Yangtze River Basin Environmental Regulation Efficiency Based on the Empirical Analysis of 97 Cities from 2005 to 2016
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Study Area
2.2. The SE-SBM Model
2.3. DEA–Malmquist Index
3. Statistical Datasets
4. Results
4.1. Yangtze River Basin Environmental Regulation Efficiency
4.2. DEA–Malmquist Index
4.3. TFP Decomposition
4.4. Slack Analysis Based on SE-SBM Model
5. Conclusions and Recommendations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. ERE of 97 cities in YRB from 2005 to 2016
City | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | Average |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Changsha | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.15 | 0.07 | 0.14 | 0.19 | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.34 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 0.38 |
Zhuzhou | 0.20 | 0.24 | 0.41 | 0.26 | 0.35 | 0.45 | 0.41 | 0.39 | 0.36 | 0.41 | 0.36 | 0.46 | 0.36 |
Xiangtan | 0.19 | 0.16 | 0.15 | 0.05 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.17 | 0.19 | 0.18 | 0.23 | 0.25 | 0.23 | 0.17 |
Hengyang | 0.52 | 1.04 | 1.02 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 0.76 | 0.44 | 0.48 | 0.51 | 0.56 | 0.58 | 1.00 | 0.74 |
Shaoyang | 0.77 | 1.00 | 0.60 | 0.28 | 0.47 | 0.53 | 0.59 | 0.57 | 0.50 | 0.58 | 0.49 | 0.63 | 0.59 |
Yueyang | 0.70 | 0.78 | 0.82 | 0.57 | 0.49 | 0.52 | 0.64 | 0.64 | 0.64 | 0.72 | 0.79 | 1.00 | 0.69 |
Changde | 1.15 | 1.05 | 1.07 | 1.06 | 1.07 | 1.05 | 1.05 | 1.03 | 1.03 | 1.05 | 1.05 | 1.04 | 1.06 |
Zhangjiajie | 1.27 | 1.25 | 1.20 | 1.30 | 1.24 | 1.27 | 1.33 | 1.39 | 1.49 | 1.45 | 1.44 | 1.50 | 1.34 |
Yiyang | 1.01 | 0.77 | 0.72 | 0.38 | 0.58 | 0.70 | 0.74 | 0.63 | 0.27 | 0.66 | 1.01 | 1.00 | 0.71 |
Chenzhou | 0.60 | 0.73 | 1.00 | 1.01 | 0.57 | 1.01 | 1.00 | 1.07 | 1.01 | 1.05 | 1.02 | 1.02 | 0.92 |
Yongzhou | 0.68 | 0.63 | 1.00 | 0.47 | 0.58 | 1.06 | 1.03 | 1.05 | 1.00 | 1.05 | 1.04 | 1.08 | 0.89 |
Huaihua | 1.07 | 1.02 | 1.05 | 1.03 | 0.75 | 0.72 | 1.01 | 1.02 | 0.69 | 1.01 | 0.77 | 1.00 | 0.93 |
Loudi | 1.02 | 1.06 | 1.02 | 1.02 | 0.37 | 0.39 | 0.50 | 0.29 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.27 | 0.33 | 0.57 |
Xiangxi | 1.11 | 1.13 | 1.01 | 0.26 | 0.44 | 0.52 | 1.10 | 1.05 | 1.03 | 1.01 | 0.66 | 1.01 | 0.86 |
Nanchang | 1.03 | 1.03 | 1.04 | 1.02 | 1.04 | 1.04 | 1.05 | 1.05 | 1.06 | 1.05 | 1.05 | 0.12 | 0.96 |
Jingdezhen | 0.23 | 0.34 | 0.49 | 0.36 | 0.34 | 0.26 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.42 | 0.59 | 1.01 | 0.35 | 0.43 |
Pingxiang | 1.07 | 1.04 | 1.04 | 1.01 | 1.05 | 1.05 | 1.04 | 1.05 | 1.05 | 1.06 | 1.04 | 0.46 | 1.00 |
Jiujiang | 0.43 | 0.44 | 1.03 | 0.50 | 0.67 | 0.55 | 0.62 | 0.59 | 1.02 | 1.03 | 1.03 | 0.55 | 0.71 |
Xinyu | 1.05 | 1.07 | 1.07 | 1.00 | 1.07 | 1.16 | 1.18 | 1.13 | 1.12 | 1.13 | 1.14 | 1.01 | 1.09 |
Yingtan | 1.22 | 1.78 | 1.35 | 1.34 | 1.37 | 1.28 | 1.37 | 1.41 | 1.48 | 1.40 | 1.28 | 1.17 | 1.37 |
Ganzhou | 1.01 | 1.07 | 1.05 | 1.09 | 1.06 | 1.06 | 1.04 | 1.07 | 1.07 | 1.09 | 1.07 | 1.03 | 1.06 |
Ji’an | 0.73 | 1.09 | 1.02 | 1.00 | 1.05 | 1.02 | 1.03 | 1.12 | 1.08 | 1.11 | 1.14 | 0.78 | 1.01 |
Yichun | 0.68 | 1.02 | 1.12 | 1.06 | 1.06 | 1.07 | 1.05 | 1.05 | 1.05 | 1.03 | 1.04 | 0.74 | 1.00 |
Fuzhou | 0.70 | 1.00 | 1.02 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.64 | 1.00 | 0.83 | 0.71 | 0.68 | 0.66 | 0.55 | 0.82 |
Shangrao | 0.51 | 1.01 | 1.05 | 1.00 | 1.05 | 1.05 | 1.02 | 1.01 | 0.86 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 0.72 | 0.94 |
Nanjing | 0.23 | 0.24 | 0.23 | 0.20 | 0.18 | 0.12 | 0.10 | 0.13 | 0.12 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.15 | 0.17 |
Wuxi | 1.05 | 1.09 | 1.06 | 1.03 | 1.03 | 1.01 | 0.57 | 1.01 | 1.04 | 1.05 | 1.04 | 1.04 | 1.00 |
