Awareness and Perceptions among Members of a Japanese Cancer Patient Advocacy Group Concerning the Financial Relationships between the Pharmaceutical Industry and Physicians
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Study Aims
2. Methods
2.1. Study Setting, Design, and Respondents
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Survey Sheet
2.4. Data Analysis
2.5. Ethics Approval
3. Results
3.1. Respondents
3.2. Quantitative Findings
3.2.1. Awareness of Physician–Pharma Interactions
3.2.2. Influence of Physician–Pharma Interactions on Trust in Physicians
3.2.3. Perception on Physician–Pharma Interactions
3.2.4. Attitude towards Various Professional FCOI
3.3. Qualitative Findings of Open-Ended Responses
- Theme 1: Perception towards the FCOI
- Theme 2: Concerns about the respondent’s treatment
- Theme 3: Reasons of physician–Pharma interactions
- Theme 4: Possible solutions from the patient perspective
4. Discussion
4.1. RQ1. Awareness of Physician–Pharma Interactions
4.2. RQ2. Impacts of Physician–Pharma Interactions on Trust in Physicians
4.3. RQ3. Perception on Physician–Pharma Interactions
5. Clinical Implementation
6. Limitations
7. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | |
---|---|
Gender, N (%) | |
Male | 63 (67.7) |
Female | 30 (32.3) |
Missing | 3 |
Age category, N (%) | |
≦60 | 15 (16.0) |
61–70 | 30 (31.9) |
71–80 | 38 (40.4) |
81–90 | 11 (11.7) |
Missing | 2 |
Annual family income, N (%) | |
<JPY 2 million (<USD 18,349) | 6 (7.0) |
JPY 2–4 million (USD 18,349–36,697) | 40 (46.5) |
JPY 4–6 million (USD 36,697–55,046) | 14 (16.3) |
JPY 6–8 million (USD 55,046–73,394) | 12 (14.0) |
JPY 8–10 million (USD 73,394–91,743) | 5 (5.8) |
>JPY 10 million (>USD 91,743) | 9 (10.5) |
Missing | 10 |
Type of business, N (%) | |
Unemployed | 52 (55.9) |
Self-employed | 15 (16.1) |
Full-time job | 11 (11.8) |
Part-time job | 7 (7.5) |
Other | 8 (8.6) |
Missing | 3 |
Educational background, N (%) | |
Less than high school graduate | 1 (1.1) |
High school graduate | 27 (29.0) |
Associate degree or diploma | 15 (16.1) |
Bachelor’s degree or more (bachelor, master, and doctoral degree) | 50 (53.8) |
Missing | 3 |
Type of cancer, N (%) | |
Not cancer patient | 20 (22.5) |
Prostate cancer | 24 (27.0) |
Lung cancer | 5 (5.6) |
Breast cancer | 5 (5.6) |
Colorectal cancer | 4 (4.5) |
Gastric cancer | 4 (4.5) |
Other type of cancer | 27 (30.3) |
Missing | 7 |
Cancer’s stage, N (%) * | |
Stage 1 | 23 (35.9) |
Stage 2 | 16 (25.0) |
Stage 3 | 10 (15.6) |
Stage 4 | 5 (7.7) |
Unclear | 10 (15.6) |
Missing | 5 |
Year of diagnosis, N (%) * | |
2018 | 4 (5.8) |
2017 | 6 (8.7) |
2016 | 3 (4.4) |
2015 | 4 (5.8) |
Before 2015 | 52 (75.4) |
Hospital, N (%) * | |
Cancer hospital | 20 (29.4) |
National university | 9 (13.2) |
Private university | 9 (13.2) |
National municipal hospital | 10 (14.7) |
Private municipal hospital | 11 (16.2) |
Other hospital | 9 (13.2) |
Missing | 1 |
Previous cancer recurrence * | |
Yes | 13 (20.0) |
No | 47 (72.3) |
Not clear | 5 (7.7) |
Missing | 4 |
Count of previous cancer reoccurrence, N (%) | |
1 | 6 (42.9) |
2 | 2 (14.3) |
3 | 1 (7.1) |
6 | 1 (7.1) |
7 | 1 (7.1) |
10 | 1 (7.1) |
Unknown | 2 (14.3) |
Treatment which you have ever had, N (%) *, ** | |
Anticancer drug | 22 (16.5) |
Molecularly targeted drug | 5 (3.8) |
Hormone therapy | 23 (17.3) |
Radiation therapy | 37 (27.8) |
Surgery | 39 (29.3) |
Other | 4 (3.0) |
Never | 3 (2.3) |
Treatment which you have now, N (%) *, ** | |
