Energies

14 pages, 11579 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evolution Characteristics of Overburden Strata Structure for Ultra-Thick Coal Seam Multi-Layer Mining in Xinjiang East Junggar Basin

by Xufeng Wang, Dongdong Qin, Dongsheng Zhang, Weiming Guan, Mengtang Xu, Xuanlin Wang and Chengguo Zhang

Energies 2019, 12(2), 332; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12020332 - 21 Jan 2019

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4847

Abstract

The efficient and safe extraction of ultra-thick coal seam in the Xinjiang East Junggar Basin has been a major focus in the future of mining in China. This paper systematically studied the overburden strata fracturing process and the structure evolution characteristics based on [...] Read more.

The efficient and safe extraction of ultra-thick coal seam in the Xinjiang East Junggar Basin has been a major focus in the future of mining in China. This paper systematically studied the overburden strata fracturing process and the structure evolution characteristics based on a typical ultra-thick coal seam condition in Xinjiang, using both physical and numerical modeling studies. The interactions between shields and the roof strata were also examined, from the perspective of ground support. The results indicated that roof structure was mainly in the form of voussoir beam at the early mining stage, where overburden stability was affected by the rock mass properties and mining parameters. The support load mainly included top coal and immediate roof gravity load and the load caused by main roof rotary consolidation. As a result of mining disturbance and strata movement, the overlying strata re-fractured in the later mining stage. The roof structure changed from beam to arch gradually and propagates upwards with the increase of multi-layer mining times. The support load was mainly the gravity load of the friable rock mass within compression arch. The results will provide a guideline for the improvement of roof stability under similar mining conditions in Xinjiang. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 1691 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of the Implementation of Carbon Capture Systems on the Environmental, Energy and Economic Performance of the Brazilian Electricity Matrix

by Claudia Cristina Sanchez Moore and Luiz Kulay

Energies 2019, 12(2), 331; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12020331 - 21 Jan 2019

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 4678

Abstract

This study examined the effect of Carbon Capture and Storage units on the environmental, energy and economic performance of the Brazilian electric grid. Four scenarios were established considering the coupling of Calcium Looping (CaL) processes to capture CO₂ emitted from thermoelectric using [...] Read more.

This study examined the effect of Carbon Capture and Storage units on the environmental, energy and economic performance of the Brazilian electric grid. Four scenarios were established considering the coupling of Calcium Looping (CaL) processes to capture CO₂ emitted from thermoelectric using coal and natural gas: S1: the current condition of the Brazilian grid; S2 and S3: Brazilian grid with CaL applied individually to coal (TEC) and gas (TGN) operated thermoelectric; and S4: CaL is simultaneously coupled to both sources. Global warming potential (GWP) expressed the environmental dimension, Primary Energy Demand (PED) was the energy indicator and Levelised Cost of Energy described the economic range. Attributional Life Cycle Assessment for generation of 1.0 MWh was applied in the analysis. None of the scenarios accumulated the best indexes in all dimensions. Regarding GWP, S4 totals the positive effects of using CaL to reduce CO₂ from TEC and TGN, but the CH₄ emissions increased due to its energy requirements. As for PED, S1 and S2 are similar and presented higher performances than S3 and S4. The price of natural gas compromises the use of CaL in TGN. A combined verification of the three analysis dimensions, proved that S2 was the best option of the series due to the homogeneity of its indices. The installation of CaL in TECs and TGNs was effective to capture and store CO₂ emissions, but the costs of this system should be reduced and its energy efficiency still needs to be improved. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Capture and Storage)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 4821 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Unsteady Simulation of a Full-Scale CANDU-6 Moderator with OpenFOAM

by Hyoung Tae Kim, Se-Myong Chang and Young Woo Son

Energies 2019, 12(2), 330; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12020330 - 21 Jan 2019

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4853

Abstract

Three-dimensional moderator flow in the calandria tank of CANDU-6 pressurized heavy water reactor (PHWR) is computed with Open Field Operation and Manipulation (OpenFOAM), an open-source computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code. In this study, numerical analysis is performed on the real geometry model including [...] Read more.

