thermal effects of post scald tempered (15 °C) water cooling were analyzed. The spilled porridge resulted in a prolonged heat supply to the skin, and the skin injury developed significantly with time. The porridge temperature turned out to be the most important injury parameter. A 70 °C porridge temperature could develop superficial partial-thickness burns. Porridge temperatures at processing temperatures nearly instantly developed severe burns. It was demonstrated that prompt removal of the hot porridge significantly reduced the injury development. The general advice is to avoid serving porridge and similar products at temperatures above 65 °C and, if spilled on the skin, to remove it quickly. After such scald incidents, it is advised to cool the injured area by tempered water for a prolonged period to stimulate healing. Full article

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7 pages, 294 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thematic Analysis of Medical Notes Offers Preliminary Insight into Precipitants for Asian Suicide Attempters: An Exploratory Study

by Carol C. Choo^1,*

, Roger C. Ho²

and André A. D. Burton³

¹ College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Singapore 387380, Singapore

² Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119007, Singapore

³ School of Psychology, Curtin University, Perth 6102, Australia

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 809; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040809 - 20 Apr 2018

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 5202

Abstract

One important dynamic risk factor for suicide assessment includes suicide precipitant. This exploratory study used a qualitative paradigm to look into the themes surrounding precipitants for suicide attempts in Singapore. Medical records related to suicide attempters who were admitted to the emergency department [...] Read more.

One important dynamic risk factor for suicide assessment includes suicide precipitant. This exploratory study used a qualitative paradigm to look into the themes surrounding precipitants for suicide attempts in Singapore. Medical records related to suicide attempters who were admitted to the emergency department of a large teaching hospital in Singapore over a three year period were subjected to analysis. A total of 666 cases were examined (69.2% females; 63.8% Chinese, 15% Malays, 15.8% Indians), ages ranged from 10 years old to 85 years old (Mean = 29.7, Standard Deviation = 16.1). The thematic analysis process that was applied to the textual data elicited key concepts labelled as Relationship issues, Financial strain, Socio-legal-academic—environmental stress, and Physical and mental illness and pain. Interpreted with other recent local research on suicide attempters in Singapore, the findings have implications for informing suicide interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adult Psychiatry)

11 pages, 302 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prevalence of General and Central Obesity and Associated Factors among North Korean Refugees in South Korea by Duration after Defection from North Korea: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Yoon Jung Kim¹, Sin Gon Kim² and Yo Han Lee^3,*

¹ Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital, Beodeunaru-ro 7-gil, Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul 07247, Korea

² Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea

³ Department of Preventive Medicine, Konyang University College of Medicine, 158, Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35365, Korea

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 811; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040811 - 20 Apr 2018

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4523

Abstract

Previous studies on obesity status among North Korean refugees (NKRs) have been limited. We investigated mean body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and general and central obesity prevalence among NKRs in South Korea (SK) by duration after defection from North Korea (NK), [...] Read more.

Previous studies on obesity status among North Korean refugees (NKRs) have been limited. We investigated mean body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and general and central obesity prevalence among NKRs in South Korea (SK) by duration after defection from North Korea (NK), using cross-sectional data of the North Korean Refugee Health in South Korea (NORNS) study and compared these data with a sample from the general South Korean population (the fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey). The prevalence of general and central obesity among NKRs with duration after defection from NK of less than five years were lower than among South Koreans, except for central obesity among NKR females (obesity prevalence, 19% (12–27%) vs. 39% (34–44%) for NK vs. SK males (p < 0.001) and 19% (14–24%) vs. 27% (24–29%) for NK vs. SK females (p = 0.076); central obesity prevalence, 13% (6–19%) vs. 24% (20–29%) for NK vs. SK males (p = 0.011) and 22% (17–28%) vs. 20% (18–22%) for NK vs. SK females (p = 0.382)). The prevalence of general and central obesity among NKRs with duration after defection from NK (≥10 years) were comparable to those of South Koreans in both genders (obesity prevalence, 34% (18–50%) vs. 39% (34–44%) for NK vs. SK males (p = 0.690) and 23% (18–29%) vs. 27% (24–29%) for NK vs. SK females (0.794); central obesity prevalence, 21% (7–34%) vs. 24% (20–29%) for NK vs. SK males (p = 0.642); 22% (17–28%) vs. 20% (18–22%) for NK vs. SK females (p = 0.382)). Male sex, age and longer duration after defection from NK (≥10 years) were positively associated with obesity. As for central obesity, age was the only independently associated factor. NKR females with duration after defection from NK of less than five years had comparable central obesity prevalence to South Korean females in spite of a lower BMI, which suggests that we need further monitoring for their metabolic health among NKRs in SK. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Health Behavior, Chronic Disease and Health Promotion)

20 pages, 357 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Empirical Study of the Impact of the Air Transportation Industry Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction Projects on the Local Economy in China

by Yuxiu Chen^1,2, Jian Yu^2,*, Li Li³, Linlin Li², Long Li², Jie Zhou^4,*, Sang-Bing Tsai^2,5,*

and Quan Chen⁵

¹ College of Civil Aviation, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China

² Research Center for Environment and Sustainable Development of China Civil Aviation, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China

³ Wuxi Audit Division, Bank of Ningbo, Wuxi 214043, China

⁴ College of Tourism and Service Management, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China

⁵ Zhongshan Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Guangdong 528400, China

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 812; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040812 - 20 Apr 2018

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 5403

Abstract

Green development has been of particular interest to a range of industries worldwide, one of which being the air transportation industry (ATI). The energy conservation and emission reduction (ECER) projects of the ATI have a huge impact on the local economy. In this [...] Read more.

Green development has been of particular interest to a range of industries worldwide, one of which being the air transportation industry (ATI). The energy conservation and emission reduction (ECER) projects of the ATI have a huge impact on the local economy. In this study, the input-output method was used to analyze the indirect economic impact of the implementation of the ECER projects of the ATI on the local economy of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region. We examined the direct benefits, backward spread effects, forward spread effects, and consumption multiplier effects. The final results showed that the comprehensive economic income from 2011–2013 in the BTH region reached RMB 4.74 billion. The results revealed that the ECER projects commissioned by the ATI were worth investing from both the economic and social benefits perspectives. To increase the green development effects and promote the sustainable development of the ATI, the special funds provided by the Civil Aviation Administration of China should be invested intensively in basic green technology research and setting green regulating and governance rules. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Environment, Green Operations and Sustainability)

13 pages, 660 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reciprocal Associations between Electronic Media Use and Behavioral Difficulties in Preschoolers

by Tanja Poulain^1,*

, Mandy Vogel¹, Madlen Neef¹, Franziska Abicht¹, Anja Hilbert², Jon Genuneit³

, Antje Körner^1,4 and Wieland Kiess^1,4

¹ LIFE Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig University, Philipp-Rosenthal-Strasse 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany

² Integrated Research and Treatment Center Adiposity Diseases, Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, Leipzig University, Philipp-Rosenthal-Strasse 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany

³ Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Helmholtzstrasse 22, 89081 Ulm, Germany

⁴ Department of Women and Child Health, Hospital for Children and Adolescents and Center for Pediatric Research (CPL), Leipzig University, Liebigstrasse 20a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 814; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040814 - 21 Apr 2018

Cited by 73 | Viewed by 20362

Abstract

The use of electronic media has increased substantially and is already observable in young children. The present study explored associations of preschoolers’ use of electronic media with age, gender, and socio-economic status, investigated time trends, and examined reciprocal longitudinal relations between children’s use [...] Read more.

The use of electronic media has increased substantially and is already observable in young children. The present study explored associations of preschoolers’ use of electronic media with age, gender, and socio-economic status, investigated time trends, and examined reciprocal longitudinal relations between children’s use of electronic media and their behavioral difficulties. The study participants included 527 German two- to six-year-old children whose parents had provided information on their use of electronic media and their behavioral difficulties at two time points, with approximately 12 months between baseline and follow-up. The analyses revealed that older vs. younger children, as well as children from families with a lower vs. higher socio-economic status, were more often reported to use electronic media. Furthermore, the usage of mobile phones increased significantly between 2011 and 2016. Most interestingly, baseline usage of computer/Internet predicted more emotional and conduct problems at follow-up, and baseline usage of mobile phones was associated with more conduct problems and hyperactivity or inattention at follow-up. Peer relationship problems at baseline, on the other hand, increased the likelihood of using computer/Internet and mobile phones at follow-up. The findings indicate that preschoolers’ use of electronic media, especially newer media such as computer/Internet and mobile phones, and their behavioral difficulties are mutually related over time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eating and Exercise in Children and Adolescents)

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11 pages, 296 KiB

Open AccessArticle

How Urban Parks Offer Opportunities for Physical Activity in Dublin, Ireland

by Eve Burrows¹, Margaret O’Mahony^2,* and Dermot Geraghty¹

¹ Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, the University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland

² Trinity Centre for Transport Research, Department of Civil, Structural & Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, the University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 815; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040815 - 21 Apr 2018

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 6100

Abstract

Parks are an important part of the urban fabric of cities. They offer people the opportunity to connect with nature, engage in physical activity, find a haven away from the city noise, or spend time alone or with family and friends. This study [...] Read more.

Parks are an important part of the urban fabric of cities. They offer people the opportunity to connect with nature, engage in physical activity, find a haven away from the city noise, or spend time alone or with family and friends. This study examines the relative importance of park and park visit characteristics for 865 survey participants in Dublin, Ireland. The data is analyzed using a multinomial logistic regression model which can distinguish the relative importance of attributes. The model results demonstrate an improvement over proportional by chance accuracy, indicating that the model is useful. The results suggest that when and why individuals go to the park along with the proximity of their residence to the park influence visit frequency more than their age and gender and more than their impression of the sound levels in the park. The contribution of the results, in terms of their potential usefulness to planners, suggest that the priority should be on the provision of park space close to residential areas, so that individuals can engage in activities such as walking and relaxation, and that the quality of that space, in the context of noise levels at least, is less important. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Health)

15 pages, 3023 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design of Urban Public Spaces: Intent vs. Reality

by Mikkel Hjort^1,*

, W. Mike Martin², Tom Stewart³

and Jens Troelsen¹

¹ Department of Sport Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Southern University of Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense M, 5230, Denmark

² Architecture Department, University of California-Berkeley, 230Wurster Hall #1820, Berkeley, CA 94720–1820, USA

³ Human Potential Centre, Auckland University of Technology, AUT Millennium, Room SA225, New Zealand

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 816; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040816 - 21 Apr 2018

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 8136

Abstract

This study investigated how two public spaces for sport and recreation were utilized by different user groups, and how this aligned with the initial design objectives for these spaces. Two newly built urban spaces situated in Copenhagen, Denmark, provided the context for this [...] Read more.

