The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Physicians’ Working Hours and Earnings in São Paulo and Maranhão States, Brazil
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Collection and Sampling Strategy
- n = sample size;
- zα = critical value for the standard deviation (1.96);
- p = expected likelihood of the variable of interest within the population;
- q = adjustment for the expected prevalence of the variable of interest;
- d = sample error.
- n = sample size;
- N = physician population in the state.
2.2. Data Analysis
2.3. Ethical Aspects
3. Results
3.1. Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Labor Dynamics
3.2. Changes in Physicians’ Incomes
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Categories |
---|---|
Q.1 Considering your current medical work, with its routine, format, volume of patients, and working hours, when compared to a usual level of work, before March 2020: |
|
Q.3 (FOR EACH Q.2 = 1) In this medical activity _____ (READ THE ITEM), do you attend or did you attend, on a regular basis, only to patients with health insurance or private patients; attend/attended only Unified Health System (SUS) patients (either at a public, philanthropic facility, social organization or another type of facility that provides services to SUS) OR attend/attended to both types of patients, work in both public and private sectors? |
|
Q.13 Considering a regular/habitual working week before the start of the pandemic, and your work after March 2020, has your number of worked hours per week increased, remained the same or decreased? |
|
Q.14a (IF Q13 = 1) By approximately how many weekly hours would you say your work has increased since the start of the pandemic? (SPONTANEOUS AND SINGLE ANSWER) Q.14b (IF Q13 = 3) By approximately how many weekly hours would you say your work has decreased since the start of the pandemic? (SPONTANEOUS AND SINGLE ANSWER) | _______ hours (WRITE DOWN). 9999. Does not know |
Q.15 Considering your monthly salary before March 2020, at the start of the pandemic, has your salary increased, remained the same or decreased? |
|
Q.16a (IF Q.15 = 1) By how much, in reais, did your monthly salary increase? | _______ earnings (WRITE DOWN). 9999. Does not know |
Q.16b (IF Q.15 = 3) By how much, in Reais, did your monthly salary decrease? |
Characteristics/Variables | Total (n = 1183) | SP (n = 632) 53.4% (50.6–56.3) | MA (n = 551) 46.6% (43.7–49.4) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | 95% CI | % | 95% CI | % | 95% CI | |
Gender | ||||||
Male | 56.2 | (53.4–59.0) | 54.1 | (50.2–58.0) | 58.6 | (54.5–62.7) |
Female | 43.8 | (41.0–46.6) | 45.9 | (42.0–49.8) | 41.4 | (37.3–45.5) |
Age | ||||||
24 to 34 | 34.1 | (31.5–36.9) | 34.3 | (30.6–38.0) | 33.9 | (30.0–37.9) |
35 to 44 | 24.5 | (22.1–27.1) | 20.7 | (17.6–23.9) | 28.9 | (25.1–32.6) |
45 to 59 | 20.4 | (18.2–22.8) | 22.3 | (19.1–25.6) | 18.1 | (14.9–21.4) |
≥60 | 21.0 | (18.7–23.4) | 22.6 | (19.4–25.9) | 19.1 | (15.8–22.3) |
Geographical location of deployment | ||||||
Rural areas (Interior) | 50.5 | (47.7–53.4) | 54.9 | (51.0–58.8) | 45.6 | (41.4–49.7) |
Urban areas around capital cities | 49.5 | (46.6–52.3) | 45.1 | (41.2–49.0) | 54.5 | (50.3–58.6) |
Health sector of deployment | ||||||
Exclusively private | 12.9 | (11.1–14.9) | 14.3 | (11.6–17.0) | 8.2 | (5.9–10.5) |
Exclusively public | 25.4 | (23.0–28.0) | 27.6 | (24.1–31.1) | 26.0 | (22.3–29.8) |
Dual practice | 61.6 | (58.8–64.4) | 58.1 | (54.4–62.0) | 65.8 | (61.8–69.8) |
Employment in specific health services | ||||||
Outpatient clinical services (hospital or clinics) | 82.7 | (80.4–84.7) | 81.2 | (78.1–84.2) | 84.2 | (81.2–87.2) |
Diagnostic tests, equipment-related services | 33.1 | (30.5–35.9) | 32.0 | (28.4–35.6) | 34.5 | (30.5–38.5) |
Surgery (in-patient care) | 38.8 | (36.1–41.6) | 36.9 | (33.1–40.7) | 41.0 | (36.9–45.1) |
Outpatient surgery | 38.0 | (35.3–40.8) | 31.7 | (28.1–35.3) | 45.4 | (41.2–49.6) |
Administrative position | 24.3 | (22.0–26.9) | 22.2 | (19.0–25.4) | 26.9 | (23.2–30.6) |
Teaching and research | 26.4 | (23.9–28.9) | 28.2 | (24.7–31.7) | 24.3 | (20.7–27.9) |
