Distribution Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Agricultural Land Use Non-Point Source Pollution in Typical Biofuel Ethanol Planting Areas
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Overview of the Study Area
2.1.1. Maize Planting Area (Harbin Section of Hulan River Basin)
2.1.2. Cassava Planting Area (Guiping Section of the Yujiang River Basin)
2.2. Experimental Method
2.2.1. Determination of Soil Nitrogen and Phosphorus Forms
2.2.2. Loss Risk Assessment by Nitrogen and Phosphorus Index Method
- (1)
- Source factor calculation method
- (2)
- Migration factor calculation method
- (i)
- Soil erosion
- (ii)
- Rainfall erosion
- (iii)
- Soil erodibility
- (iv)
- Terrain
- (v)
- Vegetation cover and management, soil and water conservation and distance
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Water Quality Characteristics of Typical Fuel Ethanol Raw Material Planting Area
3.1.1. Water Quality Characteristics in Maize Planting Area (Hulan River Harbin Section)
3.1.2. Water Quality Characteristics in Cassava Planting Area (Yujiang River Guiping Section)
3.2. Pollution Source Analysis of Water Quality
3.3. Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Soil Nitrogen and Phosphorus
3.3.1. Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Soil Nitrogen of Maize Planting Area and Cassava Planting Area
- (1)
- Spatial distribution characteristics of TN
- (2)
- Spatial distribution characteristics of NH4+-N and NO3−-N
3.3.2. Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Soil Phosphorus of Maize Planting Area and Cassava Planting Area
- (1)
- Spatial distribution characteristics of TP
- (2)
- Spatial distribution characteristics of Ex-P, Fe/Al-P and Ca-P
3.4. Risk Assessment of Soil Nitrogen and Phosphorus Loss in Typical Fuel Ethanol Planting Areas
- Determination of source factors
- Determination of migration factors
3.4.1. Risk Assessment of Soil Nitrogen Loss
3.4.2. Risk Assessment of Soil Phosphorus Loss
4. Conclusions
- TN pollution was serious in Harbin section of the Hulan River, and the TP concentrations of some sample points could not meet the standard of water functional area. The water quality indexes of the Yujiang River were significantly better. The river pollution in maize planting area was greatly affected by TN, TP, Ex-P and Fe/Al-P in soil, while soil TN and NO3−-N were the main factors influencing the water pollution of the Yujiang river.
- The spatial distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus loss risk assessment revealed that most of the maize planting areas were at medium or high nitrogen loss risk, and the overall risk was higher than that of cassava planting area in the Guiping section. For planting suggestions of both areas, other cultivated land should be considered the conversion to patterns such as forest, grassland or crops including cassava, maize or soybeans. Rice needed more deep discusses to balance the nitrogen and phosphorus loss.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type | Content | Method/Instrument |
---|---|---|
Determination of water elements | TN | Alkaline potassium persulfate oxidation UV spectrophotometry |
NH4+-N | Nessler reagent spectrophotometry | |
NO3−-N | Ultraviolet spectrophotometry | |
TP | Ammonium molybdate spectrophotometry | |
Determination of soil nitrogen forms | NH4+-N | Nessler reagent spectrophotometry |
NO3−-N | Ultraviolet spectrophotometry | |
TN | Element analyzer | |
Determination of phosphorus forms | TP | SMT UV Spectrophotometry |
Ex-P | ||
Fe/Al-P | ||
Ca-P | SMT visible spectrophotometry |
Factor | Weight | Lower 1 | Low 2 | Medium 4 | High 8 | Higher 10 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TN | 0.4 | <1200 | 1200~1500 | 1500~1800 | 1800~2500 | >2500 |