This study investigated how two public spaces for sport and recreation were utilized by different user groups, and how this aligned with the initial design objectives for these spaces. Two newly built urban spaces situated in Copenhagen, Denmark, provided the context for this investigation. The System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC) was used to examine the physical activity of users in these two urban spaces. The architects responsible for designing each space were interviewed to ascertain the intended target group of each space and to unravel the reasons behind the design decisions. The SOPARC observations revealed that males were more vigorously active than females when using the recreation facilities, and the observed users did not align with the intended target groups. The interviews suggested that design decisions were based on minimal interdisciplinary knowledge, and that expert knowledge was chosen randomly. These findings point to a systematic lack of evidence-based practice when designing sport and recreational facilities. This article has implications for landscape architects and urban planners; a new method must be developed to embed interdisciplinary knowledge in the planning process of future sport and recreation projects. This must be done in a systematic way to make the design process transparent. Full article

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13 pages, 653 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reference Intervals for Urinary Cotinine Levels and the Influence of Sampling Time and Other Predictors on Its Excretion Among Italian Schoolchildren

by Carmela Protano^1,*, Roberta Andreoli², Antonio Mutti²

, Maurizio Manigrasso³, Pasquale Avino^4,5

and Matteo Vitali¹

¹ Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy

² Department of Medicine and Surgery, Laboratory of Industrial Toxicology, University of Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy

³ Department of Technological Innovations, National Institute for Insurance against Accidents at Work, Via IV Novembre 144, 00187 Rome, Italy

⁴ Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences (DiAAA), University of Molise, Via De Sanctis, 86100 Campobasso, Italy

⁵ Institute of Ecotoxicology and Environmental Sciences, 700156 Kolkata, India

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 817; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040817 - 21 Apr 2018

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4647

Abstract

(1) Background: Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) exposure remains a public health problem worldwide. The aims are to establish urinary (u-) cotinine reference values for healthy Italian children, to evaluate the role of the sampling time and of other factors on children’s u-cotinine excretion. [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) exposure remains a public health problem worldwide. The aims are to establish urinary (u-) cotinine reference values for healthy Italian children, to evaluate the role of the sampling time and of other factors on children’s u-cotinine excretion. (2) Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed on 330 children. Information on participants was gathered by a questionnaire and u-cotinine was determined in two samples for each child, collected during the evening and the next morning. (3) Results: Reference intervals (as the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles of the distribution) in evening and morning samples were respectively equal to 0.98–4.29 and 0.91–4.50 µg L⁻¹ (ETS unexposed) and 1.39–16.34 and 1.49–20.95 µg L⁻¹ (ETS exposed). No statistical differences were recovered between median values found in evening and morning samples, both in ETS unexposed and exposed. Significant predictors of u-cotinine excretions were ponderal status according to body mass index of children (β = 0.202; p-value = 0.041 for evening samples; β = 0.169; p-value = 0.039 for morning samples) and paternal educational level (β = −0.258; p-value = 0.010; for evening samples; β = −0.013; p-value = 0.003 for morning samples). (4) Conclusions: The results evidenced the need of further studies for assessing the role of confounding factors on ETS exposure, and the necessity of educational interventions on smokers for rising their awareness about ETS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Tobacco Smoke: Exposure and Effects)

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12 pages, 1314 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fine Particulate Matter Pollution and Risk of Community-Acquired Sepsis

by Elisa J. Sarmiento^1,2

, Justin Xavier Moore^1,2,3

, Leslie A. McClure⁴, Russell Griffin², Mohammad Z. Al-Hamdan⁵ and Henry E. Wang^1,6,*

¹ Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA

² Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1665 University Boulevard, RPHB, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA

³ Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA

⁴ Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA

⁵ Universities Space Research Association, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35805, USA

⁶ Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., JJL 434, Houston, TX 77030, USA

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 818; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040818 - 21 Apr 2018

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5075

Abstract

While air pollution has been associated with health complications, its effect on sepsis risk is unknown. We examined the association between fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) air pollution and risk of sepsis hospitalization. We analyzed data from the 30,239 community-dwelling adults in [...] Read more.

While air pollution has been associated with health complications, its effect on sepsis risk is unknown. We examined the association between fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) air pollution and risk of sepsis hospitalization. We analyzed data from the 30,239 community-dwelling adults in the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) cohort linked with satellite-derived measures of PM_2.5 data. We defined sepsis as a hospital admission for a serious infection with ≥2 systemic inflammatory response (SIRS) criteria. We performed incidence density sampling to match sepsis cases with 4 controls by age (±5 years), sex, and race. For each matched group we calculated mean daily PM_2.5 exposures for short-term (30-day) and long-term (one-year) periods preceding the sepsis event. We used conditional logistic regression to evaluate the association between PM_2.5 exposure and sepsis, adjusting for education, income, region, temperature, urbanicity, tobacco and alcohol use, and medical conditions. We matched 1386 sepsis cases with 5544 non-sepsis controls. Mean 30-day PM_2.5 exposure levels (Cases 12.44 vs. Controls 12.34 µg/m³; p = 0.28) and mean one-year PM_2.5 exposure levels (Cases 12.53 vs. Controls 12.50 µg/m³; p = 0.66) were similar between cases and controls. In adjusted models, there were no associations between 30-day PM_2.5 exposure levels and sepsis (4th vs. 1st quartiles OR: 1.06, 95% CI: 0.85–1.32). Similarly, there were no associations between one-year PM_2.5 exposure levels and sepsis risk (4th vs. 1st quartiles OR: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.78–1.18). In the REGARDS cohort, PM_2.5 air pollution exposure was not associated with risk of sepsis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Health)

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13 pages, 601 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Aerobic Mesophilic, Coliform, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus Counts of Raw Meat from the Formal and Informal Meat Sectors in South Africa

by Ishmael Festus Jaja^1,*

, Ezekiel Green²

and Voster Muchenje¹

¹ Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa

² Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 819; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040819 - 21 Apr 2018

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 8710

Abstract

Foodborne disease (FBD) is a global public health concern, and foods from animal sources have been associated with outbreaks of food-related illness. In this study, animal carcasses from the two abattoirs (HT1 and HT2) in the formal meat sector (FMS) and slaughter points [...] Read more.

Foodborne disease (FBD) is a global public health concern, and foods from animal sources have been associated with outbreaks of food-related illness. In this study, animal carcasses from the two abattoirs (HT1 and HT2) in the formal meat sector (FMS) and slaughter points in the informal meat sector (INMS) were examined at two stages of slaughter (before washing and after washing) for aerobic colony counts (ACC) and total viable count (TCC), as well as Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus count. At each stage, carcasses were sampled by swabbing at the neck, brisket, flank, and rump. ACC for beef, mutton, and pork carcasses at HT1 and HT2 before washing were between 2.5–5.8, 2.2–4.7, and 2.7–3.7 mean log CFU/cm², respectively, and TCC count before washing was highest on the neck of cattle (6.3 ± 2.4) and after washing was highest on the perineal of sheep (5.7 ± 6.9). In the INMS, TCC count was highest on the brisket (6.9 ± 3.2) and in the neck (5.5 ± 2.4). Higher ACC values of 6.2–6.7 mean log CFU/cm² were obtained in the INMS. The highest count for E. coli (4.2 mean log CFU/cm²) after washing was in the neck, while the highest count for S. aureus (4.0 mean log CFU/cm²) was in the flank. All bacteria count in the INMS exceeded acceptable limits, and washing did not significantly reduce microbial load in meat in the FMS and INMS. Bacteria count in the FMS and INMS exceeded acceptable standards. However, meat processed in the INMS poses a more significant risk of FBD to consumers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Global Health)

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9 pages, 1484 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Detection of the Invasive Mosquito Species Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Portugal

by Hugo Costa Osório^1,2,*

, Líbia Zé-Zé^1,3

, Maria Neto⁴, Sílvia Silva⁴, Fátima Marques⁵, Ana Sofia Silva⁵ and Maria João Alves^1,2

¹ National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Centre for Vectors and Infectious Diseases Research, Avenida da Liberdade 5, 2965-575 Águas de Moura, Portugal

² Instituto de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, Ed. Egas Moniz, Piso 0, Ala C, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal

³ Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Edificio TecLabs, Campus da FCUL, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal

⁴ Administração Regional de Saúde do Norte, I.P., Departamento de Saúde Pública, Rua Anselmo Braamcamp, 144, 4000-078 Porto, Portugal

⁵ Agrupamento de Centros de Saúde de Vale de Sousa Sul—Unidade de Saúde Pública, Avenida Comendador Abílio Seabra, 104, 4580-029 Paredes, Portugal

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 820; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040820 - 21 Apr 2018

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 7074

Abstract

The Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus is an invasive mosquito originating from the Asia-Pacific region. This species is of major concern to public and veterinary health because of its vector role in the transmission of several pathogens, such as chikungunya, dengue, and Zika [...] Read more.

The Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus is an invasive mosquito originating from the Asia-Pacific region. This species is of major concern to public and veterinary health because of its vector role in the transmission of several pathogens, such as chikungunya, dengue, and Zika viruses. In Portugal, a National Vector Surveillance Network (REde de VIgilância de VEctores—REVIVE) is responsible for the surveillance of autochthonous, but also invasive, mosquito species at points of entry, such as airports, ports, storage areas, and specific border regions with Spain. At these locations, networks of mosquito traps are set and maintained under surveillance throughout the year. In September 2017, Ae. albopictus was detected for the first time in a tyre company located in the North of Portugal. Molecular typing was performed, and a preliminary phylogenetic analysis indicated a high similarity with sequences of Ae. albopictus collected in Europe. A prompt surveillance response was locally implemented to determine its dispersal and abundance, and adult mosquitoes were screened for the presence of arboviral RNA. A total of 103 specimens, 52 immatures and 51 adults, were collected. No pathogenic viruses were detected. Despite the obtained results suggest low abundance of the population locally introduced, the risk of dispersal and potential establishment of Ae. albopictus in Portugal has raised concern for autochthonous mosquito-borne disease outbreaks. Full article

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14 pages, 3676 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A System Based on the Internet of Things for Real-Time Particle Monitoring in Buildings

by Gonçalo Marques¹

, Cristina Roque Ferreira² and Rui Pitarma^1,*

¹ Unit for Inland Development, Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Avenida Doutor Francisco Sá Carneiro N° 50, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal

² Department of Imagiology, Hospital Centre and University of Coimbra (CHUC), 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 821; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040821 - 21 Apr 2018

Cited by 112 | Viewed by 9549

Abstract

Occupational health can be strongly influenced by the indoor environment as people spend 90% of their time indoors. Although indoor air quality (IAQ) is not typically monitored, IAQ parameters could be in many instances very different from those defined as healthy values. Particulate [...] Read more.

Occupational health can be strongly influenced by the indoor environment as people spend 90% of their time indoors. Although indoor air quality (IAQ) is not typically monitored, IAQ parameters could be in many instances very different from those defined as healthy values. Particulate matter (PM), a complex mixture of solid and liquid particles of organic and inorganic substances suspended in the air, is considered the pollutant that affects more people. The most health-damaging particles are the ≤PM₁₀ (diameter of 10 microns or less), which can penetrate and lodge deep inside the lungs, contributing to the risk of developing cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, as well as of lung cancer. This paper presents an Internet of Things (IoT) system for real-time PM monitoring named iDust. This system is based on a WEMOS D1 mini microcontroller and a PMS5003 PM sensor that incorporates scattering principle to measure the value of particles suspended in the air (PM₁₀, PM_2.5, and PM_1.0). Through a Web dashboard for data visualization and remote notifications, the building manager can plan interventions for enhanced IAQ and ambient assisted living (AAL). Compared to other solutions the iDust is based on open-source technologies, providing a total Wi-Fi system, with several advantages such as its modularity, scalability, low cost, and easy installation. The results obtained are very promising, representing a meaningful tool on the contribution to IAQ and occupational health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Indoor Environmental Quality)

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9 pages, 2329 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Projection of Future Mortality Due to Temperature and Population Changes under Representative Concentration Pathways and Shared Socioeconomic Pathways

by Jae Young Lee¹

, Ejin Kim¹

, Woo-Seop Lee², Yeora Chae³ and Ho Kim^1,*

¹ Institute of Health and Environment and Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea

² Climate Research Department, APEC Climate Center, 12, Centum 7-ro, Haeundae-gu, Busan 48058, Korea

³ Korea Environment Institute, 370 Sicheong-daero, Sejong 30147, Korea

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 822; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040822 - 21 Apr 2018

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 6503

Abstract

The Paris Agreement aims to limit the global temperature increase to below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the increase to even below 1.5 °C. Now, it should be asked what benefits are in pursuing these two targets. [...] Read more.

The Paris Agreement aims to limit the global temperature increase to below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the increase to even below 1.5 °C. Now, it should be asked what benefits are in pursuing these two targets. In this study, we assessed the temperature–mortality relationship using a distributed lag non-linear model in seven major cities of South Korea. Then, we projected future temperature-attributable mortality under different Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) and Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) scenarios for those cities. Mortality was projected to increase by 1.53 under the RCP 4.5 (temperature increase by 2.83 °C) and 3.3 under the RCP 8.5 (temperature increase by 5.10 °C) until the 2090s, as compared to baseline (1991–2015) mortality. However, future mortality is expected to increase by less than 1.13 and 1.26 if the 1.5 °C and 2 °C increase targets are met, respectively, under the RCP 4.5. Achieving the more ambitious target of 1.5 °C will reduce mortality by 12%, when compared to the 2 °C target. When we estimated future mortality due to both temperature and population changes, the future mortality was found to be increased by 2.07 and 3.85 for the 1.5 °C and 2 °C temperature increases, respectively, under the RCP 4.5. These increases can be attributed to a growing proportion of elderly population, who is more vulnerable to high temperatures. Meeting the target of 1.5 °C will be particularly beneficial for rapidly aging societies, including South Korea. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Impacts of Warming of 1.5 °C and 2 °C)

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13 pages, 673 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Psychometric Evaluation of the Workstyle Short Form among Nursing Assistants with Work-Related Musculoskeletal Symptoms

by Kin Cheung^1,*

, Shirley S. Y. Ching¹, Ka Yan Ma¹ and Grace Szeto²

¹ School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China

² School of Medical and Health Sciences, The Tung Wah College, Hong Kong, China

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 823; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040823 - 22 Apr 2018

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 5038

Abstract

The Workstyle Short Form (24 items) (WSF-24) has been tested for its psychometric properties on work-related upper-extremity musculoskeletal symptoms (WRUEMSs) among office workers. However, the impact of workstyle should not only be limited to WRUEMSs and the sedentary workforce. The purpose of this [...] Read more.

