Chemical Characterization and Seasonality of Ambient Particles (PM2.5) in the City Centre of Addis Ababa
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Setting
2.2. Sampling Approach
2.3. Laboratory Analysis
2.4. Data QA/QC
2.5. Chemical Mass Closure
2.6. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. PM2.5 Concentration
3.2. PM2.5 Bulk Composition
3.3. Organic and Elemental Carbon
3.4. Dust Contributions and Components
3.5. Trace Elements and Heavy Metals
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Month (n) | Mass | EC a | OM b | SO42− | NO3− | NH4+ | OI c | Dust | UM d |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nov_15 (5) | 39.82 | 8.36 | 22.83 | 2.59 | 0.32 | 0.64 | 0.38 | 4.26 | 0.44 |
Dec (4) | 49.1 | 8.88 | 23.75 | 3.49 | 0.54 | 0.79 | 0.93 | 5.19 | 5.53 |
Jan (5) | 36.89 | 8 | 20.12 | 2.8 | 0.6 | 0.46 | 0.26 | 4.08 | 0.57 |
Feb (5) | 57.26 | 11.77 | 26.75 | 3.4 | 0.96 | 0.79 | 0.39 | 14.13 | 0 |
Mar (5) | 45.1 | 9.63 | 21.66 | 2.25 | 0.19 | 0.7 | 0.31 | 11.04 | 0 |
April (5) | 38.15 | 7.98 | 19.23 | 1.34 | 0.34 | 0.58 | 0.23 | 4.18 | 4.27 |
May (4) | 44.53 | 11.61 | 15.55 | 1.71 | 0.39 | 0.46 | 1.22 | 9.72 | 3.87 |
June (3) | 85.1 | 24.16 | 33.73 | 3.8 | 0.18 | 1.1 | 0.54 | 14.57 | 7.02 |
July (4) | 79.91 | 21.75 | 36.23 | 2.89 | 0.26 | 1.25 | 0.64 | 6.91 | 9.98 |
Aug (5) | 75.01 | 20.47 | 26.6 | 2.76 | 0.15 | 1.11 | 0.55 | 3.88 | 19.49 |
Sep (5) | 77.17 | 22.83 | 31.28 | 5.25 | 0.27 | 2.68 | 0.98 | 6.17 | 7.71 |
Oct (6) | 43.26 | 12.65 | 14.21 | 4.12 | 0.07 | 1.55 | 0.67 | 5.78 | 4.21 |
Nov_16 (5) | 45.39 | 14.55 | 16.69 | 3.38 | 0.05 | 0.69 | 1.04 | 4.13 | 4.86 |
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Tefera, W.; Kumie, A.; Berhane, K.; Gilliland, F.; Lai, A.; Sricharoenvech, P.; Samet, J.; Patz, J.; Schauer, J.J. Chemical Characterization and Seasonality of Ambient Particles (PM2.5) in the City Centre of Addis Ababa. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6998. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17196998
Tefera W, Kumie A, Berhane K, Gilliland F, Lai A, Sricharoenvech P, Samet J, Patz J, Schauer JJ. Chemical Characterization and Seasonality of Ambient Particles (PM2.5) in the City Centre of Addis Ababa. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(19):6998. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17196998
Chicago/Turabian StyleTefera, Worku, Abera Kumie, Kiros Berhane, Frank Gilliland, Alexandra Lai, Piyaporn Sricharoenvech, Jonathan Samet, Jonathan Patz, and James J. Schauer. 2020. "Chemical Characterization and Seasonality of Ambient Particles (PM2.5) in the City Centre of Addis Ababa" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 19: 6998. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17196998
APA StyleTefera, W., Kumie, A., Berhane, K., Gilliland, F., Lai, A., Sricharoenvech, P., Samet, J., Patz, J., & Schauer, J. J. (2020). Chemical Characterization and Seasonality of Ambient Particles (PM2.5) in the City Centre of Addis Ababa. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(19), 6998. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17196998