Efficiency of Nitrogen Use in Sunflower
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Agronomic Efficiency (AE)
2.2. Physiological Efficiency (PE)
2.3. Agrophysiological Efficiency (APE)
2.4. Apparent Recovery Efficiency (ARE)
2.5. Utilization Efficiency (UE)
3. Discussion
3.1. Agronomic Efficiency (AE) Was Higher at Lower Doses
3.2. The Increase in Physiological Efficiency (PE) Is Associated with the Increase in Biomass
3.3. A Higher Agrophysiological Efficiency (APE) Index Indicates a Better Use of N
3.4. The Apparent Efficiency of Recovery (ARE) Is Influenced by the N Source and Is Reduced with Increasing Doses
3.5. Utilization Efficiency (UE) Correlates to PE and ARE
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Location and Characterization of the Experimental Area
4.2. Experimental Desing
4.3. Conducting the Experiment
4.4. Variables Analyzed
4.5. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Agronomic Efficiency in the 2016 Agricultural Harvest | ||||
Grow Crops | Nitrogen Dose (kg ha−1) | |||
30 | 60 | 90 | 120 | |
Aguará 06 | 18.53 aA | 14.30 aA | 12.72 aA | 5.64 abB |
Multissol | 15.12 bcA | 7.68 bB | 5.79 bB | 6.29 abA |
Altis 99 | 16.12 abA | 4.43 cB | 3.60 bB | 3.77 bB |
BRS 122 | 12.96 cA | 9.71 bA | 4.86 bB | 7.32 aA |
Agronomic Efficiency in the 2017 Agricultural Harvest | ||||
Grow crops | Nitrogen Dose (kg ha−1) | |||
30 | 60 | 90 | 120 | |
Aguará 06 | 6.39 bB | 11.52 aB | 11.62 aA | 12.40 aA |
Multissol | 12.89 aB | 11.40 aA | 9.98 aA | 6.53 bcA |
Altis 99 | 5.98 bB | 11.77 aA | 7.41 bA | 8.07 bA |
BRS 122 | 12.04 aA | 7.14 bB | 7.14 bA | 4.63 cB |
Physiological Efficiency in the 2016 Agricultural Harvest | ||||
Grow Crops | Nitrogen Dose (kg ha−1) | |||
30 | 60 | 90 | 120 | |
Aguará 06 | 90.91 bA | 67.95 bB | 71.78 bA | 77.18 aA |
Multissol | 63.49 cA | 68.96 bA | 70.05 bA | 75.73 aA |
Altis 99 | 171.85 aA | 146.25 aA | 186.17 aA | 66.86 aA |
BRS 122 | 65.07 cA | 72.39 bA | 92.72 bA | 58.20 aA |
Physiological Efficiency in the 2017 Agricultural Harvest | ||||
Grow Crops | Nitrogen Dose (kg ha−1) | |||
30 | 60 | 90 | 120 | |
Aguará 06 | 79.89 aA | 91.00 aA | 49.27 aB | 49.07 aB |
Multissol | 41.66 bB | 83.77 aA | 44.31 aB | 51.24 aB |
Altis 99 | 53.66 bB | 99.75 aB | 62.76 aB | 46.20 aB |
BRS 122 | 59.58 abA | 56.50 bA | 50.10 aB | 38.04 aB |
Agrophysiological Efficiency in the 2016 Agricultural Harvest | ||||
Grow Crops | Nitrogen Dose (kg ha−1) | |||
30 | 60 | 90 | 120 | |
Aguará 06 | 57.98 bB | 59.79 Ab | 55.60 aA | 51.69 aA |
Multissol | 40.06 bcA | 40.04 aB | 39.93 abA | 43.53 abA |
Altis 99 | 83.56 aA | 40.52 aB | 40.77 abB | 23.28 bB |
BRS 122 | 33.10 aB | 42.87 aB | 24.77 bB | 30.06 bA |
Agrophysiological Efficiency in the 2017 Agricultural Harvest | ||||
Grow Crops | Nitrogen Dose (kg ha−1) | |||