The Workstyle Short Form (24 items) (WSF-24) has been tested for its psychometric properties on work-related upper-extremity musculoskeletal symptoms (WRUEMSs) among office workers. However, the impact of workstyle should not only be limited to WRUEMSs and the sedentary workforce. The purpose of this study was to test the psychometric properties of the modified 24-item Chinese WSF (C-WSF-24) to identify work-related musculoskeletal symptoms (WRMSs) in various body parts among nursing assistants (NAs) working in nursing homes. Four hundred and thirty-nine NAs participated in the study. The results of the factor analysis were that a four-factor solution (working through pain, social reactivity at work, demands at work and breaks) accounted for 56.45% of the total variance. Furthermore, validation against known groups showed that the total score and subscale scores of the C-WSF-24 had the ability to discriminate between NAs with and without WRMSs in various body parts (such as low back and lower extremities). Additionally, C-WSF-24 had a statistically significant association with the contributing factors to WRMSs. This is the first study to examine the psychometric properties of the C-WSF-24 in the non-sedentary workforce, with a focus on various body parts of WRMSs. The results demonstrated that C-WSF-24 is reliable and valid for assessing WRMSs in various body parts among NAs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Musculoskeletal Disorders)

13 pages, 1890 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Cr(VI) Leaching from Cement and Cement Composites

by Adriana Estokova^1,*

, Lenka Palascakova¹ and Maria Kanuchova²

¹ Department of Material Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Institute of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Kosice, Vysokoskolska 4, Kosice 04200, Slovakia

² Faculty of Mining, Ecology, Process Control and Geotechnology, Institute of Montaneous Sciences and Environmental Protection, Technical University of Kosice, Park Komenskeho 19, Kosice 04384, Slovakia

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 824; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040824 - 22 Apr 2018

Cited by 39 | Viewed by 6105

Abstract

This paper reports an experimental study on hexavalent chromium leaching from cement samples and cement composites containing silica fume and zeolite additions that were subjected to various leaching agents. The water-soluble Cr(VI) concentrations in cements ranged from 0.2 to 3.2 mg/kg and represented [...] Read more.

This paper reports an experimental study on hexavalent chromium leaching from cement samples and cement composites containing silica fume and zeolite additions that were subjected to various leaching agents. The water-soluble Cr(VI) concentrations in cements ranged from 0.2 to 3.2 mg/kg and represented only 1.8% of the total chromium content. The presence of chromium compounds with both chromium oxidation states of III and VI was detected in the cement samples by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Leaching tests were performed in a Britton-Robinson buffer to simulate natural conditions and showed increased dissolution of Cr(VI) up to 6 mg/kg. The highest amount of leached hexavalent chromium was detected after leaching in HCl. The findings revealed that the leaching of chromium from cements was higher by 55–80% than that from the cement composites. A minimum concentration was observed for all cement samples when studying the relationship between the soluble Cr(VI) and the cement storage time. Full article

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15 pages, 11875 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mapping the Hidden Hazards: Community-Led Spatial Data Collection of Street-Level Environmental Stressors in a Degraded, Urban Watershed

by Na’Taki Osborne Jelks^1,*, Timothy L. Hawthorne², Dajun Dai³

, Christina H. Fuller⁴ and Christine Stauber⁴

¹ Department of Public Health, Agnes Scott College, 141 E. College Avenue, Decatur, GA 30030, USA

² Department of Sociology, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd., Phillips Hall, Room 403-P, Orlando, FL 32816, USA

³ Department of Geosciences, Georgia State University, 24 Peachtree Center Ave. NE, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA

⁴ Division of Environmental Health, Georgia State University School of Public Health, P.O. Box 3995, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 825; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040825 - 22 Apr 2018

Cited by 39 | Viewed by 10316

Abstract

We utilized a participatory mapping approach to collect point locations, photographs, and descriptive data about select built environment stressors identified and prioritized by community residents living in the Proctor Creek Watershed, a degraded, urban watershed in Northwest Atlanta, Georgia. Residents (watershed researchers) used [...] Read more.

We utilized a participatory mapping approach to collect point locations, photographs, and descriptive data about select built environment stressors identified and prioritized by community residents living in the Proctor Creek Watershed, a degraded, urban watershed in Northwest Atlanta, Georgia. Residents (watershed researchers) used an indicator identification framework to select three watershed stressors that influence urban livability: standing water, illegal dumping on land and in surface water, and faulty stormwater infrastructure. Through a community–university partnership and using Geographic Information Systems and digital mapping tools, watershed researchers and university students designed a mobile application (app) that enabled them to collect data associated with these stressors to create a spatial narrative, informed by local community knowledge, that offers visual documentation and representation of community conditions that negatively influence the environment, health, and quality of life in urban areas. By elevating the local knowledge and lived experience of community residents and codeveloping a relevant data collection tool, community residents generated fine-grained, street-level, actionable data. This process helped to fill gaps in publicly available datasets about environmental hazards in their watershed and helped residents initiate solution-oriented dialogue with government officials to address problem areas. We demonstrate that community-based knowledge can contribute to and extend scientific inquiry, as well as help communities to advance environmental justice and leverage opportunities for remediation and policy change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Justice Research: Contemporary Issues and Emerging Topics)

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14 pages, 3712 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Adsorptive Removal of Fluoride from Aqueous Solution by Modified Sludge: Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology

by Ying Li^1,2, Shengke Yang^1,*, Qianli Jiang¹, Jie Fang¹, Wenke Wang¹ and Yanhua Wang^1,3

¹ Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region, Ministry of Education, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710054, China

² Xi’an Center of Geological Survey, China Geological Survey, Xi’an 710054, China

³ School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710054, China

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 826; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040826 - 23 Apr 2018

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 5415

Abstract

The sludge from the water supply plant was investigated to remove fluoride ions from the water. To improve the adsorption ability, the original sludge sample was treated with fuel oxidation, pyrolysis, hydrochloric acid, and sulphuric acid methods, and hydrochloric acid treatment improved the [...] Read more.

The sludge from the water supply plant was investigated to remove fluoride ions from the water. To improve the adsorption ability, the original sludge sample was treated with fuel oxidation, pyrolysis, hydrochloric acid, and sulphuric acid methods, and hydrochloric acid treatment improved the adsorption capacity of the sludge on the fluoride in water significantly, with a maximum adsorption capacity to 140 mg/kg. The adsorption experimental data was the well fitted pseudo-first-order model and the Langmuir isotherms model. SEM images and XRD patterns of the adsorbent were recorded to get a better insight into the adsorption process. The effect of three variables, hydrochloric acid treated sludge (HWS) dose, pH, and initial fluoride concentration were studied using a Box-Behnken statistical experimental design. The model of the adsorption and optimum conditions was investigated using the response surface methodology. The optimum removal efficiency of fluoride can reach 81.153% under the optimum condition: HWS dose of 14.10 g/L and pH value at 6.12. The effect of co-existing anions and the removal efficiency from the water were also studied. The results suggest that sludge from the water supply plant can be reused as a coagulant for the removal of fluoride from poor quality water. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Proceedings of 2nd International Symposium on Environment Science and Health)

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15 pages, 3785 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Social and Spatial Ecology of Dengue Presence and Burden during an Outbreak in Guayaquil, Ecuador, 2012

by Catherine A. Lippi^1,2

, Anna M. Stewart-Ibarra³

, Ángel G. Muñoz^4,5, Mercy J. Borbor-Cordova⁶, Raúl Mejía⁷, Keytia Rivero⁷, Katty Castillo⁸, Washington B. Cárdenas⁹

and Sadie J. Ryan^1,2,*

¹ Quantitative Disease Ecology and Conservation Lab, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA

² Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA

³ Center for Global Health and Translational Science and Department of Medicine, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA

⁴ Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences (AOS), Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA

⁵ International Research Institute for Climate and Society (IRI), Earth Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10964, USA

⁶ Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral (ESPOL), Guayaquil 09015863, Ecuador

⁷ National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology (INAMHI), Quito 170135, Ecuador

⁸ Institute of Biometrics and Epidemiology, Auf’m Hennekamp 65, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany

⁹ Laboratorio de Biomedicina, FCV, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral (ESPOL), Guayaquil 09015863, Ecuador

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 827; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040827 - 23 Apr 2018

Cited by 41 | Viewed by 9646

Abstract

Dengue fever, a mosquito-borne arbovirus, is a major public health concern in Ecuador. In this study, we aimed to describe the spatial distribution of dengue risk and identify local social-ecological factors associated with an outbreak of dengue fever in the city of Guayaquil, [...] Read more.

Dengue fever, a mosquito-borne arbovirus, is a major public health concern in Ecuador. In this study, we aimed to describe the spatial distribution of dengue risk and identify local social-ecological factors associated with an outbreak of dengue fever in the city of Guayaquil, Ecuador. We examined georeferenced dengue cases (n = 4248) and block-level census data variables to identify social-ecological risk factors associated with the presence/absence and burden of dengue in Guayaquil in 2012. Local Indicators of Spatial Association (LISA), specifically Anselin’s Local Moran’s I, and Moran’s I tests were used to locate hotspots of dengue transmission, and multimodel selection was used to identify covariates associated with dengue presence and burden at the census block level. We identified significant dengue transmission hotspots near the North Central and Southern portions of Guayaquil. Significant risk factors for presence of dengue included poor housing conditions, access to paved roads, and receipt of remittances. Counterintuitive positive correlations with dengue presence were observed with several municipal services such as garbage collection and access to piped water. Risk factors for increased burden of dengue included poor housing conditions, garbage collection, receipt of remittances, and sharing a property with more than one household. Social factors such as education and household demographics were negatively correlated with increased dengue burden. These findings elucidate underlying differences with dengue presence versus burden, and suggest that vulnerability and risk maps could be developed to inform dengue prevention and control; this is information that is also relevant for emerging epidemics of chikungunya and Zika viruses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Infectious Diseases)

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16 pages, 340 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Outpatient Mental Health Treatment Utilization and Military Career Impact in the United States Marine Corps

by Marjan Ghahramanlou-Holloway^1,*, Jessica M. LaCroix¹, Kari Koss¹, Kanchana U. Perera¹, Anderson Rowan²

, Marcus R. VanSickle¹, Laura A. Novak¹ and Theresa H. Trieu¹

¹ Department of Medical & Clinical Psychology, Suicide Care, Prevention, and Research Initiative, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA

² School of Psychology and Counseling, Regent University, Virginia Beach, VA 23464, USA

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 828; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040828 - 23 Apr 2018

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 5868

Abstract

Service members (SM) are at increased risk of psychiatric conditions, including suicide, yet research indicates SMs believe seeking mental health treatment may negatively impact their military careers, despite a paucity of research examining actual career impacts. This study examined the link between seeking [...] Read more.

Service members (SM) are at increased risk of psychiatric conditions, including suicide, yet research indicates SMs believe seeking mental health treatment may negatively impact their military careers, despite a paucity of research examining actual career impacts. This study examined the link between seeking outpatient mental health (MH) treatment and military career impacts within the United States Marine Corps. In Phase 1, a retrospective medical record review of outpatient MH treatment-seeking Marines (N = 38) was conducted. In Phase 2, a sample of outpatient MH treatment-seeking Marines (N = 40) was matched to a non-treatment-seeking sample of Marines (N = 138) to compare career-progression. In Phase 1, there were no significant links between demographic, military, and clinical characteristics and referral source or receipt of career-affecting treatment recommendations. In Phase 2, MH treatment-seeking Marines in outpatient settings were more likely than matched controls to be separated from the military (95.0% versus 63.0%, p = 0.002), but no more likely to experience involuntary separation. MH treatment-seeking Marines were more likely to have documented legal action (45.0% versus 23.9%, p = 0.008) and had a shorter time of military service following the index MH encounter than matched controls (p < 0.001). Clinical, anti-stigma, and suicide prevention policy implications are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Suicide Research)

14 pages, 2350 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lagged Influence of Fine Particulate Matter and Geographic Disparities on Clinic Visits for Children’s Asthma in Taiwan

by Lung-Chang Chien¹, Yu-An Chen² and Hwa-Lung Yu^2,*

¹ Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA

² Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 829; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040829 - 23 Apr 2018

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5381

Abstract

Recent studies have revealed the influence of fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) on increased medication use, hospital admission, and emergency room visits for asthma attack in children, but the lagged influence of PM_2.5 on children’s asthma and geographic disparities of children’s [...] Read more.