Anticancer drug | 2 (2.9) |
Molecularly targeted drug | 2 (2.9) |
Hormone therapy | 10 (14.5) |
Radiation therapy | 2 (2.9) |
Other | 11 (15.9) |
Not having | 42 (60.9) |
Variables | Number (%) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Aware | Unaware or Not Sure | ||
Gender | |||
Male | 49 (77.8) | 14 (22.2) | 0.053 |
Female | 28 (93.3) | 2 (6.7) | |
Age category | |||
≤60 | 13 (86.7) | 2 (13.3) | 0.879 |
61–70 | 24 (80.0) | 6 (20.0) | |
≥71 | 39 (79.6) | 10 (20.4) | |
Income | |||
Lower income (<JPY 4 million (<USD 36,697)) | 39 (84.8) | 7 (15.2) | 0.129 |
Higher income (≥JPY 4 million (≥USD 36,697)) | 29 (72.5) | 11 (27.5) | |
Job | |||
Employed | 30 (81.1) | 7 (18.9) | 0.576 |
Unemployed | 45 (80.4) | 11 (19.6) | |
Education | |||
High school graduate or less | 21 (75.0) | 7 (25.0) | 0.264 |
Associate degree or more | 54 (83.1) | 11 (16.9) | |
Cancer | |||
Non-cancer respondents | 17 (85.0) | 3 (15.0) | 0.433 |
Cancer patients | 55 (79.7) | 14 (20.3) | |
Cancer stage 1 | |||
1 | 17 (73.9) | 6 (26.1) | 0.287 |
2–4 | 26 (83.9) | 5 (16.1) | |
Year 1 | |||
2015–2018 | 15 (88.2) | 2 (11.8) | 0.320 |
Before 2015 | 41 (78.9) | 11 (21.1) | |
Hospital 1 | |||
Other hospitals | 24 (80.0) | 6 (20.0) | 0.555 |
Cancer special hospitals | 31 (81.6) | 7 (18.4) | |
Previous cancer recurrence 1 | |||
No or other | 41 (78.9) | 11 (21.1) | 0.246 |
Yes | 12 (92.3) | 1 (7.7) | |
Experience with pharmacotherapy 1 | |||
No | 19 (73.1) | 7 (26.9) | 0.145 |
Yes | 33 (86.8) | 5 (13.2) | |
Experience with radiotherapy 1 | |||
No | 23 (85.2) | 4 (14.8) | 0.447 |
Yes | 29 (80.6) | 7 (19.4) | |
Previous surgical treatment 1 | |||
No | 22 (75.9) | 7 (25.1) | 0.292 |
Yes | 32 (84.2) | 6 (15.8) |
Variables | Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) | p-Value |
---|---|---|
Gender | ||
Male | Ref. | |
Female | 4.00 (0.85–18.90) | 0.080 |
Age category | ||
≤60 | Ref. | |
61–70 | 0.62 (0.11–3.49) | 0.584 |
≥71 | 0.60 (0.12–3.10) | 0.542 |
Income | ||
Lower income (<JPY 4 million) | Ref. | |
Higher income (≥JPY 4 million) | 0.47 (0.16–1.37) | 0.168 |
Job | ||
Employed | Ref. | |
Unemployed | 0.95 (0.33–2.74) | 0.931 |
Education | ||
High school graduate or less | Ref. | |
Associate degree or more | 1.64 (0.56–4.79) | 0.369 |
Cancer | ||
Non-cancer respondents | Ref. | |
Cancer patients | 0.69 (0.18–2.70) | 0.598 |
Cancer stage 1 | ||
1 | Ref. | |
2–4 | 1.84 (0.48–6.97) | 0.373 |
Year 1 | ||
2015–2018 | Ref. | |
Before 2015 | 0.50 (0.10–2.51) | 0.397 |
Hospital 1 | ||
Other hospitals | Ref. | |
Cancer special hospitals | 1.11 (0.33–3.73) | 0.869 |
Previous cancer recurrence 1 | ||
No or other | Ref. | |
Yes | 3.22 (0.38–27.52) | 0.286 |
Experience with pharmacotherapy 1 | ||
No | Ref. | |
Yes | 2.43 (0.68–8.74) | 0.173 |
Experience with radiotherapy 1 | ||
No | Ref. | |
Yes | 0.72 (0.19–2.76) | 0.633 |
Previous surgical treatment 1 | ||
No | Ref. | |
Yes | 1.70 (0.50–5.74) | 0.395 |
Variables | Number (%) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Decrease Trust | Other | ||
Gender | |||
Male | 55 (87.3) | 8 (12.7) | 0.157 |
Female | 28 (96.6) | 1 (3.4) | |
Age category | |||
≤60 | 14 (93.3) | 1 (6.7) | 0.550 |
61–70 | 26 (89.7) | 3 (10.3) | |
≥71 | 44 (89.8) | 5 (10.2) | |
Income | |||
Lower income (<JPY 4 million) | 41 (89.1) | 5 (10.9) | 0.590 |
Higher income (≥JPY 4 million) | 36 (90.0) | 4 (10.0) | |
Job | |||
Employed | 33 (98.2) | 4 (10.8) | 0.515 |
Unemployed | 51 (91.1) | 5 (8.9) | |
Education | |||