Three-dimensional moderator flow in the calandria tank of CANDU-6 pressurized heavy water reactor (PHWR) is computed with Open Field Operation and Manipulation (OpenFOAM), an open-source computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code. In this study, numerical analysis is performed on the real geometry model including 380 fuel rods in the calandria tank with the heat-source distribution to remove uncertainty of the previous analysis models simplified by the porous media approach. Realizable k-ε turbulence model is applied, and the buoyancy due to temperature variation is considered by Boussinesq approximation for the incompressible single-phase Navier-Stokes equations. The calculation results show that the flow is highly unsteady in the moderator. The computational flow visualization shows a circulation of flow driven by buoyancy and asymmetric oscillation at the pseudo-steady state. There is no region where the local temperature rises continuously due to slow circulating flow and its convection heat transfer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 2889 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of LSSVR, M5RT, NF-GP, and NF-SC Models for Predictions of Hourly Wind Speed and Wind Power Based on Cross-Validation

by Rana Muhammad Adnan, Zhongmin Liang, Xiaohui Yuan, Ozgur Kisi, Muhammad Akhlaq and Binquan Li

Energies 2019, 12(2), 329; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12020329 - 21 Jan 2019

Cited by 44 | Viewed by 5570

Abstract

Accurate predictions of wind speed and wind energy are essential in renewable energy planning and management. This study was carried out to test the accuracy of two different neuro fuzzy techniques (neuro fuzzy system with grid partition (NF-GP) and neuro fuzzy system with [...] Read more.

Accurate predictions of wind speed and wind energy are essential in renewable energy planning and management. This study was carried out to test the accuracy of two different neuro fuzzy techniques (neuro fuzzy system with grid partition (NF-GP) and neuro fuzzy system with substractive clustering (NF-SC)), and two heuristic regression methods (least square support vector regression (LSSVR) and M5 regression tree (M5RT)) in the prediction of hourly wind speed and wind power using a cross-validation method. Fourfold cross-validation was employed by dividing the data into four equal subsets. LSSVR’s performance was superior to that of the M5RT, NF-SC, and NF-GP models for all datasets in wind speed prediction. The overall average root-mean-square errors (RMSE) of the M5RT, NF-GP, and NF-SC models decreased by 11.71%, 1.68%, and 2.94%, respectively, using the LSSVR model. The applicability of the four different models was also investigated in the prediction of one-hour-ahead wind power. The results showed that NF-GP’s performance was superior to that of LSSVR, NF-SC, and M5RT. The overall average RMSEs of LSSVR, NF-SC, and M5RT decreased by 5.52%, 1.30%, and 15.6%, respectively, using NF-GP. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solar and Wind Energy Forecasting)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 2390 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

A Coupled, Semi-Numerical Model for Thermal Analysis of Medium Frequency Transformer

by Haonan Tian, Zhongbao Wei, Sriram Vaisambhayana, Madasamy Thevar, Anshuman Tripathi and Philip Kjær

Energies 2019, 12(2), 328; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12020328 - 21 Jan 2019

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5092

Abstract

Medium-frequency (MF) transformer has gained much popularity in power conversion systems. Temperature control is a paramount concern, as the unexpected high temperature declines the safety and life expectancy of transformer. The scrutiny of losses and thermal-fluid behavior are thereby critical for the design [...] Read more.

Medium-frequency (MF) transformer has gained much popularity in power conversion systems. Temperature control is a paramount concern, as the unexpected high temperature declines the safety and life expectancy of transformer. The scrutiny of losses and thermal-fluid behavior are thereby critical for the design of MF transformers. This paper proposes a coupled, semi-numerical model for electromagnetic and thermal-fluid analysis of MF oil natural air natural (ONAN) transformer. An analytical model that is based on spatial distribution of flux density and AC factor is exploited to calculate the system losses, while the thermal-hydraulic behavior is modelled numerically leveraging the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. A close-loop iterative framework is formulated by coupling the analytical model-based electromagnetic analysis and CFD-based thermal-fluid analysis to address the temperature dependence. Experiments are performed on two transformer prototypes with different conductor types and physical geometries for validation purpose. Results suggest that the proposed model can accurately model the AC effects, losses, and the temperature rises at different system components. The proposed model is computationally more efficient than the full numerical method but it reserves accurate thermal-hydraulic characterization, thus it is promising for engineering utilization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solid State Transformers)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 6494 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Investigation on the Effects of CO₂ Displacement Methods on Petrophysical Property Changes of Ultra-Low Permeability Sandstone Reservoirs Near Injection Wells