Recent studies have revealed the influence of fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) on increased medication use, hospital admission, and emergency room visits for asthma attack in children, but the lagged influence of PM_2.5 on children’s asthma and geographic disparities of children’s asthma have rarely been discussed simultaneously. This study investigated the documented diagnosis of children’s asthma in clinic visits for children aged less than 15 years old that were associated with PM_2.5 in two counties located in west-central Taiwan during 2005–2010. The result shows that PM_2.5 had a significant lagged effect on children’s asthma for up to 6 days. A significantly higher relative risk for children’s asthma was more likely to happen at 2-day lag compared to the present day when PM_2.5 increased from 36.17 μg/m³ to 81.26 μg/m³. Considering all lagged effects, the highest relative risk for children’s asthma was 1.08 (95% CI = 1.05, 1.11) as PM_2.5 increased as high as 64.66 μg/m³. In addition, geographic disparities of children’s asthma were significant, and 47.83% of areas were identified to have children vulnerable to asthma. To sum up, our findings can serve as a valuable reference for the implementation of an early warning to governmental agencies about a susceptible population of children. Full article

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9 pages, 322 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of Knowledge and Risk Beliefs in Adolescent E-Cigarette Use: A Pilot Study

by Jacob A. Rohde¹, Seth M. Noar^1,2,*, Casey Horvitz², Allison J. Lazard¹

, Jennifer Cornacchione Ross³ and Erin L. Sutfin³

¹ School of Media and Journalism, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carroll Hall, CB 3365, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA

² Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA

³ Department of Social Sciences & Health Policy, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 830; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040830 - 23 Apr 2018

Cited by 44 | Viewed by 10199

Abstract

The use of e-cigarettes and other vaping devices among adolescents is an urgent public health problem due to the concern about adolescent exposure to nicotine. This study examined: (1) adolescents’ knowledge and beliefs about e-cigarette risks; and (2) whether knowledge and risk beliefs [...] Read more.

The use of e-cigarettes and other vaping devices among adolescents is an urgent public health problem due to the concern about adolescent exposure to nicotine. This study examined: (1) adolescents’ knowledge and beliefs about e-cigarette risks; and (2) whether knowledge and risk beliefs were associated with e-cigarette use. N = 69 adolescents completed a cross-sectional survey about e-cigarette knowledge, attitudes (i.e., risk beliefs), and behavior (KAB). Nearly half (47%) of the sample reported ever using e-cigarettes. The majority of adolescents knew about many of the risks of e-cigarettes, with no differences between never- and ever-users. However, risk beliefs, such as worrying about health risks of using e-cigarettes, varied across groups. Compared to never-users, e-cigarette ever-users were significantly less likely to worry about e-cigarette health risks, less likely to think that e-cigarettes would cause them negative health consequences, and less likely to believe that e-cigarette use would lead to addiction. In a multivariable logistic regression, prior combustible cigarette use, mother’s education, and addiction risk beliefs about e-cigarettes emerged as significant predictors of adolescents’ e-cigarette use. This study reveals that while knowledge is not associated with adolescent e-cigarette use, risk beliefs do predict use. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Health Behavior, Chronic Disease and Health Promotion)

15 pages, 1165 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Caller Gender on Telephone Crisis-Helpline Workers’ Interpretation of Suicidality in Caller Vignettes

by Tara Hunt^1,2,3,*

, Coralie J. Wilson^1,2,3,4, Peter Caputi⁵, Ian Wilson¹

and Alan Woodward^3,4,6,7

¹ School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia

² llawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia

³ Centre for Mental Illness in Nowra District: Goals and Prevention (MINDtheGaP), Nowra, NSW 2541, Australia

⁴ Centre for Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia

⁵ School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia

⁶ Lifeline Research Foundation, Lifeline Australia, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia

⁷ Suicide Prevention Australia, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 831; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040831 - 23 Apr 2018

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5889

Abstract

Telephone crisis-line workers (TCWs) are trained in a variety of techniques and skills to facilitate the identification of suicidal callers. One factor that may influence the implementation of these skills is gender. This study used an experimental design to explore whether helpline callers [...] Read more.

Telephone crisis-line workers (TCWs) are trained in a variety of techniques and skills to facilitate the identification of suicidal callers. One factor that may influence the implementation of these skills is gender. This study used an experimental design to explore whether helpline callers being identified as male or female is associated with TCWs’ ratings of callers’ potential for suicide risk and TCWs’ intention to use support- or intervention-oriented skills with callers. Data were collected using an online self-report survey in an Australian sample of 133 TCWs. The results suggest that under some circumstances the callers’ gender might influence TCWs’ intention to use intervention-oriented skills with the caller. Implications for the training of telephone crisis workers, and those trained in suicide prevention more broadly are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Suicide Research)

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12 pages, 316 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Online Gambling among Treatment-Seeking Patients in Singapore: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Melvyn Zhang^*, Yi Yang, Song Guo, Chris Cheok, Kim Eng Wong and Gomathinayagam Kandasami

National Addictions Management Service (NAMS), Institute of Mental Health, 10 Buangkok Green Medical Park, Singapore 539747, Singapore

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 832; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040832 - 23 Apr 2018

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 6341

Abstract

Given that technology has greatly facilitated easier access to gambling in previous years, it is timely to look in-depth into online gambling activities and behaviors. There have been several studies that examined online gambling. However, most of the current studies to date have [...] Read more.

Given that technology has greatly facilitated easier access to gambling in previous years, it is timely to look in-depth into online gambling activities and behaviors. There have been several studies that examined online gambling. However, most of the current studies to date have focused on determining the prevalence and the epidemiology of problem gambling arising from online gambling in Western cohorts. There remains a paucity of research looking at the problem of online gambling among Asian individuals. The objectives of the current study are to elucidate the characteristics of online gambling among an Asian cohort and to explore the harm associated with online gambling and the potential mechanisms by which harm associated with online gambling could be minimized. It is hoped that the findings of the current paper will bridge the existing gaps in the research literature. A cross-sectional study design was utilized to recruit 100 participants who were attending outpatient services at the National Addictions Management Service (NAMS) from March 2014 to October 2015. The majority of the participants were male, of Chinese ethnicity and under the age of 30 years old (48%). Mobile phones and smartphones were the most commonly utilized platforms for gambling online. The median largest ever debt incurred as a result of online gambling ($20,000) was significantly more than that due to offline gambling ($500) (Z = −4.17, p < 0.001). As for the biggest ever loss, participants had incurred a significantly larger median loss from online gambling ($7000) (Z = −2.73, p < 0.01) compared to offline gambling ($2000). A total of 18.4% of participants had waited between 1 to 2 years from their first online gambling experience to seek treatment and 17.3% had waited for more than 10 years. This is perhaps one of the first Asian studies to investigate the serious harm involved in online gambling. The findings from our study are intended to guide further interventions in the treatment of online gambling related disorders; and would be of interest to governmental organizations in their planning of regulations for online gambling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adult Psychiatry)

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25 pages, 7799 KiB

Open AccessReview

Rhizosphere Microbiome Modulators: Contributions of Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria towards Sustainable Agriculture

by Nicholas Ozede Igiehon

and Olubukola Oluranti Babalola^*

Food Security and Safety Niche, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, Private Mail Bag X2046, North West University, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 574; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040574 - 23 Mar 2018

Cited by 189 | Viewed by 15897

Abstract

Rhizosphere microbiome which has been shown to enhance plant growth and yield are modulated or influenced by a few environmental factors such as soil type, plant cultivar, climate change and anthropogenic activities. In particular, anthropogenic activity, such as the use of nitrogen-based chemical [...] Read more.

Rhizosphere microbiome which has been shown to enhance plant growth and yield are modulated or influenced by a few environmental factors such as soil type, plant cultivar, climate change and anthropogenic activities. In particular, anthropogenic activity, such as the use of nitrogen-based chemical fertilizers, is associated with environmental destruction and this calls for a more ecofriendly strategy to increase nitrogen levels in agricultural land. This feat is attainable by harnessing nitrogen-fixing endophytic and free-living rhizobacteria. Rhizobium, Pseudomonas, Azospirillum and Bacillus, have been found to have positive impacts on crops by enhancing both above and belowground biomass and could therefore play positive roles in achieving sustainable agriculture outcomes. Thus, it is necessary to study this rhizosphere microbiome with more sophisticated culture-independent techniques such as next generation sequencing (NGS) with the prospect of discovering novel bacteria with plant growth promoting traits. This review is therefore aimed at discussing factors that can modulate rhizosphere microbiome with focus on the contributions of nitrogen fixing bacteria towards sustainable agricultural development and the techniques that can be used for their study. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Science and Engineering)

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10 pages, 347 KiB

Open AccessReview

Physical Practice and Wellness Courses Reduce Distress and Improve Wellbeing in Police Officers

by Daniela Acquadro Maran^1,*

, Massimo Zedda¹

and Antonella Varetto²

¹ Department of Psychology, Università di Torino, Via Verdi 10, 10124 Torino, Italy

² Città della Salute e della Scienza, Corso Bramante, 88, 10126 Torino, Italy

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 578; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040578 - 23 Mar 2018

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 8971

Abstract

Background: The aim of this work was to evaluate a course to reduce distress in an Italian police force. Based on the findings from the first investigations on this population, courses to improve the ability to manage distress were tailored by management. Several [...] Read more.

Background: The aim of this work was to evaluate a course to reduce distress in an Italian police force. Based on the findings from the first investigations on this population, courses to improve the ability to manage distress were tailored by management. Several free courses were proposed, including physical efficiency (e.g., total body conditioning) and wellness (e.g., autogenic training) classes. The goal of this research was to evaluate the courses and their impact on the perceived distress and general health of the participants, as well as the effectiveness in increasing the use of adaptive coping strategies. Methods: A descriptive investigation was conducted involving a sample of 105 police officers before (time 1) and after (time 2) they had participated in the courses. Results: Findings confirmed both physical and wellness courses affected, in participants, the perceived distress, thereby increasing the perception of wellbeing. The participants expressed having mental health benefits, the use of adaptive coping strategies increased, while the maladaptive coping strategies decreased. Conclusion: This study confirms that these courses could effectively reduce the risk of chronic disease, a consequence of persistent exposure to distress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Workplace Health Promotion 2018)

15 pages, 764 KiB

Open AccessReview

Understanding Outdoor Gyms in Public Open Spaces: A Systematic Review and Integrative Synthesis of Qualitative and Quantitative Evidence

by Janet Lok Chun Lee¹, Temmy Lee Ting Lo¹ and Rainbow Tin Hung Ho^1,2,3,*

¹ Department of Social Work and Social Administration, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

² Centre on Behavioral Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

³ Sau Po Centre on Ageing, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 590; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040590 - 25 Mar 2018

Cited by 56 | Viewed by 10541

Abstract

(1) Background: An outdoor gym (OG) is environmental infrastructure built in a public open space to promote structured physical activity. The provision of OGs is increasingly seen as an important strategy to realize public health agendas promoting habitual physical activity. A systematic review [...] Read more.