High school graduate or less | 23 (82.1) | 5 (17.7) | 0.089 |
Associate degree or more | 61 (93.9) | 4 (6.1) | |
Cancer | |||
Non-cancer respondents | 19 (95.0) | 1 (5.0) | 0.424 |
Cancer patients | 62 (89.9) | 7 (10.1) | |
Cancer stage 1 | |||
1 | 22 (95.7) | 1 (4.3) | 0.283 |
2–4 | 27 (87.1) | 4 (12.9) | |
Year 1 | |||
2015–2018 | 14 (82.4) | 3 (17.6) | 0.316 |
Before 2015 | 46 (90.2) | 5 (9.8) | |
Hospital 1 | |||
Other hospitals | 26 (89.7) | 3 (10.3) | 0.517 |
Cancer special hospitals | 33 (86.8) | 5 (13.2) | |
Previous cancer recurrence 1 | |||
No or other | 47 (90.4) | 5 (9.6) | 0.428 |
Yes | 11 (84.6) | 2 (15.4) | |
Experience with pharmacotherapy 1 | |||
No | 24 (92.3) | 2 (7.7) | 0.398 |
Yes | 33 (86.8) | 5 (13.2) | |
Experience with radiotherapy 1 | |||
No | 25 (92.6) | 2 (7.4) | 0.349 |
Yes | 31 (86.1) | 5 (13.9) | |
Experience with surgical treatment 1 | |||
No | 24 (82.8) | 5 (17.2) | 0.119 |
Yes | 36 (94.7) | 2 (5.3) |
Variables | Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) | p-Value |
---|---|---|
Gender | ||
Male | Ref. | |
Female | 4.07 (0.48–34.21) | 0.185 |
Age category | ||
≤60 | Ref. | |
61–70 | 0.62 (0.059–6.52) | 0.713 |
≥71 | 0.63 (0.068–5.84) | 0.683 |
Income | ||
Lower income (<JPY 4 million) | Ref. | |
Higher income (≥JPY 4 million) | 1.10 (0.27–4.40) | 0.895 |
Job | ||
Employed | Ref. | |
Unemployed | 1.24 (0.31–4.94) | 0.764 |
Education | ||
High school graduate or less | Ref. | |
Associate degree or more | 3.32 (0.82–13.44) | 0.093 |
Cancer | ||
Non-cancer respondents | Ref. | |
Cancer patients | 0.47 (0.054–4.03) | 0.488 |
Cancer stage 1 | ||
1 | Ref. | |
2–4 | 0.31 (0.032–2.95) | 0.306 |
Year 1 | ||
2015–2018 | Ref. | |
Before 2015 | 1.97 (0.42–9.30) | 0.376 |
Hospital 1 | ||
Other hospitals | Ref. | |
Cancer special hospitals | 0.76 (0.17–3.48) | 0.689 |
Previous cancer recurrence 1 | ||
No or other | Ref. | |
Yes | 0.59 (0.10–3.42) | 0.552 |
Experience with pharmacotherapy 1 | ||
No | Ref. | |
Yes | 0.55 (0.098–3.08) | 0.496 |
Experience with radiotherapy 1 | ||
No | Ref. | |
Yes | 0.50 (0.089–2.78) | 0.425 |
Experience with surgical treatment 1 | ||
No | Ref. | |
Yes | 3.75 (0.67–20.93) | 0.132 |
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Murayama, A.; Senoo, Y.; Harada, K.; Kotera, Y.; Saito, H.; Sawano, T.; Suzuki, Y.; Tanimoto, T.; Ozaki, A. Awareness and Perceptions among Members of a Japanese Cancer Patient Advocacy Group Concerning the Financial Relationships between the Pharmaceutical Industry and Physicians. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 3478. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063478
Murayama A, Senoo Y, Harada K, Kotera Y, Saito H, Sawano T, Suzuki Y, Tanimoto T, Ozaki A. Awareness and Perceptions among Members of a Japanese Cancer Patient Advocacy Group Concerning the Financial Relationships between the Pharmaceutical Industry and Physicians. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(6):3478. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063478
Chicago/Turabian StyleMurayama, Anju, Yuki Senoo, Kayo Harada, Yasuhiro Kotera, Hiroaki Saito, Toyoaki Sawano, Yosuke Suzuki, Tetsuya Tanimoto, and Akihiko Ozaki. 2022. "Awareness and Perceptions among Members of a Japanese Cancer Patient Advocacy Group Concerning the Financial Relationships between the Pharmaceutical Industry and Physicians" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 6: 3478. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063478