by Qian Wang, Shenglai Yang, Haishui Han, Lu Wang, Kun Qian and Jieqiong Pang

Energies 2019, 12(2), 327; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12020327 - 21 Jan 2019

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 5275

Abstract

The petrophysical properties of ultra-low permeability sandstone reservoirs near the injection wells change significantly after CO₂ injection for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and CO₂ storage, and different CO₂ displacement methods have different effects on these changes. In order to provide [...] Read more.

The petrophysical properties of ultra-low permeability sandstone reservoirs near the injection wells change significantly after CO₂ injection for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and CO₂ storage, and different CO₂ displacement methods have different effects on these changes. In order to provide the basis for selecting a reasonable displacement method to reduce the damage to these high water cut reservoirs near the injection wells during CO₂ injection, CO₂-formation water alternate (CO₂-WAG) flooding and CO₂ flooding experiments were carried out on the fully saturated formation water cores of reservoirs with similar physical properties at in-situ reservoir conditions (78 °, 18 MPa), the similarities and differences of the changes in physical properties of the cores before and after flooding were compared and analyzed. The measurement results of the permeability, porosity, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) transversal relaxation time (T₂) spectrum and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the cores show that the decrease of core permeability after CO₂ flooding is smaller than that after CO₂-WAG flooding, with almost unchanged porosity in both cores. The proportion of large pores decreases while the proportion of medium pores increases, the proportion of small pores remains almost unchanged, the distribution of pore size of the cores concentrates in the middle. The changes in range and amplitude of the pore size distribution in the core after CO₂ flooding are less than those after CO₂-WAG flooding. After flooding experiments, clay mineral, clastic fines and salt crystals adhere to some large pores or accumulate at throats, blocking the pores. The changes in core physical properties are the results of mineral dissolution and fines migration, and the differences in these changes under the two displacement methods are caused by the differences in three aspects: the degree of CO₂-brine-rock interaction, the radius range of pores where fine migration occurs, the power of fine migration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CO₂ EOR and CO₂ Storage in Oil Reservoirs)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 1134 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Environmental Performance of Effluent Conditioning Systems for Reuse in Oil Refining Plants: A Case Study in Brazil

by Hugo Sakamoto, Flávia M. Ronquim, Marcelo Martins Seckler and Luiz Kulay

Energies 2019, 12(2), 326; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12020326 - 21 Jan 2019

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4910

Abstract

This study aims to evaluate the environmental and energy effects of the reuse of 1.0 m³ of water in a cooling tower obtained from an oil refinery effluent. An arrangement comprising reverse osmosis (RO), evaporation (EV), and crystallization (CR) was created for water [...] Read more.

This study aims to evaluate the environmental and energy effects of the reuse of 1.0 m³ of water in a cooling tower obtained from an oil refinery effluent. An arrangement comprising reverse osmosis (RO), evaporation (EV), and crystallization (CR) was created for water desalination. Six process routes were evaluated; for this purpose, each of them was converted into an specific scenario of analysis: S1: pre-treatment with Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) + RO + EV (multi-effect distillation) + CR; S2: S1 with pre-treatment by BaSO₄; S3: with Ca(OH)₂/CaCO₃/HCl; S4: S3 with waste heat to supply the thermal demand of EV; S5: S3 with steam recompression in EV; and, S6: S3 with HNO₃ in place of HCl. The analysis was carried out by attributional LCA for primary energy demand (PED) and global warming (GW) impacts. The comparison was carried out for a reference flow (RF) of: add 1.0 m³ of reused water to a cooling tower with quality to proper functioning of this equipment. S4 presented the best performance among the analyzed possibilities (PED: 11.9 MJ/RF; and GW: 720 gCO_2,eq/RF). However, dependence on other refinery sectors makes it inadvisable as a regular treatment option. Thus, S5 appears as the lowest impact scenario in the series (PED: 17.2 MJ/RF; and GW: 1.24 kgCO_2,eq/RF), given the pre-treatment technique of RO-fed effluent, and the exclusive use of steam recompression to meet total EV energy demands. Finally, an intrinsic correlation was identified between RO water recovery efficiency and the accumulated PED and GW impacts on the arrangements that operate with heat and electricity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from SDEWES 2018 Conferences on Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 947 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Decision-Making to Charge Electric Vehicles in Heterogeneous Networks: Stackelberg Game Approach