(1) Background: An outdoor gym (OG) is environmental infrastructure built in a public open space to promote structured physical activity. The provision of OGs is increasingly seen as an important strategy to realize public health agendas promoting habitual physical activity. A systematic review was conducted to synthesize characteristics of OG and OG users’ experiences and perceptions in different cultural contexts; (2) Methods: Online searches of multidisciplinary databases were conducted in health, sport and recreation, and urban planning disciplines. Characteristics of OGs were synthesized by integrating evidence from quantitative, qualitative, and mix-methods studies. The experiences and perceptions of OG users from both qualitative data and survey responses were synthesized through framework analysis; (3) Results: Nine studies met the inclusion criteria (three quantitative studies, four mixed-methods studies, and two pure qualitative studies). None were excluded on the basis of quality. OGs mainly serve adult and older adult population groups. Their size, design, and instructional support vary across studies. The inclusion of functional types of equipment did not have a unified standard. Regarding experiences and perceptions of OGs, five major themes emerged: “health”, “social connectedness”, “affordable”, “support”, and “design and promotion”; (4) Conclusions: The OG characteristics synthesis guides the direction in further studies regarding exploration of design parameters. The qualitative and quantitative synthesis revealed that health was a central theme of users’ experiences. OGs are also spaces where community-dwellers can find social connectedness while participating in structured physical activity at no cost. Findings from this review create knowledge support for OG as environmental infrastructure for further research and facilitate the understanding of users’ experiences and perceptions of OGs in different cultural contexts. Full article

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19 pages, 9157 KiB

Open AccessReview

Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Radiation and Memory Performance: Sources of Uncertainty in Epidemiological Cohort Studies

by Christopher Brzozek^1,*

, Kurt K. Benke^2,3

, Berihun M. Zeleke¹, Michael J. Abramson¹ and Geza Benke¹

¹ Centre for Population Health Research on Electromagnetic Energy (PRESEE), School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia

² School of Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia

³ Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources (DEDJTR), AgriBio Centre, 5 Ring Rd, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 592; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040592 - 26 Mar 2018

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 8898

Abstract

Uncertainty in experimental studies of exposure to radiation from mobile phones has in the past only been framed within the context of statistical variability. It is now becoming more apparent to researchers that epistemic or reducible uncertainties can also affect the total error [...] Read more.

Uncertainty in experimental studies of exposure to radiation from mobile phones has in the past only been framed within the context of statistical variability. It is now becoming more apparent to researchers that epistemic or reducible uncertainties can also affect the total error in results. These uncertainties are derived from a wide range of sources including human error, such as data transcription, model structure, measurement and linguistic errors in communication. The issue of epistemic uncertainty is reviewed and interpreted in the context of the MoRPhEUS, ExPOSURE and HERMES cohort studies which investigate the effect of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation from mobile phones on memory performance. Research into this field has found inconsistent results due to limitations from a range of epistemic sources. Potential analytic approaches are suggested based on quantification of epistemic error using Monte Carlo simulation. It is recommended that future studies investigating the relationship between radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation and memory performance pay more attention to treatment of epistemic uncertainties as well as further research into improving exposure assessment. Use of directed acyclic graphs is also encouraged to display the assumed covariate relationship. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Health)

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10 pages, 855 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Baduanjin Exercise for Stroke Rehabilitation: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

by Liye Zou^1,*

, Chaoyi Wang², Xiaoan Chen³ and Huiru Wang^4,*

¹ Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

² College of Physical Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China

³ College of Sports Science, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, China

⁴ Department of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200240, China

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 600; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040600 - 27 Mar 2018

Cited by 50 | Viewed by 7409

Abstract

Objective: The purpose of this review was to objectively evaluate the effects of Baduanjin exercise on rehabilitative outcomes in stroke patients. Methods: Both Chinese and English electronic databases were searched for potentially relevant trials. Two review authors independently screened eligible trials [...] Read more.

Objective: The purpose of this review was to objectively evaluate the effects of Baduanjin exercise on rehabilitative outcomes in stroke patients. Methods: Both Chinese and English electronic databases were searched for potentially relevant trials. Two review authors independently screened eligible trials against the inclusion criteria, extracted data, and assessed the methodological quality by using the revised PEDro scale. Meta-analysis was only performed for balance function. Results: In total, there were eight randomized controlled trials selected in this systematic review. The aggregated result of four trials has shown a significant benefit in favor of Baduanjin on balance function (Hedges’ g = 2.39, 95% CI 2.14 to 2.65, p < 0.001, I² = 61.54). Additionally, Baduanjin exercise effectively improved sensorimotor function of lower extremities and ability of daily activities as well as reduced depressive level, leading to improved quality of life. Conclusion: Baduanjin exercise as an adjunctive and safe method may be conducive to help stroke patients achieve the best possible short-term outcome and should be integrated with mainstream rehabilitation programs. More rigorous randomized controlled trials with long-term intervention periods among a large sample size of stroke patients are needed to draw a firm conclusion regarding the rehabilitative effects for this population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effect of Sport Activity on Health Promotion)

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20 pages, 862 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Association between Internet Gaming Disorder or Pathological Video-Game Use and Comorbid Psychopathology: A Comprehensive Review

by Vega González-Bueso^1,†, Juan José Santamaría^1,*,†

, Daniel Fernández^2,3

, Laura Merino¹, Elena Montero¹

and Joan Ribas¹

¹ Atención e Investigación en Socioadicciones (AIS), Mental Health and Addictions Network, Generalitat de Catalunya (XHUB), C/Forn-7-9 Local, 08014 Barcelona, Spain

² Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Dr. Antoni Pujadas, 42, Sant Boi de Llobregat, 08830 Barcelona, Spain

³ School of Mathematics and Statistics, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 668; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040668 - 3 Apr 2018

Cited by 337 | Viewed by 25291

Abstract

The addictive use of video games is recognized as a problem with clinical relevance and is included in international diagnostic manuals and classifications of diseases. The association between “Internet addiction” and mental health has been well documented across a range of investigations. However, [...] Read more.

The addictive use of video games is recognized as a problem with clinical relevance and is included in international diagnostic manuals and classifications of diseases. The association between “Internet addiction” and mental health has been well documented across a range of investigations. However, a major drawback of these studies is that no controls have been placed on the type of Internet use investigated. The aim of this study is to review systematically the current literature in order to explore the association between Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) and psychopathology. An electronic literature search was conducted using PubMed, PsychINFO, ScienceDirect, Web of Science and Google Scholar (r.n. CRD42018082398). The effect sizes for the observed correlations were identified or computed. Twenty-four articles met the eligibility criteria. The studies included comprised 21 cross-sectional and three prospective designs. Most of the research was conducted in Europe. The significant correlations reported comprised: 92% between IGD and anxiety, 89% with depression, 85% with symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and 75% with social phobia/anxiety and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Most of the studies reported higher rates of IGD in males. The lack of longitudinal studies and the contradictory results obtained prevent detection of the directionality of the associations and, furthermore, show the complex relationship between both phenomena. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Internet and Mobile Phone Addiction: Health and Educational Effects)

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13 pages, 1893 KiB

Open AccessReview

Effects of Mind-Body Exercises for Mood and Functional Capabilities in Patients with Stroke: An Analytical Review of Randomized Controlled Trials

by Liye Zou^1,*

, Albert Yeung^2,3, Nan Zeng⁴

, Chaoyi Wang⁵, Li Sun⁶, Garrett Anthony Thomas² and Huiru Wang^7,*

¹ Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China

² Depression Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02114, USA

³ Behavioral Health Department, The South Cove Community Health Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA

⁴ School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA

⁵ Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China

⁶ School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China

⁷ Department of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 721; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040721 - 11 Apr 2018

Cited by 55 | Viewed by 8031

Abstract

Objective: The effects of stroke are both physical and mental in nature and may have serious implications on the overall well-being of stroke survivors. This analytical review aims to critically evaluate and statistically synthesize the existing literature regarding the effects of mind-body [...] Read more.

Objective: The effects of stroke are both physical and mental in nature and may have serious implications on the overall well-being of stroke survivors. This analytical review aims to critically evaluate and statistically synthesize the existing literature regarding the effects of mind-body (MB) exercises on mood and functional capabilities in patients with stroke. Methods: A structured literature review was performed in both English (PubMed, PEDro, and Cochrane Library) and Chinese (Wanfang and CNKI (Chinese National Knowledge Information Database)) databases. Sixteen randomized controlled trials were considered eligible for meta-analysis. Based on the random effects model, we used the pooled effect size to determine the magnitude of rehabilitative effect of MB exercise intervention on depression, anxiety, activities of daily living, and functional mobility among stroke survivors. The sum PEDro score ranged from five to nine points (fair-to-good methodological quality), but the absence of concealed allocation and blinded assessors were reported in most studies. Results: The aggregated results showed that MB exercise intervention is associated with significantly improved ADL (Hedges’ g = 1.31, 95% CI 0.85 to 1.77, p < 0.001, I² = 79.82%) and mobility (Hedges’ g = 0.67, 95% CI 0.25 to 1.09, p < 0.001, I² = 69.65%), and reduced depression (Hedges’ g = −0.76, 95% CI −1.16 to −0.35, p < 0.001, I² = 74.84%). Conclusions: as add-on treatments, the MB exercises may potentially improve depression, activities of daily living, and mobility of these post-stroke patients. Future studies with more robust methodology will be needed to provide a more definitive conclusion. Full article

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8 pages, 321 KiB

Open AccessReview

Assessment of Indoor Air Quality Problems in Office-Like Environments: Role of Occupational Health Services

by Paolo Carrer¹

and Peder Wolkoff^2,*

¹ Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “L. Sacco”, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy

² National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 741; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040741 - 12 Apr 2018

Cited by 67 | Viewed by 12700

Abstract

There is an increasing concern about indoor air quality (IAQ) and its impact on health, comfort, and work-performance in office-like environments and their workers, which account for most of the labor force. The Scientific Committee on Indoor Air Quality and Health of the [...] Read more.

There is an increasing concern about indoor air quality (IAQ) and its impact on health, comfort, and work-performance in office-like environments and their workers, which account for most of the labor force. The Scientific Committee on Indoor Air Quality and Health of the ICOH (Int. Comm. Occup. Health) has discussed the assessment and management of IAQ problems and proposed a stepwise approach to be conducted by a multidisciplinary team. It is recommended to integrate the building assessment, inspection by walk-through of the office workplace, questionnaire survey, and environmental measurements, in that order. The survey should cover perceived IAQ, symptoms, and psychosocial working aspects. The outcome can be used for mapping the IAQ and to prioritize the order in which problems should be dealt with. Individual health surveillance in relation to IAQ is proposed only when periodical health surveillance is already performed for other risks (e.g., video display units) or when specific clinical examination of workers is required due to the occurrence of diseases that may be linked to IAQ (e.g., Legionnaire’s disease), recurrent inflammation, infections of eyes, respiratory airway effects, and sensorial disturbances. Environmental and personal risk factors should also be compiled and assessed. Workplace health promotion should include programs for smoking cessation and stress and IAQ management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Indoor Air Pollution and Health)

12 pages, 2622 KiB

Open AccessReview

Temperature Variability and Gastrointestinal Infections: A Review of Impacts and Future Perspectives

by Maryam Ghazani^1,2,*, Gerard FitzGerald^1,2, Wenbiao Hu^1,2, Ghasem (Sam) Toloo^1,2

and Zhiwei Xu^1,2

¹ School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Victoria Park Rd, Kelvin Grove 4059, Queensland, Australia

² Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology, Musk Ave, Kelvin Grove 4059, Queensland, Australia

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 766; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040766 - 16 Apr 2018

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 5803

Abstract

The objectives of this research are to review and assess the current state of knowledge of the association between environmental temperature and gastrointestinal (GI) infections. A review of the published literature was undertaken using standard approaches. Initially, four electronic databases including Embase, Medline, [...] Read more.

The objectives of this research are to review and assess the current state of knowledge of the association between environmental temperature and gastrointestinal (GI) infections. A review of the published literature was undertaken using standard approaches. Initially, four electronic databases including Embase, Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science were chosen to retrieve studies published from 1 January 2006 to 31 December 2017 based on selected keywords used in the primary search. After the elimination of duplicates, the titles were reviewed for relevance to the principal research question. Secondly, the abstracts of titles deemed to be relevant were reviewed for significance and finally the articles were reviewed in their entirety to identify their contribution to the principal research question. Initially, 8201 articles were identified, and eight studies finally met the inclusion criteria. A secondary phase involving scrutiny of the references of key identified articles found three further studies. Consequently, 11 papers were selected for the final review. Current literature confirms a significant association between temperature and infectious gastroenteritis worldwide. Also, a most-likely non-linear correlation between rainfall and GI infections has been identified in that the rate of such infections can be increased with either high or low precipitation. Finally, some studies suggest high relative humidity may not increase the rate of GI infections and some have found it may decrease it. These findings help inform predictions of risk, particularly under future climate change scenarios. Full article

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44 pages, 3837 KiB

Open AccessReview

Air Pollution Forecasts: An Overview

by Lu Bai¹, Jianzhou Wang^1,*, Xuejiao Ma¹

and Haiyan Lu²

¹ School of Statistics, Dongbei University of Finance and Economics, Dalian 116025, China

² Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 780; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040780 - 17 Apr 2018

Cited by 291 | Viewed by 30076

Abstract

Air pollution is defined as a phenomenon harmful to the ecological system and the normal conditions of human existence and development when some substances in the atmosphere exceed a certain concentration. In the face of increasingly serious environmental pollution problems, scholars have conducted [...] Read more.