Application rate | 0.9 | 0~100 | 100~200 | 200~400 | 400~600 | >600 |
Method | 0.8 | Buried | Scatter | Surface | Surface | Surface |
Period | 0.7 | Early spring | Summer | Late summer | Summer and Fall | Summer |
Factor | Weight | Lower 0.6 | Low 0.7 | Medium 0.8 | High 0.9 | Higher 1.0 |
Soil erosion | 1 | <2 | 2~10 | 10~25 | 25~50 | >50 |
Distance from river | 1 | <3 | 2~3 | 1~2 | 0.5~1 | <0.5 |
Factor | Weight | Lower 1 | Low 2 | Medium 4 | High 8 | Higher 10 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TP | 0.4 | <500 | 500~700 | 700~900 | 900~1000 | >1000 |
Application rate | 0.9 | 0~30 | 30~100 | 100~150 | 150~200 | >200 |
Method | 0.8 | Buried | Scatter | Surface (after planting) | Surface (within a month) | Surface (after a month) |
Period | 0.7 | Early spring | Summer | Late summer | Summer and Fall | Summer |
Factor | Weight | Lower 0.6 | Low 0.7 | Medium 0.8 | High 0.9 | Higher 1.0 |
Soil erosion | 1 | <2 | 2~10 | 10~25 | 25~50 | >50 |
Distance from river | 1 | <3 | 2~3 | 1~2 | 0.5~1 | <0.5 |
Principal Component 1 | Principal Component 2 | Principal Component 3 | |
---|---|---|---|
TN | 0.950 | 0.264 | −0.046 |
NH4+-N | 0.957 | 0.174 | −0.066 |
NO3−-N | 0.192 | 0.956 | −0.053 |
TP | 0.161 | 0.922 | 0.041 |
TOC | −0.095 | −0.304 | 0.821 |
COD | 0.080 | 0.116 | 0.694 |
Turbidity | 0.576 | −0.134 | −0.045 |
Characteristic value | 2.910 | 1.608 | 1.183 |
Variance (%) | 41.579 | 22.978 | 16.893 |
Principal Component 1 | Principal Component 2 | Principal Component 3 | |
---|---|---|---|
TN | 0.026 | 0.832 | −0.125 |
NH4+-N | −0.433 | 0.003 | 0.848 |
NO3−-N | 0.832 | −0.112 | −0.018 |
TP | 0.503 | 0.718 | 0.036 |
PH | 0.903 | 0.237 | −0.049 |
COD | 0.069 | −0.610 | −0.121 |
Turbidity | 0.524 | −0.055 | 0.798 |
Characteristic value | 2.508 | 1.412 | 1.350 |
Variance (%) | 35.832 | 20.171 | 19.286 |
Type | Nitrogenous Fertilizer (kg (mu·year)−1) | Phosphate Fertilizer (kg (mu·year)−1) | |
---|---|---|---|
Maize planting area | Maize | 7.32 | 0.53 |
Soybean | 1.48 | 0.02 | |
Rice | 23.54 | 2.86 | |
Cassava planting area | Maize | 12.37 | 1.14 |
Cassava | 0.8 | 0.1 | |
Rice | 8.21 | 0.39 |
Soil Type | Soil Erodible Factors K (t (hm2·a)−1) |
---|---|
Meadow black soil | 0.2489 |
Meadow chernozem | 0.2501 |
Acid purple soil | 0.0196 |
Yellow latosolic red soil | 0.0065 |
Paddy soil | 0.0185 |
Risk Level | Lower | Low | Medium | High |
---|---|---|---|---|
Nitrogen index | <1 | 1~2 | 2~5 | >5 |
Phosphorus index | <1 | 1~3 | 3~6 | >6 |
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Cui, G.; Liu, Y.; Wang, P.; Bai, X.; Wang, H.; Xu, Y.; Yang, M.; Dong, L. Distribution Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Agricultural Land Use Non-Point Source Pollution in Typical Biofuel Ethanol Planting Areas. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 1394. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031394
Cui G, Liu Y, Wang P, Bai X, Wang H, Xu Y, Yang M, Dong L. Distribution Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Agricultural Land Use Non-Point Source Pollution in Typical Biofuel Ethanol Planting Areas. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(3):1394. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031394
Chicago/Turabian StyleCui, Guannan, Yanfeng Liu, Pengfei Wang, Xinyu Bai, Haitao Wang, Yiming Xu, Meiqiong Yang, and Liming Dong. 2022. "Distribution Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Agricultural Land Use Non-Point Source Pollution in Typical Biofuel Ethanol Planting Areas" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 3: 1394. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031394