Psychometric Properties of the Short-Form Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-SF) and Its Associated Factors among the Elderly in Bangladesh
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Settings
2.2. Sampling and Sample Size
2.3. Study Participants and Data Collection Procedure
2.4. Instruments and Measurements
2.4.1. Socio-Demographics
2.4.2. Comorbidity
2.4.3. Sleep Duration and Social Support
2.4.4. Geriatric Depression
2.5. Ethical Approval
2.6. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Participants’ Characteristics
3.2. Psychometric Properties of GDS-SF
3.2.1. Reliability (Internal Consistency)
3.2.2. Construct Validity
3.2.3. Convergent Validity
3.2.4. Known-Group Validity
3.3. Factors Associated with GDS-SF
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Total (n = 377) | Depression Levels by GDS-SF Scores | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normal (n = 100) | Mild (n = 130) | Moderate and Severe (n = 147) | p-Value * | ||
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
Living place | 0.026 | ||||
Communities | 267 (70.8) | 69 (25.8) | 103 (38.6) | 95 (35.6) | |
Slums | 110 (29.2) | 31 (28.2) | 27 (24.5) | 52 (47.3) | |
Age (years), mean ± SD | 65.7 ± 5.1 | 65.1 ± 4.9 | 65.4 ± 5.3 | 66.3 ± 5.1 | 0.156 |
Gender | 0.033 | ||||
Women | 153 (40.6) | 31 (20.3) | 52 (34.0) | 70 (45.8) | |
Men | 224 (59.4) | 69 (30.8) | 78 (34.8) | 77 (34.4) | |
Marital status | 0.014 | ||||
Single/Divorced/Widowed | 87 (23.1) | 14 (16.1) | 29 (33.3) | 44 (50.6) | |
Married | 290 (76.9) | 86 (29.7) | 101 (34.8) | 103 (35.5) | |
Highest level of education | 0.008 | ||||
No formal education | 125 (33.2) | 27 (21.6) | 33 (26.4) | 65 (52.0) | |
Primary school | 127 (33.7) | 35 (27.6) | 51 (40.2) | 41 (32.3) | |
Secondary school or higher | 125 (33.2) | 38 (30.4) | 46 (36.8) | 41 (32.8) | |
Previous occupation | 0.072 | ||||
Housewife | 93 (24.7) | 14 (15.1) | 35 (37.6) | 44 (47.3) | |
Own business | 80 (21.2) | 26 (32.5) | 23 (28.8) | 31 (38.8) | |
Employee | 104 (27.6) | 29 (27.9) | 38 (36.5) | 37 (35.6) | |
Other (part-time job, etc.) | 100 (26.5) | 31 (31.0) | 34 (34.0) | 35 (35.0) | |
House owner | 0.019 | ||||
No | 175 (46.4) | 48 (27.4) | 48 (27.4) | 79 (45.1) | |
Yes | 202 (53.6) | 52 (25.7) | 82 (40.6) | 68 (33.7) | |
Religious practice | 0.034 | ||||
No | 110 (29.2) | 34 (30.9) | 27 (24.5) | 49 (44.5) | |
Yes | 267 (70.8) | 66 (24.7) | 103 (38.6) | 98 (36.7) | |
Comorbidity | 0.094 | ||||
None | 27 (7.2) | 9 (33.3) | 9 (33.3) | 9 (33.3) | |
1 | 157 (41.6) | 49 (31.2) | 48 (30.6) | 60 (38.2) | |
2+ | 193 (51.2) | 42 (21.8) | 73 (37.8) | 78 (40.4) | |
Having children | 0.043 | ||||
No | 20 (5.3) | 4 (20.0) | 3 (15.0) | 13 (65.0) | |
Yes | 357 (94.7) | 96 (26.9) | 127 (35.6) | 134 (37.5) | |
Receiving support from surrounding people in an emergency | <0.001 | ||||
No | 111 (29.4) | 11 (9.9) | 19 (17.1) | 81 (73.0) | |
Yes | 266 (70.6) | 89 (33.5) | 111 (41.7) | 66 (24.8) | |
Receiving support from peers | <0.001 | ||||
No | 138 (36.6) | 15 (10.9) | 25 (18.1) | 98 (71.0) | |
Yes | 239 (63.4) | 85 (35.6) | 105 (43.9) | 49 (20.5) | |
Satisfaction with children’s support ** | <0.001 | ||||