by Shijun Chen, Huwei Chen and Shanhe Jiang

Energies 2019, 12(2), 325; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12020325 - 21 Jan 2019

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3920

Abstract

Electric vehicles (EVs) are designed to improve the efficiency of energy and prevent the environment from being polluted, when they are widely and reasonably used in the transport system. However, due to the feature of EV’s batteries, the charging problem plays an important [...] Read more.

Electric vehicles (EVs) are designed to improve the efficiency of energy and prevent the environment from being polluted, when they are widely and reasonably used in the transport system. However, due to the feature of EV’s batteries, the charging problem plays an important role in the application of EVs. Fortunately, with the help of advanced technologies, charging stations powered by smart grid operators (SGOs) can easily and conveniently solve the problems and supply charging service to EV users. In this paper, we consider that EVs will be charged by charging station operators (CSOs) in heterogeneous networks (Hetnet), through which they can exchange the information with each other. Considering the trading relationship among EV users, CSOs, and SGOs, we design their own utility functions in Hetnet, where the demand uncertainty is taken into account. In order to maximize the profits, we formulate this charging problem as a four-stage Stackelberg game, through which the optimal strategy is studied and analyzed. In the Stackelberg game model, we theoretically prove and discuss the existence and uniqueness of the Stackelberg equilibrium (SE). Using the proposed iterative algorithm, the optimal solution can be obtained in the optimization problem. The performance of the strategy is shown in the simulation results. It is shown that the simulation results confirm the efficiency of the model in Hetnet. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimization Methods Applied to Power Systems)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 4311 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Capacity Expansion Pathways for a Wind and Solar Based Power Supply and the Impact of Advanced Technology—A Case Study for Germany

by Philip Tafarte, Marcus Eichhorn and Daniela Thrän

Energies 2019, 12(2), 324; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12020324 - 21 Jan 2019

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 5781

Abstract

Wind and solar PV have become the lowest-cost renewable alternatives and are expected to dominate the power supply matrix in many countries worldwide. However, wind and solar are inherently variable renewable energy sources (vRES) and their characteristics pose new challenges for power systems [...] Read more.

Wind and solar PV have become the lowest-cost renewable alternatives and are expected to dominate the power supply matrix in many countries worldwide. However, wind and solar are inherently variable renewable energy sources (vRES) and their characteristics pose new challenges for power systems and for the transition to a renewable energy-based power supply. Using new options for the integration of high shares of vRES is therefore crucial. In order to assess these options, we model the expansion pathways of wind power and solar photovoltaics (solar PV) capacities and their impact on the renewable share in a case study for Germany. Therefore, a numerical optimization approach is applied on temporally resolved generation and consumption time series data to identify the most efficient and fastest capacity expansion pathways. In addition to conventional layouts of wind and solar PV, our model includes advanced, system-friendly technology layouts in combination with electric energy storage from existing pumped hydro storage as promising integration options. The results provide policy makers with useful insights for technology-specific capacity expansion as we identified potentials to reduce costs and infrastructural requirements in the form of power grids and electric energy storage, and to accelerate the transition to a fully renewable power sector. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 100% Renewable Energy Transition: Pathways and Implementation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 5423 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of the Effects of Arc Volt–Ampere Characteristics on Different Loads and Detection Methods of Series Arc Faults

by Qiwei Lu, Zeyu Ye, Yilei Zhang, Tao Wang and Zhixuan Gao

Energies 2019, 12(2), 323; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12020323 - 21 Jan 2019

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 5780

Abstract

Owing to the shortcomings of existing series arc fault detection methods, based on a summary of arc volt–ampere characteristics, the change rule of the line current and the relationship between the voltage and current are deeply analyzed and theoretically explained under different loads [...] Read more.