Changzhou | 0.21 | 0.19 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.06 | 1.08 | 0.08 | 0.16 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 1.01 | 1.00 | 0.58 |
Suzhou | 1.12 | 1.09 | 1.10 | 1.08 | 1.08 | 1.11 | 1.17 | 1.18 | 1.14 | 1.14 | 1.13 | 1.11 | 1.12 |
Nantong | 0.26 | 0.32 | 0.39 | 0.31 | 0.29 | 0.28 | 0.22 | 0.26 | 0.25 | 0.30 | 0.53 | 0.26 | 0.31 |
Yangzhou | 0.40 | 0.41 | 0.31 | 0.15 | 0.28 | 0.41 | 0.31 | 0.30 | 0.23 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.28 |
Zhenjiang | 0.24 | 0.22 | 0.26 | 0.12 | 0.23 | 0.22 | 0.20 | 0.23 | 0.35 | 0.28 | 0.23 | 0.25 | 0.23 |
Taizhou | 0.59 | 1.00 | 0.48 | 1.10 | 0.31 | 0.24 | 0.22 | 0.26 | 0.19 | 0.17 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.41 |
Shanghai | 1.11 | 1.10 | 1.10 | 1.10 | 1.09 | 1.09 | 1.08 | 1.08 | 1.07 | 1.07 | 1.07 | 1.07 | 1.09 |
Hangzhou | 1.11 | 1.11 | 1.11 | 1.10 | 1.11 | 1.07 | 0.29 | 0.26 | 0.25 | 0.20 | 0.22 | 0.26 | 0.67 |
Jiaxing | 1.03 | 1.03 | 1.02 | 0.17 | 0.10 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 1.01 | 0.39 |
Huzhou | 0.28 | 0.22 | 0.11 | 0.02 | 0.10 | 0.34 | 0.23 | 0.33 | 0.31 | 0.29 | 0.15 | 0.25 | 0.22 |
Quzhou | 1.03 | 1.04 | 1.05 | 1.01 | 1.03 | 1.02 | 1.01 | 1.03 | 1.03 | 1.01 | 1.02 | 1.13 | 1.03 |
Sanming | 1.19 | 1.14 | 1.13 | 1.12 | 1.18 | 1.18 | 1.14 | 1.12 | 1.17 | 1.13 | 1.11 | 1.14 | 1.15 |
Nanping | 1.05 | 1.06 | 1.05 | 1.06 | 1.06 | 1.04 | 1.05 | 1.03 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.02 | 1.04 |
Longyan | 1.05 | 1.03 | 1.01 | 1.02 | 1.03 | 1.02 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.02 | 1.02 |
Guilin | 0.42 | 0.49 | 0.50 | 0.56 | 1.00 | 0.58 | 0.41 | 1.36 | 0.41 | 1.11 | 0.48 | 0.49 | 0.65 |
Hefei | 0.11 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.12 | 0.23 | 0.26 | 0.25 | 0.29 | 0.12 |
Wuhu | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.19 | 0.02 | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.09 | 0.27 | 0.30 | 0.33 | 0.32 | 0.15 |
Ma’an’shan | 0.06 | 0.11 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.14 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.14 | 0.09 |
Tongling | 0.15 | 0.04 | 0.18 | 0.03 | 0.10 | 0.14 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.29 | 0.12 |
Anqing | 0.23 | 0.28 | 0.59 | 0.36 | 0.55 | 0.51 | 0.44 | 0.52 | 0.58 | 0.59 | 0.56 | 0.61 | 0.49 |
Huangshan | 0.69 | 0.19 | 0.43 | 0.36 | 0.46 | 0.54 | 0.45 | 0.28 | 0.33 | 0.34 | 0.40 | 0.56 | 0.42 |
Chizhou | 1.06 | 1.05 | 1.05 | 1.03 | 1.05 | 1.07 | 1.07 | 1.09 | 0.69 | 0.73 | 0.61 | 0.71 | 0.93 |
Xuancheng | 1.18 | 1.46 | 1.20 | 1.18 | 1.16 | 1.12 | 1.18 | 0.61 | 1.04 | 1.21 | 1.14 | 1.14 | 1.13 |
Wuhan | 0.14 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.16 | 0.21 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.14 |
Huangshi | 0.25 | 0.17 | 0.24 | 0.16 | 0.19 | 0.13 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.15 | 0.26 | 0.15 |
Shiyan | 0.34 | 0.43 | 0.48 | 0.39 | 0.37 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.22 | 0.21 | 0.30 | 0.31 |
Yichang | 0.34 | 0.26 | 0.40 | 0.36 | 0.28 | 0.29 | 0.36 | 0.36 | 0.39 | 0.39 | 0.40 | 0.35 | 0.35 |
Xiangyang | 1.08 | 1.05 | 1.06 | 1.05 | 1.00 | 0.79 | 0.55 | 0.47 | 0.47 | 1.00 | 1.01 | 1.00 | 0.88 |
Ezhou | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.29 | 0.23 | 0.25 | 0.26 | 0.12 | 0.20 | 0.18 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.35 |
Jingmen | 1.01 | 0.62 | 1.00 | 1.02 | 0.62 | 0.64 | 0.36 | 0.37 | 0.39 | 0.46 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 0.71 |
Xiaogan | 0.60 | 0.45 | 0.49 | 0.40 | 0.37 | 0.35 | 0.23 | 0.30 | 0.24 | 0.26 | 0.24 | 0.31 | 0.35 |
Jingzhou | 1.00 | 0.56 | 1.00 | 0.51 | 0.40 | 0.30 | 0.40 | 0.29 | 0.28 | 0.34 | 0.36 | 1.12 | 0.55 |
Huanggang | 1.04 | 0.54 | 0.49 | 0.57 | 0.55 | 0.53 | 0.46 | 1.01 | 0.32 | 0.32 | 0.32 | 0.42 | 0.55 |