Air pollution is defined as a phenomenon harmful to the ecological system and the normal conditions of human existence and development when some substances in the atmosphere exceed a certain concentration. In the face of increasingly serious environmental pollution problems, scholars have conducted a significant quantity of related research, and in those studies, the forecasting of air pollution has been of paramount importance. As a precaution, the air pollution forecast is the basis for taking effective pollution control measures, and accurate forecasting of air pollution has become an important task. Extensive research indicates that the methods of air pollution forecasting can be broadly divided into three classical categories: statistical forecasting methods, artificial intelligence methods, and numerical forecasting methods. More recently, some hybrid models have been proposed, which can improve the forecast accuracy. To provide a clear perspective on air pollution forecasting, this study reviews the theory and application of those forecasting models. In addition, based on a comparison of different forecasting methods, the advantages and disadvantages of some methods of forecasting are also provided. This study aims to provide an overview of air pollution forecasting methods for easy access and reference by researchers, which will be helpful in further studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sources of Air Pollution and Transport, Modelling and Comparison with the Ground/Satellite Observations)

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18 pages, 442 KiB

Open AccessReview

Towards Improved Linkage of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in Health: A Review

by Nicola Banwell^1,*, Shannon Rutherford², Brendan Mackey³ and Cordia Chu^1,2

¹ Centre for Environment and Population Health, School of Environment, Griffith University, Brisbane 4111, Australia

² Centre for Environment and Population Health, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Brisbane 4111, Australia

³ Griffith Climate Change Response Program, Griffith University, Gold Coast City 4222, Australia

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 793; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040793 - 18 Apr 2018

Cited by 48 | Viewed by 9771

Abstract

Climate change and climate-sensitive disasters significantly impact health. Linking Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) and Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) is essential for addressing these ever present, complex and increasing risks. Recent calls have been made to build these links in health. However, there is [...] Read more.

Climate change and climate-sensitive disasters significantly impact health. Linking Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) and Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) is essential for addressing these ever present, complex and increasing risks. Recent calls have been made to build these links in health. However, there is a need to clearly articulate why linking DRR and CCA is important in health. Furthermore, little is known about how DRR and CCA should be linked in health. By extensively examining relevant literature, this review presents the current state of knowledge of linking DRR and CCA in health. This includes the potential for maximising conceptual synergies such as building resilience, and reducing vulnerability and risk. Additionally, technical and operational synergies are identified to link DRR and CCA in health, including: policy, Early Warning Systems, vulnerability and risk assessment, health systems strengthening, infrastructure resilience, disaster preparedness and response, and health impact pathways. Public health actors have a central role in building these links due to their expertise, work functions, and experience in addressing complex health risks. The review concludes with recommendations for future research, including how to better link DRR and CCA in health; and the opportunities, challenges and enablers to build and sustain these links. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Public Health and Disasters)

13 pages, 857 KiB

Open AccessReview

Physical Activity and Cognitive Functioning of Children: A Systematic Review

by Ilona Bidzan-Bluma^1,2,* and Małgorzata Lipowska²

¹ Neuropsychological Diagnostic and Therapy Centre, Chmielna, 80-748 Gdansk, Poland

² Institute of Psychology, University of Gdansk, Bażyńskiego 4, 80-309 Gdansk, Poland

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 800; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040800 - 19 Apr 2018

Cited by 304 | Viewed by 60889

Abstract

Childhood is an important and sensitive period for cognitive development. There is limited published research regarding the relationship between sports and cognitive functions in children. We present studies that demonstrate the influence of physical activity on health, especially a positive correlation between sports [...] Read more.

Childhood is an important and sensitive period for cognitive development. There is limited published research regarding the relationship between sports and cognitive functions in children. We present studies that demonstrate the influence of physical activity on health, especially a positive correlation between sports and cognitive functions. The keywords “children, cognition, cognitive function, physical activity, and brain” were searched for using PsycInfo, Medline, and Google Scholar, with publication dates ranging from January 2000 to November 2017. Of the 617 results, 58 articles strictly connected to the main topics of physical activity and cognitive functioning were then reviewed. The areas of attention, thinking, language, learning, and memory were analyzed relative to sports and childhood. Results suggest that engaging in sports in late childhood positively influences cognitive and emotional functions. There is a paucity of publications that investigate the impact of sports on pre-adolescents’ cognitive functions, or explore which cognitive functions are developed by which sporting disciplines. Such knowledge would be useful in developing training programs for pre-adolescents, aimed at improving cognitive functions that may guide both researchers and practitioners relative to the wide range of benefits that result from physical activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effect of Sport Activity on Health Promotion)

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12 pages, 526 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Potential of Integrating Provitamin A-Biofortified Maize in Smallholder Farming Systems to Reduce Malnourishment in South Africa

by Mthokozisi K. Zuma^1,*, Unathi Kolanisi² and Albert T. Modi¹

¹ Department of Crop Science, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa

² Faculty of Science and Agriculture, Department of Consumer Sciences, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 805; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040805 - 19 Apr 2018

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 6944

Abstract

Biofortification interventions have the potential to combat malnutrition. This review explored the use of provitamin A-biofortified maize (PVABM) as a vitamin A deficiency (VAD) reduction agricultural-based strategy. Maize has been identified as one of the key staple crops for biofortification to reduce hidden [...] Read more.

Biofortification interventions have the potential to combat malnutrition. This review explored the use of provitamin A-biofortified maize (PVABM) as a vitamin A deficiency (VAD) reduction agricultural-based strategy. Maize has been identified as one of the key staple crops for biofortification to reduce hidden hunger in Africa. Most nutrition interventions have not been successful in reducing hunger because rural communities, who mainly rely on agriculture, have been indirectly excluded. The biofortification intervention proposed here aims to be an inclusive strategy, based on smallholder farming systems. Vitamin A is a micronutrient essential for growth, immune function, reproduction and vision, and its deficiency results in VAD. VAD is estimated to affect more than 250 million children in developing countries. In Africa, especially sub-Saharan Africa, maize is a staple food for rural communities, consumed by most household members. Due to carotenoids, PVABM presents an orange color. This color has been reported to lead to negative perceptions about PVABM varieties. The perceived agronomic traits of this maize by smallholder farmers have not been explored. Adoption and utilization of PVABM varieties relies on both acceptable consumer attributes and agronomic traits, including nutritional value. It is therefore important to assess farmers’ perceptions of and willingness to adopt the varieties, and the potential markets for PVABM maize. It is essential to establish on-farm trials and experiments to evaluate the response of PVABM under different climatic conditions, fertilizer levels and soils, and its overall agronomic potential. For the better integration of PVABM with smallholder farming systems, farmer training and workshops about PVABM should be part of any intervention. A holistic approach would enhance farmers’ knowledge about PVABM varieties and that their benefits out-compete other existing maize varieties. Full article

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10 pages, 310 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

From Community to Meta-Community Mental Health Care

by Nick Bouras^1,*, George Ikkos² and Thomas Craig¹

¹ King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, De Crespigny Park, P.O. Box 27, London SE5 8AF, UK

² Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust, Brockley Hill, Stanmore, Middlesex HA4 7LP, UK

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 806; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040806 - 20 Apr 2018

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 8485

Abstract

Since the 1960s, we have witnessed the development and growth of community mental health care that continues to dominate mental health policy and practice. Several high-income countries have implemented community mental health care programmes but for many others, including mostly low- and middle-income [...] Read more.

Since the 1960s, we have witnessed the development and growth of community mental health care that continues to dominate mental health policy and practice. Several high-income countries have implemented community mental health care programmes but for many others, including mostly low- and middle-income countries, it remains an aspiration. Although community mental health care has been positive for many service users, it has also had severe shortcomings. Expectations that it would lead to fuller social integration have not been fulfilled and many service users remain secluded in sheltered or custodial environments with limited social contacts and no prospect of work. Others receive little or no service at all. In today’s complex landscape of increasingly specialised services for people with mental health problems, the number of possible interfaces between services is increasing. Together with existing uneven financing systems and a context of constant change, these interfaces are challenging us to develop effective care pathways adjusted to the needs of service users and their carers. This discussion paper reviews the developments in community mental health care over the recent years and puts forward the concept of “Meta-Community Mental Health Care”. “Meta-Community Mental Health Care” embraces pluralism in understanding and treating psychiatric disorders, acknowledges the complexities of community provision, and reflects the realities and needs of the current era of care. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mental Health and Social Care and Social Interventions)

15 pages, 2900 KiB

Open AccessReview

Trace Elements in Marine Sediment and Organisms in the Gulf of Thailand

by Suwalee Worakhunpiset

Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchavithi Rd, Bangkok 10400, Thailand

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 810; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040810 - 20 Apr 2018

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 5510

Abstract

This review summarizes the findings from studies of trace element levels in marine sediment and organisms in the Gulf of Thailand. Spatial and temporal variations in trace element concentrations were observed. Although trace element contamination levels were low, the increased urbanization and agricultural [...] Read more.

This review summarizes the findings from studies of trace element levels in marine sediment and organisms in the Gulf of Thailand. Spatial and temporal variations in trace element concentrations were observed. Although trace element contamination levels were low, the increased urbanization and agricultural and industrial activities may adversely affect ecosystems and human health. The periodic monitoring of marine environments is recommended in order to minimize human health risks from the consumption of contaminated marine organisms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Health)

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Other

Jump to: Editorial, Research, Review

21 pages, 1561 KiB

Open AccessProtocol

From Surveillance to Intervention: Overview and Baseline Findings for the Active City of Liverpool Active Schools and SportsLinx (A-CLASS) Project

by Nicola McWhannell^1,*, Lawrence Foweather²

, Lee E. F. Graves²

, Jayne L. Henaghan³, Nicola D. Ridgers⁴

and Gareth Stratton⁵

¹ Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Chester, Chester CH1 4BJ, UK

² Physical Activity Exchange, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 2AT, UK

³ Laude Lady Elizabeth Junior School, Entrada Norte de La Cumbre del Sol, Benitachell, 03726 Alicante, Spain

⁴ Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong 3220, Australia

⁵ Applied Sports Technology Exercise Medicine Research Centre, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 582; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040582 - 23 Mar 2018

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 5312

Abstract

This paper outlines the implementation of a programme of work that started with the development of a population-level children’s health, fitness and lifestyle study in 1996 (SportsLinx) leading to selected interventions one of which is described in detail: the Active City of Liverpool, [...] Read more.

This paper outlines the implementation of a programme of work that started with the development of a population-level children’s health, fitness and lifestyle study in 1996 (SportsLinx) leading to selected interventions one of which is described in detail: the Active City of Liverpool, Active Schools and SportsLinx (A-CLASS) Project. The A-CLASS Project aimed to quantify the effectiveness of structured and unstructured physical activity (PA) programmes on children’s PA, fitness, body composition, bone health, cardiac and vascular structures, fundamental movement skills, physical self-perception and self-esteem. The study was a four-arm parallel-group school-based cluster randomised controlled trial (clinical trials no. NCT02963805), and compared different exposure groups: a high intensity PA (HIPA) group, a fundamental movement skill (FMS) group, a PA signposting (PASS) group and a control group, in a two-schools-per-condition design. Baseline findings indicate that children’s fundamental movement skill competence levels are low-to-moderate, yet these skills are inversely associated with percentage body fat. Outcomes of this project will make an important contribution to the design and implementation of children’s PA promotion initiatives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Paediatric Exercise Science and Health)

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8 pages, 302 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Sedentary Behaviour and Hair Cortisol Amongst Women Living in Socioeconomically Disadvantaged Neighbourhoods: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Megan Teychenne^1,*

, Dana Lee Olstad^1,2

, Anne I. Turner¹

, Sarah A. Costigan³ and Kylie Ball¹

¹ Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong 3220, Australia

² Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 4Z6, AB, Canada

³ School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 586; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040586 - 25 Mar 2018

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5098

Abstract

Women living in socioeconomically disadvantaged neighbourhoods are at heightened risk of experiencing psychological stress. Therefore, identifying potential risk factors for stress is important to support positive mental health. A growing body of research has linked sedentary behaviour with mental ill-health (e.g., depression and [...] Read more.