No | 91 (24.1) | 10 (11.0) | 22 (24.2) | 59 (64.8) | |
Yes | 286 (75.9) | 90 (31.5) | 108 (37.8) | 88 (30.8) | |
Sleep duration | 0.643 | ||||
Sleep deprivation | 59 (15.6) | 16 (27.1) | 23 (39.0) | 20 (33.9) | |
Sleep adequacy | 318 (84.4) | 84 (26.4) | 107 (33.6) | 127 (39.9) | |
Taking sleeping pills | 0.041 | ||||
No | 244 (64.7) | 70 (28.7) | 73 (29.9) | 101 (41.4) | |
Yes | 133 (35.3) | 30 (22.6) | 57 (42.9) | 46 (34.6) | |
GDS-SF, mean (SD) | 7.31 ± 3.98 | ||||
Median (IQR) | 7.0 (4.0, 11.0) |
Items | Ceiling Effect n (%) | Floor Effectn (%) | Difficulty a (Mean ± SD) | Discrimination (Corrected Item-Total Correlation) | Cronbach’s α if the Item Deleted | McDonalds’s Omega | KMO | Bartlett’s Test |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total sample (n = 377) | ||||||||
Item 1 | 0.23 ± 0.42 | 0.495 | 0.824 | |||||
Item 2 | 0.79 ± 0.40 | 0.275 | 0.836 | |||||
Item 3 | 0.41 ± 0.49 | 0.568 | 0.819 | |||||
Item 4 | 0.59 ± 0.49 | 0.492 | 0.824 | |||||
Item 5 | 0.55 ± 0.50 | 0.537 | 0.821 | |||||
Item 6 | 0.30 ± 0.46 | 0.324 | 0.834 | |||||
Item 7 | 0.51 ± 0.50 | 0.485 | 0.824 | |||||
Item 8 | 0.41 ± 0.49 | 0.642 | 0.814 | |||||
Item 9 | 0.52 ± 0.50 | 0.110 | 0.847 | |||||
Item 10 | 0.55 ± 0.50 | 0.295 | 0.836 | |||||
Item 11 | 0.37 ± 0.48 | 0.466 | 0.826 | |||||
Item 12 | 0.44 ± 0.50 | 0.573 | 0.819 | |||||
Item 13 | 0.61 ± 0.49 | 0.051 | 0.823 | |||||
Item 14 | 0.41 ± 0.49 | 0.656 | 0.813 | |||||
Item 15 | 0.61 ± 0.49 | 0.471 | 0.825 | |||||
GDS-SF scores (0–15) | 3 (0.8) | 7 (1.9) | 7.31 (3.98) | 0.836 | 0.841 | 0.869 | χ2 = 1645.35 (df = 105), p < 0.001 | |
Community subsample (n = 267) | ||||||||
Item 1 | 0.21 ± 0.41 | 0.457 | 0.805 | |||||
Item 2 | 0.72 ± 0.45 | 0.316 | 0.813 | |||||
Item 3 | 0.39 ± 0.49 | 0.505 | 0.800 | |||||
Item 4 | 0.59 ± 0.49 | 0.430 | 0.806 | |||||
Item 5 | 0.52 ± 0.50 | 0.483 | 0.802 | |||||
Item 6 | 0.34 ± 0.48 | 0.382 | 0.809 | |||||
Item 7 | 0.47 ± 0.50 | 0.428 | 0.806 | |||||
Item 8 | 0.39 ± 0.49 | 0.598 | 0.794 | |||||
Item 9 | 0.58 ± 0.50 | 0.192 | 0.822 | |||||
Item 10 | 0.63 ± 0.48 | 0.352 | 0.811 | |||||
Item 11 | 0.27 ± 0.45 | 0.373 | 0.809 | |||||
Item 12 | 0.43 ± 0.50 | 0.501 | 0.801 | |||||
Item 13 | 0.59 ± 0.49 | 0.417 | 0.807 | |||||
Item 14 | 0.36 ± 0.48 | 0.615 | 0.793 | |||||
Item 15 | 0.60 ± 0.49 | 0.414 | 0.807 | |||||
GDS-SF scores (0–15) | 3 (1.1) | 4 (1.5) | 7.09 ± 3.81 | 0.816 | 0.817 | 0.838 | χ2 = 980.660 (df = 105), p < 0.001 | |
Slum subsample (n = 110) | ||||||||
Item 1 | 0.28 ± 0.45 | 0.560 | 0.874 | |||||
Item 2 | 0.95 ± 0.21 | 0.158 | 0.886 | |||||
Item 3 | 0.45 ± 0.50 | 0.700 | 0.868 | |||||
Item 4 | 0.61 ± 0.48 | 0.631 | 0.871 | |||||
Item 5 | 0.65 ± 0.48 | 0.652 | 0.870 | |||||
Item 6 | 0.18 ± 0.39 | 0.276 | 0.885 | |||||
Item 7 | 0.61 ± 0.49 | 0.601 | 0.873 | |||||
Item 8 | 0.47 ± 0.50 | 0.729 | 0.866 | |||||
Item 9 | 0.39 ± 0.49 | 0.004 | 0.899 | |||||
Item 10 | 0.37 ± 0.49 | 0.300 | 0.886 | |||||
Item 11 | 0.59 ± 0.49 | 0.673 | 0.869 | |||||
Item 12 | 0.47 ± 0.50 | 0.729 | 0.866 | |||||
Item 13 | 0.66 ± 0.48 | 0.686 | 0.869 | |||||
Item 14 | 0.51 ± 0.50 | 0.736 | 0.866 | |||||
Item 15 | 0.64 ± 0.48 | 0.595 | 0.873 | |||||