Xianning | 0.55 | 0.44 | 1.04 | 0.35 | 0.48 | 0.41 | 0.35 | 0.32 | 0.32 | 0.34 | 0.41 | 0.43 | 0.45 |
Suizhou | 1.10 | 1.06 | 1.08 | 1.06 | 1.09 | 1.06 | 1.03 | 1.04 | 1.07 | 1.11 | 1.24 | 1.27 | 1.10 |
Enshi | 1.09 | 1.01 | 1.03 | 1.06 | 1.07 | 1.09 | 1.10 | 1.11 | 1.13 | 1.09 | 1.09 | 1.14 | 1.09 |
Kunming | 0.18 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.14 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.19 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.21 | 0.14 |
Qujing | 0.39 | 1.01 | 1.16 | 1.16 | 1.10 | 1.04 | 1.05 | 1.09 | 1.05 | 1.02 | 1.02 | 0.84 | 0.99 |
Zhaotong | 0.48 | 1.03 | 0.57 | 0.33 | 1.11 | 1.12 | 1.09 | 0.56 | 1.16 | 1.23 | 1.13 | 1.12 | 0.91 |
Chengdu | 0.19 | 0.18 | 0.21 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.12 | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.13 | 0.25 | 0.11 |
Zigong | 1.05 | 1.03 | 1.04 | 1.00 | 0.56 | 0.65 | 1.00 | 0.35 | 1.00 | 0.58 | 1.01 | 0.74 | 0.83 |
Luzhou | 0.52 | 0.56 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.46 | 0.41 | 0.27 | 0.30 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.32 | 0.35 | 0.38 |
Deyang | 1.01 | 1.02 | 1.02 | 0.55 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.10 | 0.31 | 0.36 | 0.38 |
Mianyang | 0.47 | 0.41 | 0.05 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.33 | 0.30 | 0.27 | 0.24 | 0.20 | 0.47 | 0.41 | 0.30 |
Guangyuan | 1.06 | 0.67 | 0.61 | 0.79 | 0.20 | 0.65 | 0.42 | 1.02 | 0.21 | 0.16 | 0.31 | 0.60 | 0.56 |
Suining | 0.51 | 0.47 | 0.50 | 0.30 | 0.43 | 0.38 | 0.11 | 0.29 | 0.13 | 0.10 | 0.42 | 0.41 | 0.34 |
Neijiang | 0.39 | 0.43 | 0.33 | 0.22 | 0.48 | 0.38 | 0.51 | 0.30 | 0.16 | 0.07 | 0.26 | 0.55 | 0.34 |
Leshan | 0.45 | 0.39 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.39 | 0.43 | 0.28 | 0.33 | 0.26 | 0.27 | 0.46 | 0.58 | 0.40 |
Nanchong | 0.42 | 0.39 | 0.28 | 0.33 | 0.18 | 0.22 | 0.34 | 0.33 | 0.28 | 0.21 | 0.29 | 0.41 | 0.31 |
Meishan | 1.16 | 1.08 | 1.03 | 1.09 | 1.01 | 1.00 | 0.37 | 0.22 | 0.15 | 0.19 | 0.51 | 0.54 | 0.70 |
Yibin | 0.43 | 0.43 | 0.61 | 0.60 | 0.75 | 0.69 | 0.49 | 0.44 | 0.46 | 0.51 | 1.02 | 1.08 | 0.63 |
Guangan | 1.05 | 1.13 | 1.03 | 1.04 | 1.05 | 1.05 | 1.08 | 1.06 | 1.07 | 1.03 | 1.02 | 1.02 | 1.05 |
Dazhou | 0.52 | 0.44 | 0.36 | 0.39 | 0.34 | 0.46 | 0.42 | 0.07 | 0.20 | 0.19 | 0.40 | 0.45 | 0.35 |
Yaan | 0.57 | 0.25 | 0.40 | 1.02 | 0.25 | 0.40 | 0.38 | 0.14 | 0.09 | 0.14 | 0.56 | 1.02 | 0.43 |
Bazhong | 1.06 | 1.18 | 1.07 | 1.02 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 2.68 | 1.90 | 1.55 | 1.32 | 1.31 |
Ziyang | 1.00 | 1.02 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.18 | 1.13 | 1.10 | 1.15 | 1.05 |
Nanyang | 1.20 | 1.28 | 1.09 | 1.10 | 1.11 | 1.05 | 1.06 | 1.10 | 1.07 | 1.11 | 1.08 | 1.04 | 1.11 |
Zhumadian | 1.10 | 1.13 | 1.09 | 1.09 | 1.11 | 1.10 | 1.10 | 1.11 | 1.12 | 1.08 | 1.07 | 1.10 | 1.10 |
Baoji | 0.33 | 0.41 | 0.37 | 0.30 | 0.41 | 0.31 | 0.25 | 0.34 | 0.28 | 0.32 | 0.37 | 0.44 | 0.34 |
Hanzhong | 0.51 | 0.60 | 1.02 | 0.52 | 0.53 | 0.56 | 0.47 | 0.38 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.28 | 0.30 | 0.49 |
Ankang | 0.32 | 1.05 | 1.07 | 0.22 | 0.29 | 0.15 | 1.03 | 1.09 | 0.35 | 1.03 | 1.00 | 1.05 | 0.72 |
Shangluo | 1.05 | 1.04 | 0.55 | 0.46 | 0.51 | 0.45 | 0.47 | 0.41 | 0.43 | 0.44 | 0.46 | 0.43 | 0.56 |
Guiyang | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 |
Liupanshui | 0.25 | 0.27 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.31 | 0.29 | 0.30 | 0.32 | 0.46 | 0.84 | 1.00 | 0.66 | 0.42 |
Zunyi | 1.09 | 1.00 | 0.40 | 0.28 | 0.31 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.29 | 0.53 | 1.00 | 1.02 | 0.77 | 0.62 |
Anshun | 0.38 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 1.06 | 1.19 | 1.13 | 0.59 | 0.36 | 1.09 | 1.12 | 1.24 | 0.44 | 0.75 |
Chongqing | 1.47 | 1.36 | 1.44 | 1.18 | 1.39 | 1.44 | 1.41 | 1.43 | 1.47 | 1.51 | 1.59 | 1.61 | 1.44 |
