Seasonal and Spatial Variations of PM10 and PM2.5 Oxidative Potential in Five Urban and Rural Sites across Lombardia Region, Italy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals and Materials
2.2. Sampling Sites and Periods
2.3. Sampling
2.4. Chemical Characterization
2.5. Assessment of the PM Oxidative Potential
2.6. Statistical Analysistion
3. Results
3.1. Overview of Measured PM Oxidative Potential Responses
3.2. Seasonal and Spatial Variation of PM10 and PM2.5 OPDTT and OPAA Responses
3.3. Concentrations of PM10 Chemical Components
3.4. Association of PM10 Oxidative Potential with Chemical Components
3.5. Comparisons between OP of PM2.5 and PM10 Samples
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sampling Period | Sampling Site | PM Fraction | Sample Number | Abbreviation |
---|---|---|---|---|
2 January–29 February 2020 | Milan_Senato | PM10 | 57 | MI_Senato W |
Milan_Pascal | PM10 | 57 | MI_Pascal W | |
Milan_Pascal | PM2.5 | 41 | Milan_Pascal W | |
Milan Marche | PM2.5 | 52 | MI-Marche W | |
Schivenoglia | PM2.5 | 60 | Schiv W | |
20–28 April, 8–16 June 2019 | Milan_Senato | PM10 | 18 | MI_Senato SS |
Brescia | PM10 | 18 | Brescia SS | |
Milan_Pascal | PM2.5 | 18 | MI_Pascal SS | |
Schivenoglia | PM2.5 | 18 | Schiv SS | |
1–28 May 2020 | Milan_Marche | PM10 | 18 | MI-Marche SS |
PM10 | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MI_Senato W | MI_Pascal W | MI_Senato SS | MI_Marche SS | Brescia SS | ||||||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
PM10 | 64.16 † | 20.18 | 54.07 | 17.20 | 25.90 † | 11.07 | 38.11 | 21.91 | 26.87 | 12.02 |
OPDTTV | 0.72 † | 0.28 | 0.65 | 0.27 | 0.32 † | 0.20 | 0.36 | 0.26 | 0.18 | 0.12 |
OPAAV | 2.22 | 1.38 | 2.08 | 1.69 | 1.73 | 1.08 | 1.70 | 0.80 | 1.05 * | 0.77 |
OPDTTm | 0.013 | 0.006 | 0.012 | 0.002 | 0.015 | 0.01 | 0.008 | 0.004 | 0.007 | 0.00 |
OPAAm | 0.038 † | 0.03 | 0.042 | 0.02 | 0.066 †,* | 0.04 | 0.059 * | 0.007 | 0.040 * | 0.04 |
PM2.5 | ||||||||||
MI_Pascal W | MI_Marche W | Schiv W | MI_Pascal SS | Schiv SS | ||||||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
PM2.5 | 46.07 † | 16.78 | 51.62 | 17.91 | 40.21 † | 19.39 | 13.04 † | 3.90 | 14.98 † | 7.73 |
OPDTTV | 0.62 † | 0.15 | 0.43 | 0.22 | 0.53 † | 0.13 | 0.21 † | 0.10 | 0.10 †,* | 0.07 |
OPAAV | 1.08 † | 0.32 | 1.77 * | 0.74 | 0.73 †,* | 0.20 | 0.46 †,* | 0.38 | 0.13 †,* | 0.14 |
OPDTTm | 0.013 | 0.00 | 0.008 | 0.00 | 0.007 | 0.00 | 0.016 * | 0.01 | 0.007 * | 0.004 |
OPAAm | 0.029 * | 0.01 | 0.044 * | 0.06 | 0.020 * | 0.01 | 0.033 * | 0.02 | 0.011 * | 0.008 |