30 | 60 | 90 | 120 | |
Aguará 06 | 79.54 aA | 91.05 aA | 49.15 aA | 49.00 aA |
Multissol | 41.33 bA | 83.29 aA | 44.01 aA | 50.98 aA |
Altis 99 | 53.53 bB | 99.66 aA | 62.51 aA | 46.15 aA |
BRS 122 | 59.75 abA | 56.64 bA | 49.87 aA | 38.02 aA |
Apparente Recovery Efficiency in the 2016 Agricultural Harvest | ||||
Grow Crops | Nitrogen Dose (kg ha−1) | |||
30 | 60 | 90 | 120 | |
Aguará 06 | 32.78 bA | 24.17 aA | 22.87 aA | 10.98 cB |
Multissol | 37.89 aA | 19.26 bA | 14.60 bB | 14.46 bcA |
Altis 99 | 19.61 cA | 10.97 cA | 8.90 cB | 16.21 bA |
BRS 122 | 39.63 aA | 22.68 abA | 19.79 aA | 24.38 aA |
Apparent Recovery Efficiency in the 2017 Agricultural Harvest | ||||
Grow Crops | Nitrogen Dose (kg ha−1) | |||
30 | 60 | 90 | 120 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Aguará 06 | 9.61 cB | 12.88 aB | 23.72 aA | 25.32 aA |
Multissol | 31.33 aB | 14.00 aB | 22.71 aA | 12.89 cA |
Altis 99 | 10.78 cB | 11.82 aA | 12.06 bA | 17.52 bA |
BRS 122 | 20.17 bB | 12.72 aB | 14.37 bB | 12.28 cB |
Utilization Efficiency in the 2016 Agricultural Harvest | ||||
Grow Crops | Nitrogen Dose (kg ha−1) | |||
30 | 60 | 90 | 120 | |
Aguará 06 | 29.08 aA | 16.23 aA | 16.42 aA | 8.45 bB |
Multissol | 24.01 cA | 13.26 bA | 10.18 bA | 10.95 bA |
Altis 99 | 33.26 bA | 15.99 aA | 16.41 aA | 10.83 bA |
BRS 122 | 25.59 cA | 16.39 aA | 18.30 aA | 14.18 aA |
Utilization Efficiency in the 2017 Agricultural Harvest | ||||
Grow Crops | Nitrogen Dose (kg ha−1) | |||
30 | 60 | 90 | 120 | |
Aguará 06 | 6.42 bB | 11.51 aB | 11.65 aB | 12.42 aA |
Multissol | 13.00 aB | 11.47 aA | 10.05 aA | 6.56 bcB |
Altis 99 | 5.99 bB | 11.78 aB | 7.44 bB | 8.08 bB |
BRS 122 | 12.01 aB | 7.12 bB | 7.17 bB | 4.63 cB |
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Coêlho, E.d.S.; Souza, A.R.E.d.; Lins, H.A.; Santos, M.G.d.; Freitas Souza, M.d.; Tartaglia, F.d.L.; de Oliveira, A.K.S.; Lopes, W.d.A.R.; Silveira, L.M.; Mendonça, V.; et al. Efficiency of Nitrogen Use in Sunflower. Plants 2022, 11, 2390. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11182390
Coêlho EdS, Souza AREd, Lins HA, Santos MGd, Freitas Souza Md, Tartaglia FdL, de Oliveira AKS, Lopes WdAR, Silveira LM, Mendonça V, et al. Efficiency of Nitrogen Use in Sunflower. Plants. 2022; 11(18):2390. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11182390
Chicago/Turabian StyleCoêlho, Ester dos Santos, Almir Rogério Evangelista de Souza, Hamurábi Anizio Lins, Manoel Galdino dos Santos, Matheus de Freitas Souza, Francilene de Lima Tartaglia, Anna Kézia Soares de Oliveira, Welder de Araújo Rangel Lopes, Lindomar Maria Silveira, Vander Mendonça, and et al. 2022. "Efficiency of Nitrogen Use in Sunflower" Plants 11, no. 18: 2390. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11182390