Shaoguan | 0.43 | 0.32 | 0.38 | 0.35 | 0.18 | 1.04 | 0.60 | 0.69 | 0.72 | 0.63 | 0.80 | 1.08 | 0.60 |
Qingyuan | 1.01 | 1.02 | 1.03 | 1.04 | 1.04 | 1.02 | 1.08 | 1.17 | 1.13 | 1.16 | 1.23 | 1.33 | 1.11 |
Heyuan | 1.03 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.04 | 1.08 | 1.08 | 1.12 | 1.10 | 1.14 | 1.06 | 1.04 | 1.06 |
Average | 0.70 | 0.72 | 0.72 | 0.65 | 0.63 | 0.64 | 0.61 | 0.61 | 0.61 | 0.65 | 0.70 | 0.70 | 0.62 |
Appendix A.1. Spatial Evolution of Total Factor Productivity of 97 Cities in Yangtze River Basin
Malmquist | 2005–2006 | 2006–2007 | 2007–2008 | 2008–2009 | 2009–2010 | 2010–2011 | 2011–2012 | 2012–2013 | 2013–2014 | 2014–2015 | 2015–2016 | Arithmetic Mean | GEOMEAN |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Changsha | 0.93 | 1.44 | 0.65 | 2.05 | 1.40 | 1.00 | 1.03 | 1.10 | 2.97 | 1.00 | 1.59 | 1.38 | 1.27 |
Zhuzhou | 1.18 | 2.03 | 0.51 | 1.07 | 1.13 | 1.13 | 0.85 | 0.91 | 0.96 | 0.87 | 1.01 | 1.06 | 1.01 |
Xiangtan | 0.77 | 1.03 | 0.58 | 1.48 | 0.74 | 1.78 | 0.88 | 0.98 | 1.02 | 1.04 | 0.77 | 1.01 | 0.96 |
Hengyang | 1.76 | 0.95 | 0.72 | 0.69 | 0.66 | 0.73 | 0.98 | 0.92 | 0.99 | 1.01 | 1.30 | 0.97 | 0.93 |
Shaoyang | 1.07 | 0.57 | 0.44 | 1.28 | 1.01 | 1.24 | 0.80 | 0.85 | 1.00 | 0.83 | 0.82 | 0.90 | 0.86 |
Yueyang | 0.88 | 1.21 | 0.68 | 0.73 | 0.85 | 1.65 | 0.88 | 0.80 | 0.93 | 1.08 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.94 |
Changde | 0.87 | 0.99 | 0.94 | 0.96 | 0.94 | 1.00 | 0.96 | 0.97 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 0.97 | 0.96 | 0.96 |
Zhangjiajie | 0.95 | 0.88 | 1.00 | 0.87 | 0.95 | 1.03 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 0.95 | 0.99 | 0.90 | 0.95 | 0.95 |
Yiyang | 0.67 | 0.80 | 0.49 | 0.83 | 0.82 | 1.12 | 0.70 | 0.37 | 1.94 | 1.47 | 0.90 | 0.92 | 0.83 |
Chenzhou | 1.08 | 1.36 | 1.00 | 0.55 | 1.64 | 1.41 | 1.01 | 0.97 | 1.07 | 0.98 | 0.96 | 1.09 | 1.06 |
Yongzhou | 0.66 | 1.23 | 0.49 | 0.97 | 1.66 | 1.20 | 0.78 | 0.94 | 1.02 | 0.97 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.95 |
Huaihua | 0.76 | 0.77 | 0.94 | 0.58 | 0.75 | 1.49 | 0.78 | 0.66 | 1.21 | 0.83 | 0.88 | 0.88 | 0.85 |
Loudi | 0.72 | 0.58 | 0.49 | 0.30 | 0.53 | 1.51 | 0.41 | 0.81 | 0.87 | 0.93 | 1.05 | 0.75 | 0.68 |
Xiangxi | 1.00 | 0.55 | 0.25 | 1.04 | 0.60 | 2.12 | 0.82 | 0.72 | 0.75 | 0.63 | 0.82 | 0.85 | 0.75 |
Nanchang | 0.42 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 1.01 | 0.81 | 0.99 | 0.63 | 1.00 | 0.11 | 0.81 | 0.71 |
Jingdezhen | 1.22 | 1.10 | 0.49 | 0.74 | 0.65 | 2.49 | 0.49 | 0.66 | 0.76 | 0.88 | 0.28 | 0.89 | 0.76 |
Pingxiang | 0.97 | 1.00 | 1.01 | 1.03 | 0.98 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 0.98 | 1.01 | 0.81 | 0.39 | 0.93 | 0.90 |
Jiujiang | 0.61 | 1.58 | 0.90 | 0.78 | 1.07 | 1.53 | 0.71 | 1.32 | 1.01 | 0.99 | 0.47 | 1.00 | 0.94 |
Xinyu | 1.04 | 1.02 | 0.98 | 1.37 | 1.06 | 1.01 | 0.96 | 0.95 | 1.02 | 0.99 | 0.88 | 1.03 | 1.02 |
Yingtan | 1.21 | 0.83 | 0.97 | 0.94 | 0.78 | 1.02 | 0.95 | 0.96 | 0.91 | 0.73 | 0.86 | 0.92 | 0.92 |
Ganzhou | 0.99 | 0.96 | 1.02 | 0.92 | 0.97 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.74 | 0.96 | 0.95 |
Ji’an | 1.20 | 0.91 | 0.95 | 1.03 | 0.98 | 1.02 | 1.05 | 0.98 | 1.00 | 1.02 | 0.53 | 0.97 | 0.95 |
Yichun | 1.06 | 1.05 | 0.97 | 0.94 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.97 | 1.00 | 0.59 | 0.96 | 0.95 |
Fuzhou | 1.33 | 1.05 | 0.79 | 1.00 | 0.58 | 1.25 | 0.68 | 0.72 | 0.70 | 0.74 | 0.54 | 0.85 | 0.82 |
Shangrao | 1.51 | 1.18 | 1.01 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 1.11 | 0.99 | 0.93 | 1.09 | 0.99 | 0.59 | 1.03 | 1.01 |
Nanjing | 1.04 | 1.14 | 1.05 | 0.95 | 0.79 | 0.95 | 1.28 | 0.89 | 1.24 | 1.16 | 0.88 | 1.03 | 1.02 |
Wuxi | 1.04 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 1.01 | 1.00 | 1.45 | 2.47 | 1.00 | 1.01 | 1.00 | 1.48 | 1.22 | 1.17 |