All Data | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OPDTTV | OPAAV | |||||
PM | 0.91 ** | 0.78 ** | ||||
OPDTTV | 1 | 0.58 ** | ||||
PM10_Winter | ||||||
MI_Senato | MI_Pascal | |||||
OPDTTV | OPAAV | OPDTTV | OPAAV | |||
PM10 | 0.42 ** | 0.30 | 0.67 ** | 0.35 * | ||
OPDTTV | 1 | 0.47 ** | 1 | 0.40 * | ||
PM10_Spring/Summer | ||||||
MI_Marche | MI_Senato | Brescia | ||||
OPDTTV | OPAAV | OPDTTV | OPAAV | OPDTTV | OPAAV | |
PM10 | 0.95 ** | 0.61 * | 0.66 * | 0.88 ** | 0.63 * | 0.54 |
OPDTTV | 1 | 0.68 * | 1 | 0.71 * | 1 | 0.93 ** |
PM2.5_Winter | ||||||
MI_Pascal | MI_Marche | Schivenoglia | ||||
OPDTTV | OPAAV | OPDTTV | OPAAV | OPDTTV | OPAAV | |
PM2.5 | 0.65 ** | 0.14 | 0.69 ** | 0.35 ** | 0.79 ** | 0.40 * |
OPDTTV | 1 | 0.44 ** | 1 | 0.27 * | 1 | 0.53 ** |
PM2.5_Spring/Summer | ||||||
MI_Pascal | Schivenoglia | |||||
OPDTTV | OPAAV | OPDTTV | OPAAV | |||
PM2.5 | 0.40 | 0.51 * | 0.61 ** | 0.18 | ||
OPDTTV | 1 | 0.41 * | 1 | 0.36 |
MI_Senato W | MI_Pascal W | MI_Senato SS | MI_Marche SS | Brescia SS | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
Cl− (µg m−3) | 0.57 | 0.45 | 0.65 | 0.45 | 0.40 | 0.18 | 0.25 | 0.29 | 0.78 | 0.22 |
NO2− (µg m−3) | 0.17 | 0.11 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.19 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.08 | ||
NO3− (µg m−3) | 16.82 † | 9.08 | 15.37 | 8.85 | 1.77 †,* | 1.21 | 6.97 * | 4.51 | 2.12 * | 1.33 |
SO42− (µg m−3) | 2.48 | 1.26 | 2.51 | 1.39 | 2.50 | 1.23 | 3.49 | 4.15 | 2.91 | 1.41 |
Na+ (µg m−3) | 0.55 | 0.49 | 0.49 | 0.29 | 0.66 * | 0.25 | 3.17 * | 2.43 | 0.60 * | 0.27 |
NH4+ (µg m−3) | 5.16 † | 2.67 | 4.56 | 2.50 | 0.74 †,* | 0.43 | 2.81 * | 1.93 | 0.73 * | 0.51 |
K+ (µg m−3) | 0.64 † | 0.38 | 0.46 | 0.24 | 0.20 † | 0.03 | 0.28 | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.04 |
Mg2+ (µg m−3) | 0.17 | 0.05 | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.14 | 0.05 | 0.34 | 0.38 | 0.15 | 0.06 |
Ca2+ (µg m−3) | 1.66 † | 1.24 | 0.83 | 0.38 | 0.63 † | 0.34 | 1.71 | 2.54 | 0.99 | 0.58 |
OC (µg m−3) | 10.38 † | 4.23 | 9.74 | 3.88 | 5.45 † | 1.16 | 5.91 | 2.07 | 4.54 | 1.16 |
EC (µg m−3) | 1.64 † | 0.90 | 1.38 | 0.83 | 0.52 † | 0.18 | 0.67 | 0.26 | 0.60 | 0.13 |
Mannitol | 0.12 | 0.10 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.00 | |||||
Levo | 1.10 † | 0.71 | 0.99 | 0.73 | 0.06 †,* | 0.01 | 0.21 * | 0.12 | 0.06 * | 0.01 |
Manno | 0.10 | 0.07 | 0.11 | 0.08 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||
Galacto | 0.12 | 0.31 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.03 | ||
ƩPAHs (ngm−3) | 3.71 † | 3.77 | 2.82 | 2.22 | 0.02 †,* | 0.05 | 0.20 * | 0.13 | 0.04 * | 0.12 |