GDS-SF scores (0–15) | 0 (0) | 3 (2.7) | 7.84 ± 4.32 | 0.883 | 0.896 | 0.851 | χ2 = 835.628 (df = 105), p < 0.001 | |
Community vs. Slum | p = 0.117 b | χ2 = 6.456 (df = 1), p = 0.011 c |
Items | Item 1 | Item 2 | Item 3 | Item 4 | Item 5 | Item 6 | Item 7 | Item 8 | Item 9 | Item 10 | Item 11 | Item 12 | Item 13 | Item 14 | Item 15 | GDS-SF |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Item1 | 1.00 | |||||||||||||||
Item 2 | 0.13 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||||
Item 3 | 0.39 | 0.12 | 1.00 | |||||||||||||
Item 4 | 0.31 | 0.19 | 0.34 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||
Item 5 | 0.40 | 0.21 | 0.35 | 0.43 | 1.00 | |||||||||||
Item 6 | 0.22 | −0.14 | 0.34 | 0.17 | 0.24 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
Item 7 | 0.37 | 0.18 | 0.28 | 0.36 | 0.56 | 0.22 | 1.00 | |||||||||
Item 8 | 0.36 | 0.18 | 0.51 | 0.32 | 0.30 | 0.35 | 0.33 | 1.00 | ||||||||
Item 9 | 0.01 * | 0.04 * | 0.08 * | 0.06 * | −0.10 * | 0.11 | −0.10 * | 0.11 | 1.00 | |||||||
Item 10 | 0.06 * | 0.05 * | 0.22 | 0.13 | 0.06 * | 0.21 | 0.04 * | 0.28 | 0.35 | 1.00 | ||||||
Item 11 | 0.33 | 0.28 | 0.29 | 0.22 | 0.36 | 0.08 * | 0.43 | 0.31 | −0.07 * | 0.03 * | 1.00 | |||||
Item 12 | 0.30 | 0.19 | 0.44 | 0.29 | 0.24 | 0.21 | 0.18 | 0.50 | 0.13 | 0.31 | 0.32 | 1.00 | ||||
Item 13 | 0.24 | 0.27 | 0.21 | 0.33 | 0.39 | 0.05 * | 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.13 | 0.24 | 0.38 | 0.37 | 1.00 | |||
Item 14 | 0.47 | 0.28 | 0.49 | 0.35 | 0.46 | 0.28 | 0.39 | 0.61 | −0.05 * | 0.11 | 0.46 | 0.45 | 0.30 | 1.00 | ||
Item 15 | 0.21 | 0.18 | 0.27 | 0.28 | 0.24 | 0.15 | 0.21 | 0.39 | 0.17 | 0.21 | 0.19 | 0.44 | 0.30 | 0.38 | 1.00 | |
GDS-SF | 0.56 | 0.37 | 0.65 | 0.58 | 0.62 | 0.42 | 0.57 | 0.72 | 0.23 | 0.40 | 0.56 | 0.66 | 0.59 | 0.73 | 0.56 | 1.00 |
Item-scale convergent validity: mean of rs (range) = 0.55 (0.23–0.73) |
Mild Depression a | Moderate and Severe Depression a | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Bivariate Model | Multivariate Model | Bivariate Model | Multivariate Model | ||||
OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | |
Living place | ||||||||
Communities | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
Slums | 0.58 (0.32, 1.06) | 0.078 | 0.79 (0.39, 1.60) | 0.518 | 1.22 (0.71, 2.10) | 0.475 | 1.24 (0.63, 2.43) | 0.538 |
Age (1-year increment) | 1.01 (0.96, 1.07) | 0.692 | 1.01 (0.95, 1.07) | 0.757 | 1.05 (0.99, 1.10) | 0.083 | 1.06 (1.00, 1.12) | 0.048 |
Gender | ||||||||
Women | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
Men | 0.67 (0.39, 1.17) | 0.160 | 0.67 (0.38, 1.16) | 0.153 | 0.49 (0.29, 0.84) | 0.010 | 0.48 (0.28, 0.85) | 0.011 |
Marital status | ||||||||
Single/Divorced/Widowed | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||||
Married | 0.57 (0.28, 1.14) | 0.112 | 0.38 (0.20, 0.74) | 0.005 | ||||
Highest level of education | ||||||||
No formal education | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||||
Primary school | 1.19 (0.61, 2.32) | 0.605 | 0.49 (0.26, 0.92) | 0.026 | ||||
Secondary school or higher | 0.99 (0.51, 1.93) | 0.977 | 0.45 (0.24, 0.84) | 0.012 | ||||
Previous occupation | ||||||||
Housewife | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||||