Owing to the shortcomings of existing series arc fault detection methods, based on a summary of arc volt–ampere characteristics, the change rule of the line current and the relationship between the voltage and current are deeply analyzed and theoretically explained under different loads when series arc faults occur. A series arc fault detection method is proposed, and the software flowchart and principles of the applied hardware implementation are given. Finally, a prototype of an arc fault detection device (AFDD) with a rated voltage of 220 V and a rated current of 40 A is developed. The prototype was tested according to experimental methods provided by the Chinese national standard, GB/T 31143-2014. The experimental results show that the proposed detection method is simple and practical, and can be implemented using a low-cost microprocessor. The proposed method will provide good theoretical guidance in promoting the research and development of an AFDD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section F: Electrical Engineering)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 4201 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Enhancing Oscillation Damping in an Interconnected Power System with Integrated Wind Farms Using Unified Power Flow Controller

by Ping He, Seyed Ali Arefifar, Congshan Li, Fushuan Wen, Yuqi Ji and Yukun Tao

Energies 2019, 12(2), 322; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12020322 - 21 Jan 2019

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 5430

Abstract

The well-developed unified power flow controller (UPFC) has demonstrated its capability in providing voltage support and improving power system stability. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the capability of the UPFC in mitigating oscillations in a wind farm integrated power system [...] Read more.

The well-developed unified power flow controller (UPFC) has demonstrated its capability in providing voltage support and improving power system stability. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the capability of the UPFC in mitigating oscillations in a wind farm integrated power system by employing eigenvalue analysis and dynamic time-domain simulation approaches. For this purpose, a power oscillation damping controller (PODC) of the UPFC is designed for damping oscillations caused by disturbances in a given interconnected power system, including the change in tie-line power, the changes of wind power outputs, and others. Simulations are carried out for two sample power systems, i.e., a four-machine system and an eight-machine system, for demonstration. Numerous eigenvalue analysis and dynamic time-domain simulation results confirm that the UPFC equipped with the designed PODC can effectively suppress oscillations of power systems under various disturbance scenarios. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 1586 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Different Strategies for Lowering the Operation Temperature in Existing District Heating Networks

by Francesco Neirotti, Michel Noussan, Stefano Riverso and Giorgio Manganini

Energies 2019, 12(2), 321; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12020321 - 21 Jan 2019

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 5904

Abstract

District heating systems have an important role in increasing the efficiency of the heating and cooling sector, especially when coupled to combined heat and power plants. However, in the transition towards decarbonization, current systems show some challenges for the integration of Renewable Energy [...] Read more.

District heating systems have an important role in increasing the efficiency of the heating and cooling sector, especially when coupled to combined heat and power plants. However, in the transition towards decarbonization, current systems show some challenges for the integration of Renewable Energy Sources and Waste Heat. In particular, a crucial aspect is represented by the operating temperatures of the network. This paper analyzes two different approaches for the decrease of operation temperatures of existing networks, which are often supplying old buildings with a low degree of insulation. A simulation model was applied to some case studies to evaluate how a low-temperature operation of an existing district heating system performs compared to the standard operation, by considering two different approaches: (1) a different control strategy involving nighttime operation to avoid the morning peak demand; and (2) the partial insulation of the buildings to decrease operation temperatures without the need of modifying the heating system of the users. Different temperatures were considered to evaluate a threshold based on the characteristics of the buildings supplied by the network. The results highlight an interesting potential for optimization of existing systems by tuning the control strategies and performing some energy efficiency operation. The network temperature can be decreased with a continuous operation of the system, or with energy efficiency intervention in buildings, and distributed heat pumps used as integration could provide significant advantages. Each solution has its own limitations and critical parameters, which are discussed in detail. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue District Heating and Cooling Networks)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

28 pages, 7673 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Non-Empirical BEM Corrections Relating to Angular and Axial Momentum Conservation

by Søren Hjort

Energies 2019, 12(2), 320; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12020320 - 20 Jan 2019

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4501

Abstract

The Blade-Element Momentum (BEM) model for Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbines (HAWTs), although extremely useful, is known to be approximate due to model formulation insufficiencies, for which add-ons and corrections have been formulated over the past many decades. Scrutiny of the axial and azimuthal momentum [...] Read more.