Hours worked per week 1 (Median, Q1–Q3) | ||||||
Increased | 20 | (10–30) | 18 | (10–24) | 24 | (12–33) |
Decreased | 12 | (8–20) | 12 | (10–20) | 12 | (8–20) |
Earnings (in Brazilian Reais) 2 (Median, Q1–Q3) | ||||||
Increased | 6000 | (5000–10,000) | 5000 | (4000–10,000) | 9000 | (5000–10,000) |
Decreased | 8000 | (5000–10,000) | 8000 | (5000–10,000) | 8000 | (5000–12,000) |
Characteristics | Total (n = 1181) | SP (n = 632) 53.4% (50.6–56.3) | MA (n = 551) 46.6% (43.7–49.4) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | CI 95% | % | CI 95% | % | CI 95% | ||
Public | Hours worked | ||||||
Increased | 37.9 | (31.7–44.1) | 27.8 | (22.0–33.6) | 44.4 | (38.0–50.8) | |
Reduced | 16.0 | (11.3–20.7) | 17.8 | (12.9–22.7) | 14.8 | (10.2–19.4) | |
Remained the same | 46.1 | (39.7–52.5) | 54.4 | (48.0–60.1) | 40.8 | (34.5–47.1) | |
Private | Increased | 19.6 | (14.3–24.9) | 20.7 | (15.3–26.1) | 15.5 | (10.7–20.3) |
Reduced | 48.4 | (41.8–55.0) | 48.3 | (41.7–54.9) | 48.9 | (42.3–55.5) | |
Remained the same | 32.0 | (25.8–38.2) | 31.0 | (24.9–37.1) | 35.6 | (29.3–41.9) | |
Double practice | Increased | 33.6 | (30.2–37.0) | 33.2 | (29.8–36.6) | 33.9 | (30.5–37.3) |
Reduced | 31.2 | (27.8–34.6) | 31.1 | (27.7–34.5) | 31.4 | (28.0–34.8) | |
Remained the same | 35.2 | (31.7–38.6) | 35.7 | (32.2–39.2) | 34.7 | (31.2–38.2) | |
Total | Increased | 31.9 | (29.2–34.5) | 29.0 | (25.4–32.5) | 35.2 | (31.2–39.2) |
Reduced | 31.3 | (28.7–34.0) | 33.8 | (30.2–37.6) | 28.5 | (24.7–32.2) | |
Remained the same | 36.8 | (34.0–39.5) | 37.2 | (33.4–41.0) | 36.3 | (32.3–40.3) |
Characteristics | Total (n = 1181) | SP (n = 632) 53.4% (50.6–56.3) | MA (n = 551) 46.6% (43.7–49.4) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | 95% CI | % | 95% CI | % | 95% CI | ||
Public | Hours worked | ||||||
Increased | 24.1 | (18.6–29.6) | 14.4 | (9.8–19.0) | 30.3 | (24.4–36.2) | |
Reduced | 21.6 | (16.3–26.9) | 23.3 | (17.9–28.7) | 20.4 | (15.2–25.6) | |
Remained the same | 54.3 | (47.9–60.7) | 62.2 | (56.0–68.4) | 49.3 | (42.9–55.7) | |
Private | Increased | 12.3 | (6.7–17.8) | 12.1 | (6.6–17.6) | 13.3 | (8.8–17.8) |
Reduced | 52.5 | (45.6–58.8) | 52.9 | (46.3–59.9) | 51.1 | (44.5–57.7) | |
Remained the same | 35.2 | (28.9–41.5) | 35.1 | (28.8–41.4) | 35.6 | (29.3–41.9) | |
Double practice | Increased | 19.7 | (16.8–22.6) | 19.4 | (16.5–22.3) | 20.0 | (17.1–22.9) |
Reduced | 41.5 | (37.9–45.1) | 40.3 | (36.7–43.9) | 42.8 | (39.2–46.4) | |
Remained the same | 38.8 | (35.3–42.3) | 40.3 | (36.7–43.9) | 37.2 | (33.7–40.7) | |
Total | Increased | 19.2 | (16.9–21.4) | 16.8 | (13.9–19.7) | 22.0 | (18.5–25.4) |
Reduced | 39.5 | (36.7–42.3) | 41.3 | (37.4–45.1) | 37.4 | (33.3–41.4) | |
Remained the same | 41.3 | (38.5–44.1) | 41.9 | (38.1–45.8) | 40.7 | (36.5–44.8) |
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Share and Cite
de Oliveira, B.L.C.A.; Andrietta, L.S.; Reis, R.S.; de Carvalho, R.H.d.S.B.F.; de Britto e Alves, M.T.S.S.; Scheffer, M.C.; Russo, G. The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Physicians’ Working Hours and Earnings in São Paulo and Maranhão States, Brazil. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 10085. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610085
de Oliveira BLCA, Andrietta LS, Reis RS, de Carvalho RHdSBF, de Britto e Alves MTSS, Scheffer MC, Russo G. The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Physicians’ Working Hours and Earnings in São Paulo and Maranhão States, Brazil. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(16):10085. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610085
Chicago/Turabian Stylede Oliveira, Bruno Luciano Carneiro Alves, Lucas Salvador Andrietta, Regimarina Soares Reis, Ruth Helena de Souza Britto Ferreira de Carvalho, Maria Teresa Seabra Soares de Britto e Alves, Mário César Scheffer, and Giuliano Russo. 2022. "The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Physicians’ Working Hours and Earnings in São Paulo and Maranhão States, Brazil" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 16: 10085. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610085