Changzhou | 1.32 | 3.19 | 2.20 | 1.36 | 1.02 | 0.13 | 5.41 | 0.23 | 3.44 | 9.22 | 2.79 | 2.75 | 1.61 |
Suzhou | 0.99 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.01 | 1.02 | 1.05 | 1.01 | 0.92 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Nantong | 1.38 | 1.35 | 1.24 | 1.24 | 0.99 | 1.54 | 2.44 | 0.58 | 1.24 | 2.55 | 0.74 | 1.39 | 1.28 |
Yangzhou | 1.13 | 0.99 | 1.05 | 1.79 | 1.27 | 1.32 | 1.77 | 0.40 | 0.71 | 1.13 | 0.89 | 1.13 | 1.05 |
Zhenjiang | 1.01 | 1.33 | 0.84 | 1.67 | 0.89 | 1.27 | 1.06 | 0.88 | 0.82 | 1.73 | 2.41 | 1.27 | 1.19 |
Taizhou | 1.19 | 0.61 | 2.73 | 0.31 | 0.88 | 1.99 | 1.57 | 0.35 | 0.85 | 0.93 | 0.96 | 1.12 | 0.93 |
Shanghai | 1.21 | 1.12 | 1.00 | 1.25 | 1.00 | 1.01 | 1.87 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 1.63 | 0.99 | 1.19 | 1.16 |
Hangzhou | 0.99 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.02 | 0.96 | 0.31 | 0.62 | 0.76 | 0.64 | 1.13 | 0.42 | 0.80 | 0.75 |
Jiaxing | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.33 | 2.96 | 0.68 | 1.59 | 1.09 | 0.85 | 1.05 | 1.25 | 0.93 | 1.16 | 1.02 |
Huzhou | 0.62 | 1.75 | 0.59 | 3.29 | 1.94 | 1.29 | 0.83 | 0.92 | 0.83 | 0.58 | 1.05 | 1.24 | 1.07 |
Quzhou | 1.03 | 1.01 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 1.80 | 1.27 | 0.99 | 0.85 | 1.01 | 1.03 | 1.09 | 1.06 |
Sanming | 0.94 | 0.96 | 1.00 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.03 | 0.96 | 1.06 | 0.94 | 0.96 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.98 |
Nanping | 0.99 | 0.96 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 1.05 | 0.93 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.98 |
Longyan | 0.96 | 0.96 | 1.01 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 1.02 | 0.98 | 1.00 | 1.01 | 1.12 | 1.01 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Guilin | 1.63 | 1.50 | 1.06 | 1.86 | 0.53 | 0.57 | 3.34 | 0.30 | 2.61 | 0.41 | 1.35 | 1.38 | 1.07 |
Hefei | 0.19 | 1.32 | 4.58 | 0.47 | 1.13 | 0.87 | 3.67 | 1.77 | 1.06 | 0.96 | 0.99 | 1.55 | 1.12 |
Wuhu | 1.12 | 9.30 | 0.26 | 3.88 | 0.39 | 0.66 | 2.18 | 2.91 | 1.02 | 1.05 | 0.85 | 2.15 | 1.28 |
Ma’an’shan | 2.32 | 0.65 | 0.86 | 3.60 | 0.89 | 1.61 | 2.52 | 0.25 | 1.03 | 1.00 | 1.07 | 1.44 | 1.15 |
Tongling | 0.35 | 2.61 | 0.28 | 2.04 | 1.18 | 0.16 | 2.24 | 2.47 | 0.92 | 0.88 | 1.62 | 1.34 | 0.97 |
Anqing | 0.88 | 2.41 | 0.79 | 1.37 | 0.86 | 1.11 | 1.16 | 1.00 | 0.88 | 0.90 | 0.84 | 1.11 | 1.05 |
Huangshan | 0.65 | 4.64 | 0.97 | 0.98 | 0.88 | 0.59 | 0.63 | 0.79 | 0.98 | 1.08 | 0.93 | 1.19 | 0.97 |
Chizhou | 0.99 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 1.01 | 1.02 | 1.00 | 1.03 | 0.60 | 0.99 | 1.08 | 0.83 | 0.96 | 0.95 |
Xuancheng | 0.96 | 0.96 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 0.96 | 1.02 | 0.42 | 1.84 | 1.15 | 0.93 | 0.93 | 1.01 | 0.97 |
Wuhan | 0.63 | 1.14 | 1.12 | 1.09 | 1.44 | 1.32 | 1.13 | 1.10 | 1.37 | 2.51 | 2.00 | 1.35 | 1.27 |
Huangshi | 0.50 | 1.05 | 0.59 | 0.74 | 0.47 | 0.71 | 0.95 | 1.02 | 0.97 | 1.37 | 1.48 | 0.90 | 0.84 |
Shiyan | 0.92 | 0.85 | 0.53 | 0.63 | 0.53 | 1.06 | 0.65 | 0.96 | 0.88 | 0.91 | 0.84 | 0.80 | 0.78 |
Yichang | 0.80 | 1.43 | 1.06 | 0.73 | 0.88 | 1.53 | 0.99 | 0.95 | 0.94 | 1.01 | 0.54 | 0.99 | 0.95 |
Xiangyang | 0.71 | 0.99 | 0.96 | 0.81 | 0.67 | 0.81 | 0.87 | 0.87 | 1.59 | 1.15 | 1.12 | 0.96 | 0.93 |
Ezhou | 0.55 | 0.21 | 0.35 | 0.39 | 0.44 | 0.39 | 0.93 | 1.08 | 0.97 | 0.94 | 0.74 | 0.64 | 0.57 |
Jingmen | 0.48 | 0.89 | 0.72 | 0.44 | 0.64 | 0.63 | 0.87 | 0.90 | 0.84 | 2.09 | 1.01 | 0.86 | 0.79 |
Xiaogan | 0.50 | 0.90 | 0.58 | 0.50 | 0.72 | 0.91 | 0.87 | 0.84 | 0.93 | 0.90 | 1.01 | 0.79 | 0.77 |
Jingzhou | 0.40 | 0.78 | 0.42 | 0.48 | 0.43 | 1.44 | 0.44 | 0.86 | 1.00 | 0.80 | 2.43 | 0.86 | 0.72 |
Huanggang | 0.46 | 0.65 | 0.83 | 0.71 | 0.82 | 0.89 | 1.49 | 0.32 | 0.84 | 0.98 | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.74 |