The Blade-Element Momentum (BEM) model for Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbines (HAWTs), although extremely useful, is known to be approximate due to model formulation insufficiencies, for which add-ons and corrections have been formulated over the past many decades. Scrutiny of the axial and azimuthal momentum conservation properties reveals momentum simplifications and absence of momentum sources not included in momentum theory underlying the standard BEM. One aspect relates to azimuthal momentum conservation, the wake swirl. This correction can be expressed analytically. Another aspect relates to axial momentum conservation, the wake expansion. This correction is not analytically quantifiable. The latter correction term is therefore quantified from postprocessing a large number of axisymmetric Actuator Disk (AD) Navier-Stokes computations with systematic variation of disk loading and tip-speed ratio. The new momentum correction terms are then included in the BEM model, and results benchmarked against references. The corrected BEM is derived by re-visiting the governing equations. For a disk represented by a constant-circulation set of blades, the corrected BEM contains no approximation to the underlying conservation laws. The study contributes by bridging the gap between BEM and the axisymmetric AD method for all disk load levels and tip speed ratios relevant for a wind turbine. The wake swirl correction leads to higher power efficiency at lower tip-speed ratios. The wake expansion correction causes a redistribution of the potential for power extraction, which increases on the inner part of the rotor and decreases on the outer part of the rotor. The overall rotor-averaged value of Betz limit is unaffected by the new corrections, but exceeding Betz locally on the inner- and mid-section of the rotor is shown to be possible. The two corrections significantly improve the axi-symmetric static BEM modelling accuracy for the radial distributions as well as for the rotor-integrated quantities, by reducing errors, approximately one order of magnitude. The relevance of these corrections for modern multi-MW rotors is quantified and discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Aerodynamics of Wind Turbines)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 8973 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Virtual Synchronous Control Based on Control Winding Orientation for Brushless Doubly Fed Induction Generator (BDFIG) Wind Turbines Under Symmetrical Grid Faults

by Min Lu, Yu Chen, Debin Zhang, Jingyuan Su and Yong Kang

Energies 2019, 12(2), 319; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12020319 - 20 Jan 2019

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3748

Abstract

The Brushless Doubly Fed Induction Generator (BDFIG) has huge potential for wind power systems due to its high reliability and low maintenance cost. To add inertia for system stability enhancement, as well as to maintain the uninterrupted operation during symmetrical grid faults, this [...] Read more.

The Brushless Doubly Fed Induction Generator (BDFIG) has huge potential for wind power systems due to its high reliability and low maintenance cost. To add inertia for system stability enhancement, as well as to maintain the uninterrupted operation during symmetrical grid faults, this study proposes a Virtual Synchronous Control (VSC) with a transient current compensation strategy for BDFIG. The proposed VSC is realized by regulating the virtual inner electrical potential and angular velocity of BDFIG under Control Winding (CW) current oriented vector control, and compensating for the transient CW current to weaken the transient inner electrical potential under symmetrical grid faults. Modeling and analysis of such a VSC strategy are presented in this paper, and a simulation is also made to compare the performances of existing and proposed VSC strategies. It is shown that the merits of the proposed VSC can enhance the fault ride through the ability of the BDFIG system and support the recovery of grid voltage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics Technologies for Micro and Nano Grids: Dynamics, Analysis, Control and Design)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

33 pages, 3804 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Demographics on Consumer Preferences for Alternative Fuel Vehicles: A Review of Choice Modelling Studies and a Study in Portugal

by Gabriela D. Oliveira and Luis C. Dias

Energies 2019, 12(2), 318; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12020318 - 20 Jan 2019

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 7407

Abstract

The significant energy consumed by road transportation and the difficult market penetration of Alternative Fuel Vehicles (AFVs) has led to a substantial body of research aiming to understand consumer preferences and future demand for AFVs. The individual characteristics of consumers are one of [...] Read more.