Own business | 0.35 (0.15, 0.82) | 0.015 | 0.38 (0.17, 0.84) | 0.017 | ||||
Employee | 0.52 (0.24, 1.15) | 0.107 | 0.41 (0.19, 0.88) | 0.022 | ||||
Other (part-time job, etc.) | 0.44 (0.20, 0.96) | 0.040 | 0.36 (0.17, 0.78) | 0.009 | ||||
House owner | ||||||||
No | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
Yes | 1.58 (0.93, 2.68) | 0.092 | 1.30 (0.70, 2.41) | 0.406 | 0.80 (0.48, 1.32) | 0.376 | 0.91 (0.49, 1.70) | 0.767 |
Religious practice | ||||||||
No | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
Yes | 1.97 (1.09, 3.55) | 0.025 | 1.76 (0.93, 3.30) | 0.080 | 1.03 (0.60, 1.76) | 0.913 | 1.15 (0.63, 2.13) | 0.646 |
Comorbidity | ||||||||
None | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||||
1 | 0.98 (0.36, 2.68) | 0.968 | 1.22 (0.45, 3.32) | 0.691 | ||||
2+ | 1.74 (0.64, 4.72) | 0.278 | 1.86 (0.69, 5.03) | 0.224 | ||||
Having children | ||||||||
No | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||||
Yes | 1.76 (0.39, 8.07) | 0.464 | 0.43 (0.14, 1.36) | 0.150 | ||||
Receiving support from surrounding people | ||||||||
No | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||||
Yes | 0.72 (0.34, 1.60) | 0.421 | 0.10 (0.05, 0.20) | <0.001 | ||||
Receiving support from peers | ||||||||
No | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||||
Yes | 0.74 (0.37, 1.49) | 0.402 | 0.09 (0.05, 0.17) | <0.001 | ||||
Satisfaction with children’s support | ||||||||
No | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
Yes | 0.55 (0.25, 1.21) | 0.137 | 0.53 (0.24, 1.20) | 0.127 | 0.17 (0.08, 0.34) | <0.001 | 0.17 (0.08, 0.35) | <0.001 |
Sleep duration | ||||||||
Sleep deprivation | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||||
Sleep adequacy | 0.89 (0.44, 1.78) | 0.735 | 1.21 (0.59, 2.47) | 0.601 | ||||
Taking sleeping pills | ||||||||
No | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||||
Yes | 1.82 (1.05, 3.16) | 0.033 | 1.06 (0.61, 1.85) | 0.829 |
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Sultana, N.; Nguyen, T.T.P.; Hossain, A.; Asaduzzaman, M.; Nguyen, M.H.; Jahan, I.; Nguyen, K.T.; Duong, T.V. Psychometric Properties of the Short-Form Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-SF) and Its Associated Factors among the Elderly in Bangladesh. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 7935. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137935
Sultana N, Nguyen TTP, Hossain A, Asaduzzaman M, Nguyen MH, Jahan I, Nguyen KT, Duong TV. Psychometric Properties of the Short-Form Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-SF) and Its Associated Factors among the Elderly in Bangladesh. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(13):7935. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137935
Chicago/Turabian StyleSultana, Naznin, Thao T. P. Nguyen, Ahmed Hossain, Md. Asaduzzaman, Minh H. Nguyen, Ishrat Jahan, Kien T. Nguyen, and Tuyen Van Duong. 2022. "Psychometric Properties of the Short-Form Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-SF) and Its Associated Factors among the Elderly in Bangladesh" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 13: 7935. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137935