Xianning | 0.63 | 1.57 | 0.37 | 0.99 | 0.70 | 0.91 | 0.78 | 0.89 | 0.95 | 1.13 | 0.74 | 0.88 | 0.83 |
Suizhou | 0.85 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.94 | 0.86 | 0.99 | 1.02 | 1.03 | 1.08 | 0.96 | 0.97 | 0.97 |
Enshi | 0.62 | 0.98 | 1.04 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.94 | 1.01 | 1.02 | 0.96 | 0.95 |
Kunming | 0.40 | 1.04 | 1.90 | 2.54 | 0.85 | 1.32 | 1.07 | 1.39 | 0.80 | 1.02 | 0.98 | 1.21 | 1.09 |
Qujing | 1.78 | 1.59 | 1.32 | 0.82 | 0.75 | 1.02 | 0.77 | 0.97 | 0.72 | 1.01 | 0.86 | 1.05 | 1.01 |
Zhaotong | 0.78 | 1.25 | 1.14 | 1.85 | 0.96 | 0.95 | 0.38 | 1.48 | 0.99 | 0.92 | 0.71 | 1.04 | 0.97 |
Chengdu | 0.72 | 1.39 | 0.50 | 0.99 | 0.77 | 3.59 | 0.10 | 4.77 | 0.82 | 2.19 | 1.49 | 1.58 | 1.05 |
Zigong | 0.75 | 0.72 | 0.61 | 0.45 | 0.70 | 1.76 | 0.82 | 1.06 | 0.53 | 2.02 | 1.03 | 0.95 | 0.85 |
Luzhou | 0.77 | 0.59 | 0.70 | 0.58 | 0.71 | 0.74 | 0.87 | 0.58 | 0.88 | 1.96 | 0.86 | 0.84 | 0.79 |
Deyang Ci | 1.00 | 0.97 | 0.52 | 0.03 | 1.47 | 9.95 | 0.06 | 0.25 | 1.69 | 3.91 | 0.91 | 1.89 | 0.71 |
Mianyang | 0.68 | 1.20 | 0.41 | 0.60 | 1.31 | 1.19 | 0.72 | 0.82 | 0.72 | 2.42 | 0.68 | 0.98 | 0.87 |
Guangyuan | 0.55 | 1.00 | 1.16 | 0.21 | 2.98 | 0.37 | 1.10 | 0.17 | 0.33 | 1.62 | 0.64 | 0.92 | 0.66 |
Suining | 0.60 | 1.06 | 0.76 | 1.21 | 0.82 | 0.23 | 1.90 | 0.45 | 0.64 | 4.41 | 0.68 | 1.16 | 0.86 |
Neijiang | 0.55 | 0.38 | 0.39 | 0.82 | 0.50 | 1.68 | 0.56 | 0.26 | 0.31 | 4.67 | 1.80 | 1.08 | 0.71 |
Leshan | 0.78 | 1.13 | 1.03 | 0.48 | 0.94 | 0.71 | 0.90 | 0.81 | 0.92 | 1.75 | 1.08 | 0.96 | 0.92 |
Nanchong | 0.72 | 0.64 | 0.62 | 0.41 | 1.12 | 1.65 | 0.83 | 0.78 | 0.66 | 1.39 | 0.96 | 0.89 | 0.83 |
Meishan | 0.87 | 0.98 | 1.27 | 0.92 | 0.88 | 0.51 | 0.57 | 0.63 | 1.01 | 2.60 | 0.68 | 0.99 | 0.89 |
Yibin | 0.84 | 1.18 | 0.93 | 0.86 | 0.72 | 0.88 | 0.73 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 1.93 | 0.78 | 0.99 | 0.95 |
Guangan | 0.98 | 0.95 | 1.04 | 1.01 | 0.98 | 1.02 | 0.95 | 0.96 | 0.96 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.99 |
Dazhou | 0.57 | 0.82 | 1.49 | 0.69 | 1.20 | 1.00 | 0.16 | 2.53 | 0.85 | 2.01 | 0.70 | 1.10 | 0.89 |
Yaan | 0.55 | 1.49 | 2.67 | 0.22 | 1.10 | 0.96 | 0.34 | 0.63 | 4.25 | 1.83 | 0.85 | 1.35 | 0.97 |
Bazhong | 1.00 | 0.90 | 0.95 | 0.94 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.67 | 0.43 | 0.71 | 0.63 | 0.93 | 0.88 |
Ziyang | 1.01 | 0.98 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.10 | 0.86 | 0.86 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 0.98 |
Nanyang | 1.03 | 0.88 | 1.09 | 1.00 | 0.92 | 1.03 | 1.01 | 0.96 | 1.01 | 0.97 | 0.95 | 0.99 | 0.98 |
Zhumadian | 0.97 | 0.96 | 0.99 | 1.01 | 0.97 | 1.01 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.80 | 0.99 | 1.03 | 0.97 | 0.97 |
Baoji | 1.13 | 0.91 | 0.93 | 1.13 | 0.70 | 1.01 | 1.29 | 0.86 | 1.04 | 1.07 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.00 |
Hanzhong | 0.69 | 0.93 | 0.47 | 0.57 | 0.74 | 0.88 | 0.68 | 0.78 | 0.92 | 0.80 | 0.69 | 0.74 | 0.73 |
Ankang | 1.09 | 1.05 | 0.50 | 2.03 | 0.25 | 2.30 | 1.02 | 0.36 | 1.98 | 1.55 | 1.02 | 1.20 | 0.98 |
Shangluo | 0.55 | 0.94 | 0.92 | 0.68 | 0.56 | 1.03 | 0.53 | 0.95 | 0.92 | 0.95 | 0.63 | 0.79 | 0.76 |
Guiyang | 0.94 | 1.14 | 1.74 | 0.60 | 0.83 | 1.33 | 0.73 | 1.27 | 1.48 | 1.27 | 0.95 | 1.12 | 1.07 |
Liupanshui | 0.42 | 0.86 | 0.97 | 1.07 | 0.43 | 1.13 | 0.91 | 2.07 | 1.64 | 1.09 | 0.62 | 1.02 | 0.92 |
Zunyi | 0.53 | 1.00 | 0.81 | 0.81 | 0.89 | 1.06 | 0.76 | 1.78 | 1.26 | 1.11 | 0.56 | 0.96 | 0.91 |
Anshun | 0.34 | 0.45 | 2.91 | 0.98 | 0.62 | 0.56 | 0.41 | 2.80 | 1.00 | 1.10 | 0.19 | 1.03 | 0.74 |
Chongqing | 0.90 | 1.07 | 0.86 | 1.16 | 1.06 | 0.96 | 1.01 | 1.04 | 1.00 | 1.04 | 0.95 | 1.01 | 1.00 |
Shaoguan | 0.44 | 1.15 | 0.62 | 0.43 | 2.38 | 0.61 | 0.96 | 0.84 | 0.75 | 1.24 | 0.92 | 0.94 | 0.83 |