Women living in socioeconomically disadvantaged neighbourhoods are at heightened risk of experiencing psychological stress. Therefore, identifying potential risk factors for stress is important to support positive mental health. A growing body of research has linked sedentary behaviour with mental ill-health (e.g., depression and anxiety); however, little research has specifically investigated potential linkages between sedentary behaviour and stress. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the association between common types of sedentary behaviour and objectively-measured stress (as measured by hair cortisol levels) amongst women living in socioeconomically disadvantaged neighbourhoods. During 2012–2013, 72 women (aged 18–46 years) living in socioeconomically disadvantaged neighbourhoods self-reported sedentary behaviour (TV viewing, computer use, overall sitting time) and provided hair samples. Hair cortisol levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Linear regression models examined cross-sectional associations between sedentary behaviour and hair cortisol levels. There was no association between any type of sedentary behaviour (TV viewing, computer use, or overall sitting time) and hair cortisol levels in either crude or adjusted models. Sedentary behaviour may not be linked to hair cortisol level (stress) in women living in socioeconomically disadvantaged neighbourhoods. Further studies utilising objective measures of both sedentary behaviour and stress are required to confirm these findings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sedentary Behaviour and Health)

6 pages, 1304 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Recurrent Renal Colic in a Patient with Munchausen Syndrome

by Francesco Miconi¹, Valentina Rapaccini², Emanuela Savarese¹, Gabriele Cabiati¹, Augusto Pasini³, Giovanni Miconi¹, Nicola Principi⁴ and Susanna Esposito^5,*

¹ Pediatric Clinic, Azienda Ospedaliera di Terni, 05100 Terni, Italy

² Pediatric Clinic, Università Tor Vergata, 00173 Rome, Italy

³ Unità Sanitaria Locale (USL) Umbria 2, 05100 Terni, Italy

⁴ Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy

⁵ Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 627; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040627 - 29 Mar 2018

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3225

Abstract

Background: In most of the cases regarding children, factitious disorders (FDs) are intentionally produced by parents. Less attention is paid to FDs in which a child or adolescent intentionally induces or falsifies the disease to attain a patient’s role. Case presentation: A 13-year-old [...] Read more.

Background: In most of the cases regarding children, factitious disorders (FDs) are intentionally produced by parents. Less attention is paid to FDs in which a child or adolescent intentionally induces or falsifies the disease to attain a patient’s role. Case presentation: A 13-year-old immigrated and adopted boy previously underwent an operation for renal joint syndrome and was affected by recurrent episodes of renal colic. The boy was admitted reporting acute left flank pain with scars on the mucous face of his prepuce and had a recent previous hospitalization for the same reason. Laboratory tests and radiological findings did not reveal any morphological or functional alterations. Self-induced FD was suspected, and a psychiatric consultation was performed. After psychiatric consultation and remission of the symptoms with a placebo, a diagnosis of Munchausen syndrome was suspected. The patient’s uncle was not initially convinced of the diagnosis. Some videos clearly showed that the boy was handling his prepuce to excrete stones, explaining the scars. A therapeutic plan with psychiatrist support was later accepted with a positive outcome. No further signs and symptoms of renal colic were reported. Conclusions: It is recommended that paediatricians include FD in the differential diagnosis of a persistent and unexplained medical condition. If suspicion arises, confirmation and long-term therapy by a group of qualified specialists, including psychiatrists, should be planned. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Health Behavior, Chronic Disease and Health Promotion)

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9 pages, 2170 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Full Atrioventricular Block Secondary to Acute Poisoning Mercury: A Case Report

by Amelia Geraldine Peregrina-Chávez¹, María Del Rayo Ramírez-Galindo¹, Rolando Chávez-Martínez², Cesar Anuar Delahanty-Delgado² and Fernando Vazquez-Alaniz^3,*

¹ Urgency Department, Hospital General 450, Servicios de Salud de Durango, Blvd. Jose Maria Patoni No. 403, Col. El Cipres, CP 34206 Durango, Mexico

² Cardiology Department, Hospital General 450, Servicios de Salud de Durango, Blvd. Jose Maria Patoni No. 403, Col. El Cipres, CP 34206 Durango, Mexico

³ Clinical Laboratory, Hospital General 450, Servicios de Salud de Durango, Blvd. Jose Maria Patoni No. 403, Col. El Cipres, CP 34206 Durango, Mexico

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 657; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040657 - 2 Apr 2018

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5706

Abstract

Background: The biological behaviour and clinical significance of mercury toxicity vary according to its chemical structure. Mercury differs in its degree of toxicity and in its effects on the nervous, digestive and immune systems as well as on organs such as the lungs, [...] Read more.

Background: The biological behaviour and clinical significance of mercury toxicity vary according to its chemical structure. Mercury differs in its degree of toxicity and in its effects on the nervous, digestive and immune systems as well as on organs such as the lungs, kidneys, skin, eyes and heart. Human exposure occurs mainly through inhalation of elemental mercury vapours during industrial and artisanal processes such as artisanal and small-scale gold mining. Case presentation: A 52-years-old female, housewife, with a body mass index of 25.3 kg/cm², without smoking or alcohol habits or any important clinical or chronic cardiovascular history, was admitted to the emergency room due to probable accidental poisoning by butane gas. Clinical manifestations with a headache, dizziness, cough, and dyspnoea of medium to small efforts. An initial physical exploration with Glasgow scored at 15, with arrhythmic heart sounds, pulmonary fields with bilateral subcrepitant rales and right basal predominance. Electrocardiographic findings were as follows: a cardiac frequency of 50 beats per minute and atrioventricular dissociation. Laboratory parameters were: white blood cells at 15.8 × 10⁹/L; aspartate aminotransferase at 38 U/L; lactate dehydrogenase at 1288 U/L; creatine-kinase at 115 U/L; CK-MB fraction at 28 U/L; and other biochemical parameters were within the reference values. A radiographic evaluation showed flow cephalization, diffuse bilateral infiltrates with right basal predominance. In addition, the patient presented data of low secondary expenditure to third-degree atrioventricular (AV) block for which the placement of a transvenous pacemaker was decided, substantially improving the haemodynamic parameters. Subsequently, after a family interrogation, the diagnosis of mercury inhalation poisoning was established. An initial detection of mercury concentration (Hg(0)) was carried out, reporting 243.5 µg/L. In view of this new evidence, mercury chelation therapy with intravenous calcium disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (CaNa₂·EDTA) was initiated. After 8-days of hospital stay, she presented a favourable evolution with both clinical and radiological improvements, so that the mechanical ventilation progressed to extubating. Subsequently, she was referred for cardiology because of her persistent 3rd-degree atrioventricular block, deciding to place a definitive bicameral pacemaker. The patient was discharged from the hospital 14 days after admission due to clinical improvements with mercury plasma levels at 5 µmol/L and a heart rhythm from the pacemaker. Conclusions: We show evidence that acute exposure to elemental mercury can affect the heart rhythm, including a complete atrioventricular blockage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mercury Exposure and Global Change)

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8 pages, 277 KiB

Open AccessPerspective

Recent Advances in Attention Bias Modification for Substance Addictions

by Melvyn Weibin Zhang^1,2,*, Jiang Bo Ying³, Guo Song¹, Daniel S. S. Fung⁴ and Helen E. Smith²

¹ National Addictions Management Service, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore 539747, Singapore

² Family Medicine and Primary Care, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 66308232, Singapore

³ National Healthcare Group, National Psychiatry Residency Program, Singapore 539747, Singapore

⁴ Department of Developmental Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore 539747, Singapore

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 676; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040676 - 4 Apr 2018

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 6050

Abstract

Research on attentional bias modification has increased since 2014. A recent meta-analysis demonstrates evidence for bias modification for substance disorders, including alcohol and tobacco use disorders. Several pharmacological trials have shown that pharmacological agents can attenuate and modify such attentional bias. The pharmacological [...] Read more.

Research on attentional bias modification has increased since 2014. A recent meta-analysis demonstrates evidence for bias modification for substance disorders, including alcohol and tobacco use disorders. Several pharmacological trials have shown that pharmacological agents can attenuate and modify such attentional bias. The pharmacological trials that have appeared to date have produced mixed results, which has clinical implications. Developments in Internet and mobile technologies have transformed how attention bias modification is currently being achieved. There remains great potential for further research that examines the efficacy of technology-aided attention bias interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adult Psychiatry)

6 pages, 1523 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Rhabdomyolysis in a Young Girl with Van Wyk-Grumbach Syndrome due to Severe Hashimoto Thyroiditis

by Alberto Leonardi¹, Laura Penta¹, Marta Cofini¹, Lucia Lanciotti¹, Nicola Principi² and Susanna Esposito^1,*

¹ Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia 06132, Italy

² Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan 20122, Italy

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 704; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040704 - 9 Apr 2018

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4244

Abstract

Background: Autoimmune hypothyroidism (Hashimoto thyroiditis; HT) is the most common postnatal thyroid disease. Clinical manifestations of HT vary according to disease severity. Due to the pleiotropic effects of thyroid hormone, less common signs and symptoms of HT can occur, leading to a delay [...] Read more.

Background: Autoimmune hypothyroidism (Hashimoto thyroiditis; HT) is the most common postnatal thyroid disease. Clinical manifestations of HT vary according to disease severity. Due to the pleiotropic effects of thyroid hormone, less common signs and symptoms of HT can occur, leading to a delay in diagnosis. Case presentation: A 9-year-old girl of Indian origin was admitted for a one-week history of widespread myalgia, fatigue, muscle weakness, difficulty walking, and a significant increase in weight (approximately 2 kg) without any changes in daily habits. The only relevant medical history was several intermittent vaginal bleeding episodes since four years of age. Breast development was consistent with Tanner stage 2 without pubic or axillary hair; while height and weight were at the 10th percentile and the 38th percentile; respectively. Bone age from a left wrist X-ray was delayed 1 year. Pelvic ultrasonography revealed a uterine body/neck ratio of >1 (pubertal stage) and multifollicular ovaries. Her external genitalia had a childlike appearance. Laboratory examinations showed an increased thyroid-stimulating hormone, decreased free thyroxine, and positive anti-thyroglobulin antibody titres, as well as elevation of creatine phosphokinase, myoglobin, lactate dehydrogenase, serum aspartate aminotransferase, hypercholesterolemia, and a basal serum prolactin near the upper limit of normal. Follicle stimulating hormone and estradiol were slightly and significantly elevated, respectively. Thyroid ultrasound showed an increased gland size with irregular echostructures and high vascularization. Levothyroxine replacement therapy led to complete normalization of clinical and laboratory findings, including rhabdomyolysis indices. No further vaginal bleeding episodes were reported. Conclusion: This case report highlights how various can be the clinical picture of HT in children, and how rare clinical manifestations can be the only signs of disease at presentation leading to delayed diagnosis and treatment. In this girl, a never-described association of Van Wyk-Grumbach syndrome and acute rhabdomyolysis in a young girl with previously unrecognized HT is described. The importance of recognizing the signs and symptoms of rare complications of HT in order to begin appropriate therapy is stressed. Full article

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1 pages, 254 KiB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: TURDI, M. et al. Trace Elements Contamination and Human Health Risk Assessment in Drinking Water from the Agricultural and Pastoral Areas of Bay County, Xinjiang, China; Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 938

by Muyessar Turdi^1,2 and Linsheng Yang^1,*

¹ Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11 A Datun Road, Beijing 100101, China

² University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 705; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040705 - 10 Apr 2018

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2447

Abstract

In the original version of our article[...]
Full article

2 pages, 265 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperComment

Comment on Cerland, L. et al. Incidence and Consequences of Near-Drowning-Related Pneumonia—A Descriptive Series from Martinique, French West Indies. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 1402

by Ana Catarina Queiroga^1,*,†, Jonathon Webber^2,3,†

, Andrew C. Schmidt^4,5,†

, Justin R. Sempsrott^5,†, Roberto Barcala-Furelos^6,†, Michael Tipton^7,†

and David Szpilman^8,†

¹ EPI-Unit, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal

² Department of Anaesthesiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand

³ Surf Life Saving New Zealand, P.O. Box 39129,Wellington Mail Centre, Lower Hutt 5045, New Zealand

⁴ Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine-Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL 32209, USA

⁵ Lifeguards without Borders, P.O. Box 737, Kuna, ID 83634, USA

⁶ REMOSS Research Group, Lifesaving and Motor Skill, Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, University of Vigo, 36005 Pontevedra, Spain

⁷ Extreme Environments Laboratory, Department of Sport & Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2ER, UK

⁸ Sociedade Brasileira de Salvamento Aquático, Barra da Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro RJ 22631-004, Brazil

^† These authors belong to the International Drowning Researchers’ Alliance.