S | 1.66 | 0.80 | 1.01 | 0.50 | 1.14 * | 0.55 | 2.15 * | 2.10 | 1.11 * | 0.54 |
Cl | 1.07 † | 0.70 | 1.08 | 0.54 | 0.31 † | 0.17 | 0.28 | 0.27 | 0.24 | 0.31 |
Al | 0.52 | 0.26 | 0.34 | 0.16 | 0.33 | 0.23 | 0.64 | 0.65 | 0.52 | 0.39 |
Si | 1.61 | 0.72 | 1.19 | 0.51 | 0.96 | 0.62 | 1.71 | 1.53 | 1.28 | 0.87 |
K | 0.74 † | 0.34 | 0.71 | 0.31 | 0.24 † | 0.11 | 0.41 | 0.23 | 0.27 | 0.15 |
Ca | 2.48 † | 1.70 | 1.17 | 0.55 | 0.84 † | 0.42 | 2.09 | 2.56 | 1.01 | 0.60 |
Ti | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.03 |
V | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
Cr | 0.02 † | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 † | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 |
Mn | 0.05 †,* | 0.02 | 0.03 * | 0.01 | 0.02 † | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 |
Fe | 4.00 †,* | 1.72 | 2.37 * | 0.83 | 1.05 † | 0.34 | 1.57 | 0.92 | 0.70 | 0.37 |
Ni | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Cu | 0.14 †,* | 0.02 | 0.11 * | 0.03 | 0.03 † | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.01 |
Zn | 0.40 †,* | 0.54 | 0.12 * | 0.05 | 0.03 † | 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.04 |
Br | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 |
Pb | 0.11 †,* | 0.15 | 0.05 * | 0.02 | 0.01 † | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.00 |
MI_Senato W | MI_Pascal W | MI_Senato SS | MI_Marche SS | Brescia SS | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OPAAv | OPDTTv | OPAAv | OPDTTv | OPAAv | OPDTTv | OPAAv | OPDTTv | OPAAv | OPDTTv | |
Cl− (µg m−3) | 0.34 | 0.19 | 0.50 | 0.32 | 0.47 | 0.57 | 0.34 | 0.08 | −0.01 | 0.01 |
NO2− (µg) | 0.19 | 0.87 | −0.17 | −0.13 | ||||||
NO3− (µg m−3) | −0.11 | 0.11 | −0.14 | 0.42 | 0.82 | 0.58 | 0.26 | 0.47 | 0.52 | 0.56 |
SO42− (µg m−3) | 0.26 | 0.20 | −0.14 | 0.08 | 0.70 | 0.54 | 0.56 | 0.80 | 0.28 | 0.35 |
Na+ (µg m−3) | −0.10 | −0.07 | −0.16 | −0.22 | 0.79 | 0.62 | 0.55 | 0.95 | −0.01 | 0.02 |
NH4+(µg m−3) | 0.06 | 0.20 | −0.16 | 0.46 | 0.58 | 0.32 | 0.00 | 0.13 | 0.41 | 0.47 |
K+ (µg m−3) | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.47 | 0.22 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.12 | −0.34 | 0.18 | 0.00 |
Mg2+(µg m−3) | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.47 | 0.17 | 0.93 | 0.90 | 0.64 | 0.83 | 0.06 | −0.02 |
Ca2+(µg m−3) | 0.38 | 0.29 | 0.15 | 0.09 | 0.92 | 0.67 | 0.64 | 0.84 | 0.12 | 0.07 |
OC (µg m−3) | 0.41 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.80 | 0.37 | 0.28 | 0.26 | 0.56 | 0.50 | 0.71 |
EC (µg m−3) | 0.42 | 0.45 | 0.57 | 0.64 | 0.65 | 0.59 | 0.46 | 0.67 | 0.44 | 0.61 |