Qingyuan | 1.01 | 1.02 | 1.02 | 2.67 | 0.98 | 1.07 | 1.02 | 0.93 | 0.98 | 1.05 | 1.02 | 1.16 | 1.10 |
Heyuan | 0.93 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 1.01 | 0.99 | 1.02 | 1.02 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.95 | 0.71 | 0.96 | 0.96 |
Average | 0.88 | 1.19 | 0.96 | 1.07 | 0.94 | 1.21 | 1.07 | 1.01 | 1.07 | 1.35 | 0.95 | 1.06 | 0.93 |
Max | 2.32 | 9.30 | 4.58 | 3.88 | 2.98 | 9.95 | 5.41 | 4.77 | 4.25 | 9.22 | 2.79 | 2.75 | |
Min | 0.19 | 0.21 | 0.25 | 0.03 | 0.25 | 0.13 | 0.06 | 0.17 | 0.31 | 0.41 | 0.11 | 0.64 | |
SD | 0.34 | 1.00 | 0.60 | 0.67 | 0.38 | 1.02 | 0.73 | 0.62 | 0.55 | 1.07 | 0.41 | 0.28 |
Appendix A.2. Total Factor Productivity Decomposition of 97 Cities in Yangtze River Basin
City | EFFch | TPch | Pech | SEch | TFPch |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Changsha | 1.22 | 1.04 | 0.95 | 1.28 | 1.27 |
Zhuzhou | 1.08 | 0.93 | 0.90 | 1.19 | 1.01 |
Xiangtan | 1.02 | 0.95 | 0.88 | 1.15 | 0.96 |
Hengyang | 1.06 | 0.88 | 0.97 | 1.09 | 0.93 |
Shaoyang | 0.98 | 0.88 | 0.92 | 1.07 | 0.86 |
Yueyang | 1.03 | 0.91 | 0.96 | 1.08 | 0.94 |
Changde | 0.99 | 0.97 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.96 |
Zhangjiajie | 1.01 | 0.94 | 1.00 | 1.01 | 0.95 |
Yiyang | 1.00 | 0.83 | 0.97 | 1.03 | 0.83 |
Chenzhou | 1.05 | 1.01 | 0.99 | 1.06 | 1.06 |
Yongzhou | 1.04 | 0.91 | 0.99 | 1.06 | 0.95 |
Huaihua | 0.99 | 0.85 | 0.99 | 1.01 | 0.85 |
Loudi | 0.90 | 0.75 | 0.92 | 0.98 | 0.68 |
Xiangxi | 0.99 | 0.76 | 0.98 | 1.01 | 0.75 |
Nanchang | 0.82 | 0.86 | 0.99 | 0.83 | 0.71 |
Jingdezhen | 1.04 | 0.73 | 0.97 | 1.07 | 0.76 |
Pingxiang | 0.93 | 0.97 | 1.00 | 0.93 | 0.90 |
Jiujiang | 1.02 | 0.92 | 0.97 | 1.05 | 0.94 |
Xinyu | 1.00 | 1.02 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.02 |
Yingtan | 1.00 | 0.92 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.92 |
Ganzhou | 1.00 | 0.95 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.95 |
Ji’an | 1.01 | 0.95 | 1.00 | 1.01 | 0.95 |
Yichun | 1.01 | 0.94 | 0.99 | 1.02 | 0.95 |
Fuzhou | 0.98 | 0.84 | 0.98 | 1.00 | 0.82 |
Shangrao | 1.03 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 1.05 | 1.01 |
Nanjing | 0.96 | 1.07 | 0.88 | 1.09 | 1.02 |
Wuxi | 1.00 | 1.17 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.17 |
Changzhou | 1.16 | 1.39 | 0.97 | 1.20 | 1.61 |
Suzhou | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Nantong | 1.00 | 1.28 | 0.93 | 1.07 | 1.28 |
Yangzhou | 0.94 | 1.13 | 0.88 | 1.07 | 1.05 |
Zhenjiang | 1.00 | 1.19 | 0.89 | 1.13 | 1.19 |
Taizhou | 0.89 | 1.05 | 0.91 | 0.98 | 0.93 |
Shanghai | 1.00 | 1.16 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.16 |
Hangzhou | 0.88 | 0.86 | 0.97 | 0.90 | 0.75 |
Jiaxing | 1.00 | 1.02 | 0.94 | 1.06 | 1.02 |
Huzhou | 0.99 | 1.08 | 0.90 | 1.10 | 1.07 |
Quzhou | 1.01 | 1.06 | 1.00 | 1.01 | 1.06 |
Sanming | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.98 |
Nanping | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.98 |
Longyan | 1.00 | 1.01 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Guilin | 1.01 | 1.05 | 0.99 | 1.02 | 1.07 |
Hefei | 1.09 | 1.03 | 0.85 | 1.29 | 1.12 |
Wuhu | 1.26 | 1.02 | 0.86 | 1.46 | 1.28 |
Ma’an’shan | 1.08 | 1.07 | 0.90 | 1.19 | 1.15 |
Tongling | 1.06 | 0.92 | 0.90 | 1.18 | 0.97 |
Anqing | 1.09 | 0.96 | 0.92 | 1.18 | 1.05 |
Huangshan | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.95 | 1.03 | 0.97 |
Chizhou | 0.96 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.95 |
Xuancheng | 1.00 | 0.97 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 0.97 |
Wuhan | 1.05 | 1.21 | 0.91 | 1.16 | 1.27 |
Huangshi | 1.00 | 0.84 | 0.87 | 1.15 | 0.84 |
Shiyan | 0.99 | 0.79 | 0.77 | 1.29 | 0.78 |
Yichang | 1.00 | 0.95 | 0.87 | 1.15 | 0.95 |
Xiangyang | 0.99 | 0.94 | 0.98 | 1.01 | 0.93 |
Ezhou | 0.86 | 0.65 | 0.94 | 0.92 | 0.57 |
Jingmen | 1.00 | 0.79 | 0.96 | 1.04 | 0.79 |