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 706; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040706 - 10 Apr 2018

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3148

Abstract

We read with great interest the recent paper by Cerland et al. on the frequency, nature, and consequences of post-drowning pneumonia[...] Full article

18 pages, 27122 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperCommentary

Concerns about Quadrupole ICP-MS Lead Isotopic Data and Interpretations in the Environment and Health Fields

by Brian Gulson^1,2,*, George D. Kamenov³

, William Manton⁴ and Michael Rabinowitz⁵

¹ Energy and Environmental Research Centre, Department of Environmental Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia

² CSIRO Energy Flagship, North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia

³ Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32605, USA

⁴ Department of Geosciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA

⁵ Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 723; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040723 - 11 Apr 2018

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 7143

Abstract

There has been a massive increase in recent years of the use of lead (Pb) isotopes in attempts to better understand sources and pathways of Pb in the environment and in man or experimental animals. Unfortunately, there have been many cases where the [...] Read more.

There has been a massive increase in recent years of the use of lead (Pb) isotopes in attempts to better understand sources and pathways of Pb in the environment and in man or experimental animals. Unfortunately, there have been many cases where the quality of the isotopic data, especially that obtained by quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (Q-ICP-MS), are questionable, resulting in questionable identification of potential sources, which, in turn, impacts study interpretation and conclusions. We present several cases where the isotopic data have compromised interpretation because of the use of only the major isotopes ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁶Pb and ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb, or their graphing in other combinations. We also present some examples comparing high precision data from thermal ionization (TIMS) or multi-collector plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS) to illustrate the deficiency in the Q-ICP-MS data. In addition, we present cases where Pb isotopic ratios measured on Q-ICP-MS are virtually impossible for terrestrial samples. We also evaluate the Pb isotopic data for rat studies, which had concluded that Pb isotopic fractionation occurs between different organs and suggest that this notion of biological fractionation of Pb as an explanation for isotopic differences is not valid. Overall, the brief review of these case studies shows that Q-ICP-MS as commonly practiced is not a suitable technique for precise and accurate Pb isotopic analysis in the environment and health fields. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Isotopic Fingerprinting of Metals: From Environment to Human Body)

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14 pages, 21995 KiB

Open AccessCommentary

The Emergency Medical System in Greece: Opening Aeolus’ Bag of Winds

by Ourania S. Kotsiou^1,*

, David S. Srivastava², Panagiotis Kotsios³, Aristomenis K. Exadaktylos² and Konstantinos I. Gourgoulianis¹

¹ Respiratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece

² Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland

³ International Business Department, Perrotis College, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 745; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040745 - 13 Apr 2018

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 8328

Abstract

An Emergency Medical Service (EMS) system must encompass a spectrum of care, with dedicated pre-hospital and in-hospital medical facilities. It has to be organised in such a way as to include all necessary services—such as triage accurate initial assessment, prompt resuscitation, efficient management [...] Read more.

An Emergency Medical Service (EMS) system must encompass a spectrum of care, with dedicated pre-hospital and in-hospital medical facilities. It has to be organised in such a way as to include all necessary services—such as triage accurate initial assessment, prompt resuscitation, efficient management of emergency cases, and transport to definitive care. The global economic downturn has had a direct effect on the health sector and poses additional threats to the healthcare system. Greece is one of the hardest-hit countries. This manuscript aims to present the structure of the Greek EMS system and the impact of the current economic recession on it. Nowadays, primary care suffers major shortages in crucial equipment, unmet health needs, and ineffective central coordination. Patients are also facing economic limitations that lead to difficulties in using healthcare services. The multi-factorial problem of in-hospital EMS overcrowding is also evident and has been linked with potentially poorer clinical outcomes. Furthermore, the ongoing refugee crisis challenges the national EMS. Adoption of a triage scale, expansion of the primary care network, and an effective primary–hospital continuum of care are urgently needed in Greece to provide comprehensive, culturally competent, and high-quality health care. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Refugee, Migrant and Ethnic Minority Health)

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2 pages, 266 KiB

Open AccessReply

Near-Drowning: To Be or Not to Be … Is It the Question?

by Bruno Mégarbane^1,*

, Hossein Mehdaoui² and Dabor Résière²

¹ Department of Medical and Toxicological Critical Care, Lariboisière Hospital, Paris-Diderot University, 75010 Paris, France

² Critical Care Unit, University Hospital of Martinique, 97200 Martinique, French West Indies

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 760; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040760 - 15 Apr 2018

Viewed by 3181

Abstract

n/a Full article

8 pages, 669 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Chronic Manganese Toxicity Associated with Voltage-Gated Potassium Channel Complex Antibodies in a Relapsing Neuropsychiatric Disorder

by Cyrus S.H. Ho^1,*

, Roger C.M. Ho¹

and Amy M.L. Quek^2,3

¹ Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119074, Singapore

² Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore

³ Division of Neurology, University Medicine Cluster, National University Hospital, Singapore 119074, Singapore

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 783; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040783 - 18 Apr 2018

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 5036

Abstract

Heavy metal poisoning is a rare but important cause of encephalopathy. Manganese (Mn) toxicity is especially rare in the modern world, and clinicians’ lack of recognition of its neuropsychiatric manifestations can lead to misdiagnosis and mismanagement. We describe the case of a man [...] Read more.

Heavy metal poisoning is a rare but important cause of encephalopathy. Manganese (Mn) toxicity is especially rare in the modern world, and clinicians’ lack of recognition of its neuropsychiatric manifestations can lead to misdiagnosis and mismanagement. We describe the case of a man who presented with recurrent episodes of confusion, psychosis, dystonic limb movement and cognitive impairment and was initially diagnosed with anti-voltage-gated potassium channel (VGKC) complex limbic encephalitis in view of previous positive autoantibodies. His failure to respond to immunotherapy prompted testing for heavy metal poisoning, which was positive for Mn. This is the first report to examine an association between Mn and VGKC antibodies and the effects of Mn on functional brain activity using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adult Psychiatry)

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11 pages, 799 KiB

Open AccessPerspective

Stress and Alterations in the Pain Matrix: A Biopsychosocial Perspective on Back Pain and Its Prevention and Treatment

by Pia-Maria Wippert^1,2,* and Christine Wiebking^1,3

¹ Sociology of Health and Physical Activity, Department of Health Science, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, House 12, 14469 Potsdam, Germany

² Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, HCP, Leopold-Ruzicka-Weg 4, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland

³ Institute of Psychology and Education, Applied Emotion and Motivation Research, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 785; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040785 - 18 Apr 2018

Cited by 39 | Viewed by 10511

Abstract

The genesis of chronic pain is explained by a biopsychosocial model. It hypothesizes an interdependency between environmental and genetic factors provoking aberrant long-term changes in biological and psychological regulatory systems. Physiological effects of psychological and physical stressors may play a crucial role in [...] Read more.

The genesis of chronic pain is explained by a biopsychosocial model. It hypothesizes an interdependency between environmental and genetic factors provoking aberrant long-term changes in biological and psychological regulatory systems. Physiological effects of psychological and physical stressors may play a crucial role in these maladaptive processes. Specifically, long-term demands on the stress response system may moderate central pain processing and influence descending serotonergic and noradrenergic signals from the brainstem, regulating nociceptive processing at the spinal level. However, the underlying mechanisms of this pathophysiological interplay still remain unclear. This paper aims to shed light on possible pathways between physical (exercise) and psychological stress and the potential neurobiological consequences in the genesis and treatment of chronic pain, highlighting evolving concepts and promising research directions in the treatment of chronic pain. Two treatment forms (exercise and mindfulness-based stress reduction as exemplary therapies), their interaction, and the dose-response will be discussed in more detail, which might pave the way to a better understanding of alterations in the pain matrix and help to develop future prevention and therapeutic concepts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stress and Health)

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6 pages, 389 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Research Priorities in Suicide Prevention: Review of Australian Research from 2010–2017 Highlights Continued Need for Intervention Research

by Lennart Reifels^1,*, Maria Ftanou¹, Karolina Krysinska², Anna Machlin¹, Jo Robinson³

and Jane Pirkis¹

¹ Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Carlton 3010, Australia

² Centre for Primary Health Care and Equity, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia

³ Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville 3052, Australia

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 807; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040807 - 20 Apr 2018

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 5422

Abstract

Suicide is a major public health concern in Australia and globally, requiring targeted research efforts to build the evidence base for its effective prevention. We examined current and future priorities in Australian suicide prevention research during the period 2010–2017, and compared these to [...] Read more.

Suicide is a major public health concern in Australia and globally, requiring targeted research efforts to build the evidence base for its effective prevention. We examined current and future priorities in Australian suicide prevention research during the period 2010–2017, and compared these to 1999–2006 baseline data. We classified current research priorities in terms of the type of research published in 424 journal articles and 36 grants and fellowships funded during 2010–2017. A questionnaire administered to 390 stakeholders identified future research priorities. The total number of suicide prevention focussed journal articles and the value of funded grants increased dramatically. Congruent with baseline data, current research priorities in 2010–2017 reflected a strong emphasis on epidemiological studies, while funding for intervention studies declined. This is despite the fact that stakeholders continually identified intervention studies as being the highest future research priority. If we are to make real advances in suicide prevention, we need to know what works, and identify and test effective interventions. This study highlighted the existing dearth and continued need for intervention research. Mechanisms to support future intervention research in suicide prevention are likely to lead to significant gains in knowledge and population health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Suicide Research)

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7 pages, 322 KiB

Open AccessProject Report

Development of the WHO Environmental Noise Guidelines for the European Region: An Introduction

by Dorota Jarosińska^1,*

, Marie-Ève Héroux¹, Poonum Wilkhu¹, James Creswick¹, Jos Verbeek²

, Jördis Wothge¹ and Elizabet Paunović¹

¹ World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Office for Europe, European Centre for Environment and Health, Platz der Vereinten Nationen 1, 53113 Bonn, Germany

² Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Cochrane Work, Neulaniementie 4, 70701 Kuopio, Finland

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(4), 813; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040813 - 20 Apr 2018

Cited by 84 | Viewed by 12383

Abstract

Following the Parma Declaration on Environment and Health adopted at the Fifth Ministerial Conference (2010), the Ministers and representatives of Member States in the WHO European Region requested the World Health Organization (WHO) to develop updated guidelines on environmental noise, and called upon [...] Read more.

Following the Parma Declaration on Environment and Health adopted at the Fifth Ministerial Conference (2010), the Ministers and representatives of Member States in the WHO European Region requested the World Health Organization (WHO) to develop updated guidelines on environmental noise, and called upon all stakeholders to reduce children’s exposure to noise, including that from personal electronic devices. The WHO Environmental Noise Guidelines for the European Region will provide evidence-based policy guidance to Member States on protecting human health from noise originating from transportation (road traffic, railway and aircraft), wind turbine noise, and leisure noise in settings where people spend the majority of their time. Compared to previous WHO guidelines on noise, the most significant developments include: consideration of new evidence associating environmental noise exposure with health outcomes, such as annoyance, cardiovascular effects, obesity and metabolic effects (such as diabetes), cognitive impairment, sleep disturbance, hearing impairment and tinnitus, adverse birth outcomes, quality of life, mental health, and wellbeing; inclusion of new noise sources to reflect the current noise environment; and the use of a standardized framework (grading of recommendations, assessment, development, and evaluations: GRADE) to assess evidence and develop recommendations. The recommendations in the guidelines are underpinned by systematic reviews of evidence on several health outcomes related to environmental noise as well as evidence on interventions to reduce noise exposure and/or health outcomes. The overall body of evidence is published in this Special Issue. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue WHO Noise and Health Evidence Reviews)

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