Mannitol | 0.02 | 0.44 | ||||||||
Levo | 0.33 | 0.25 | 0.51 | 0.78 | 0.38 | 0.67 | −0.07 | 0.46 | 0.38 | 0.36 |
Manno | 0.26 | 0.30 | 0.53 | 0.73 | ||||||
Galacto | −0.09 | 0.25 | 0.13 | 0.09 | 0.72 | 0.66 | ||||
ƩPAHs | −0.05 | 0.12 | −0.19 | 0.29 | −0.04 | −0.42 | −0.26 | −0.27 | ||
S | 0.24 | 0.28 | −0.09 | 0.32 | 0.54 | 0.20 | 0.58 | 0.79 | 0.23 | 0.29 |
Cl | 0.46 | 0.44 | 0.21 | 0.56 | −0.25 | −0.37 | 0.49 | 0.27 | 0.08 | 0.08 |
Al | 0.15 | 0.24 | −0.04 | −0.05 | 0.88 | 0.44 | 0.62 | 0.86 | 0.32 | 0.33 |
Si | 0.22 | 0.25 | 0.02 | −0.05 | 0.78 | 0.39 | 0.66 | 0.89 | 0.30 | 0.35 |
K | 0.36 | 0.51 | 0.24 | 0.80 | 0.79 | 0.42 | 0.68 | 0.95 | 0.40 | 0.50 |
Ca | 0.38 | 0.31 | 0.00 | −0.07 | 0.88 | 0.48 | 0.65 | 0.85 | 0.49 | 0.54 |
Ti | 0.14 | 0.23 | 0.05 | 0.14 | 0.85 | 0.39 | 0.69 | 0.92 | 0.31 | 0.33 |
V | 0.20 | 0.10 | −0.32 | −0.23 | 0.65 | 0.87 | ||||
Cr | 0.25 | 0.27 | 0.42 | 0.37 | 0.21 | 0.41 | 0.49 | 0.50 | 0.77 | 0.76 |
Mn | 0.29 | 0.36 | 0.26 | 0.37 | 0.76 | 0.62 | 0.74 | 0.93 | 0.58 | 0.70 |
Fe | 0.30 | 0.24 | 0.38 | 0.39 | 0.70 | 0.67 | 0.68 | 0.80 | 0.59 | 0.66 |
Ni | 0.29 | 0.27 | 0.25 | 0.29 | 0.65 | 0.71 | 0.14 | −0.52 | ||
Cu | 0.33 | 0.27 | 0.49 | 0.46 | 0.31 | 0.58 | 0.34 | 0.31 | 0.10 | 0.26 |
Zn | 0.24 | 0.16 | 0.13 | 0.38 | 0.66 | 0.36 | 0.35 | 0.30 | 0.31 | 0.39 |
Br | 0.19 | 0.27 | 0.08 | −0.03 | 0.57 | 0.23 | 0.51 | 0.67 | 0.22 | 0.29 |
Pb | 0.33 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.73 | −0.03 | 0.73 | 0.52 | 0.39 | −0.05 | 0.15 |
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Pietrogrande, M.C.; Demaria, G.; Colombi, C.; Cuccia, E.; Dal Santo, U. Seasonal and Spatial Variations of PM10 and PM2.5 Oxidative Potential in Five Urban and Rural Sites across Lombardia Region, Italy. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 7778. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137778
Pietrogrande MC, Demaria G, Colombi C, Cuccia E, Dal Santo U. Seasonal and Spatial Variations of PM10 and PM2.5 Oxidative Potential in Five Urban and Rural Sites across Lombardia Region, Italy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(13):7778. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137778
Chicago/Turabian StylePietrogrande, Maria Chiara, Giorgia Demaria, Cristina Colombi, Eleonora Cuccia, and Umberto Dal Santo. 2022. "Seasonal and Spatial Variations of PM10 and PM2.5 Oxidative Potential in Five Urban and Rural Sites across Lombardia Region, Italy" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 13: 7778. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137778