Xiaogan | 0.94 | 0.81 | 0.88 | 1.07 | 0.77 |
Jingzhou | 1.01 | 0.72 | 0.97 | 1.05 | 0.72 |
Huanggang | 0.92 | 0.81 | 0.95 | 0.97 | 0.74 |
Xianning | 0.98 | 0.85 | 0.93 | 1.05 | 0.83 |
Suizhou | 1.01 | 0.96 | 1.00 | 1.01 | 0.97 |
Enshi | 1.00 | 0.95 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.95 |
Kunming | 1.02 | 1.08 | 0.80 | 1.27 | 1.09 |
Qujing | 1.07 | 0.94 | 0.99 | 1.09 | 1.01 |
Zhaotong | 1.08 | 0.90 | 0.96 | 1.13 | 0.97 |
Chengdu | 1.03 | 1.02 | 0.85 | 1.21 | 1.05 |
Zigong | 0.97 | 0.88 | 1.00 | 0.97 | 0.85 |
Luzhou | 0.96 | 0.82 | 0.89 | 1.08 | 0.79 |
Deyang Ci | 0.91 | 0.78 | 0.94 | 0.97 | 0.71 |
Mianyang | 0.99 | 0.88 | 0.87 | 1.13 | 0.87 |
Guangyuan | 0.95 | 0.69 | 0.94 | 1.01 | 0.66 |
Suining | 0.98 | 0.87 | 0.92 | 1.06 | 0.86 |
Neijiang | 1.03 | 0.68 | 0.93 | 1.11 | 0.71 |
Leshan | 1.02 | 0.89 | 0.89 | 1.15 | 0.92 |
Nanchong | 1.00 | 0.83 | 0.92 | 1.08 | 0.83 |
Meishan | 0.93 | 0.96 | 0.98 | 0.95 | 0.89 |
Yibin | 1.09 | 0.87 | 0.94 | 1.15 | 0.95 |
Guangan | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.99 |
Dazhou | 0.99 | 0.91 | 0.92 | 1.08 | 0.89 |
Yaan | 1.05 | 0.92 | 0.93 | 1.13 | 0.97 |
Bazhong | 1.02 | 0.87 | 1.00 | 1.02 | 0.88 |
Ziyang | 1.01 | 0.97 | 1.00 | 1.01 | 0.98 |
Nanyang | 0.99 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.98 |
Zhumadian | 1.00 | 0.97 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.97 |
Baoji | 1.03 | 0.97 | 0.79 | 1.29 | 1.00 |
Hanzhong | 0.95 | 0.77 | 0.84 | 1.13 | 0.73 |
Ankang | 1.11 | 0.88 | 0.96 | 1.16 | 0.98 |
Shangluo | 0.92 | 0.83 | 0.77 | 1.20 | 0.76 |
Guiyang | 1.01 | 1.06 | 0.70 | 1.44 | 1.07 |
Liupanshui | 1.09 | 0.84 | 0.82 | 1.34 | 0.92 |
Zunyi | 0.97 | 0.94 | 0.92 | 1.06 | 0.91 |
Anshun | 1.01 | 0.73 | 0.90 | 1.13 | 0.74 |
Chongqing | 1.01 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 1.01 | 1.00 |
Shaoguan | 1.09 | 0.77 | 0.98 | 1.11 | 0.83 |
Qingyuan | 1.03 | 1.08 | 1.00 | 1.03 | 1.10 |
Heyuan | 1.00 | 0.96 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.96 |
Average | 1.00 | 0.93 | 0.94 | 1.07 | 0.93 |
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Vector | Serial Number | Index | Measurement | Unit | Data Source |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Inputs | A1 | Labor | Total employment | 10, 000 persons | CCSY |
A2 | Physical capital | Fixed asset investment | 100 million yuan | CCSY | |
A3 | Human capital | Student enrollment by regular institutions of higher education | person | CCSY | |
Desirable outputs | B1 | Economy Ecology | Real GDP | 100 million yuan | CNKI, SY |
B2 | Output of forestry | 100 million yuan | CCSY | ||
B3 | Artificial afforestation area | hectare | CFSY | ||
Undesirable outputs | C1 | Pollution | Industrial wastewater discharge | 10,000 t/y | CRESY, CCSY |
C2 | Consumption of chemical fertilizers (net) | 10,000 t/y | CNKI, SY | ||
C3 | Climate | Annual average temperature | °C | SY, CB |
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Zhang, Q.; Tang, D.; Bethel, B.J. Yangtze River Basin Environmental Regulation Efficiency Based on the Empirical Analysis of 97 Cities from 2005 to 2016. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 5697. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115697
Zhang Q, Tang D, Bethel BJ. Yangtze River Basin Environmental Regulation Efficiency Based on the Empirical Analysis of 97 Cities from 2005 to 2016. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(11):5697. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115697
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Qian, Decai Tang, and Brandon J. Bethel. 2021. "Yangtze River Basin Environmental Regulation Efficiency Based on the Empirical Analysis of 97 Cities from 2005 to 2016" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 11: 5697. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115697