The significant energy consumed by road transportation and the difficult market penetration of Alternative Fuel Vehicles (AFVs) has led to a substantial body of research aiming to understand consumer preferences and future demand for AFVs. The individual characteristics of consumers are one of the explanatory factors of these preferences. In this context, the main purpose of this work is to present a comprehensive state-of-the-art review of how consumer demographics influence their preferences concerning AFVs. This review focuses on papers that applied Choice Modelling techniques to elicit individual consumer preferences for AFVs through stated preference surveys. Age, gender, income, level of education, family size, driving habits and number of vehicles per household were selected for analysis. This study also adds to the literature by analyzing the influence of demographic characteristics on preferences of Portuguese consumers. Very few studies addressed the influence of demographics on preferences for vehicle attributes. Considering the influence of consumers’ income and age, no consistent results were found. However, when age and consumers’ nationality were crossed, a potential trend of consumers’ age influence was unveiled. Regarding gender, level of education and family size, it was observed that consumers with higher education levels, women and consumers with larger families have higher preferences for AFVs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section C: Energy Economics and Policy)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 513 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A BESS Sizing Strategy for Primary Frequency Regulation Support of Solar Photovoltaic Plants

by Diego Mejía-Giraldo, Gregorio Velásquez-Gomez, Nicolás Muñoz-Galeano, Juan Bernardo Cano-Quintero and Santiago Lemos-Cano

Energies 2019, 12(2), 317; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12020317 - 20 Jan 2019

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 6713

Abstract

This paper proposes a strategy for sizing a battery energy storage system (BESS) that supports primary frequency regulation (PFR) service of solar photo-voltaic plants. The strategy is composed of an optimization model and a performance assessment algorithm. The optimization [...] Read more.

This paper proposes a strategy for sizing a battery energy storage system (BESS) that supports primary frequency regulation (PFR) service of solar photo-voltaic plants. The strategy is composed of an optimization model and a performance assessment algorithm. The optimization model includes not only investment costs, but also a novel penalty function depending on the state of charge (SoC). This function avoids the existence of a potential inappropriate SoC trajectory during BESS operation that could impede the supply of PFR service. The performance assessment algorithm, fed by the optimization model sizing results, allows the emulation of BESS operation and determines either the success or failure of a particular BESS design. The quality of a BESS design is measured through number of days in which BESS failed to satisfactorily provide PFR and its associated penalization cost. Battery lifetime, battery replacements, and SoC are also key performance indexes that finally permit making better decisions in the election of the best BESS size. The inclusion of multiple BESS operational restrictions under PFR is another important advantage of this strategy since it adds a realistic characterization of BESS to the analysis. The optimization model was coded using GAMS/CPLEX, and the performance assessment algorithm was implemented in MATLAB. Results were obtained using actual frequency data obtained from the Colombian power system; and the resulting BESS sizes show that the number of BESS penalties, caused by failure to provide PFR service, can be reduced to zero at minimum investment cost. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section D: Energy Storage and Application)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 11989 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Theoretical Calculation Methods of Photovoltaic Power Short-Circuit Current and Influencing Factors of Its Fault Characteristics

by Huiyuan Liu, Kehan Xu, Zhe Zhang, Wei Liu and Jianyong Ao

Energies 2019, 12(2), 316; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12020316 - 20 Jan 2019

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3603

Abstract

With the substantial increase in the capacity of grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) power, the adverse effects of its complex fault characteristics on grid relay protection are increasingly highlighted. Based on the introduction of the topology and the control strategy on low-voltage ride through of [...] Read more.

With the substantial increase in the capacity of grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) power, the adverse effects of its complex fault characteristics on grid relay protection are increasingly highlighted. Based on the introduction of the topology and the control strategy on low-voltage ride through of PV power, a theoretical solution method for solving the fault current of PV power is proposed by taking account of the DC bus voltage fluctuation, and a theoretical calculation model of its transient and steady state is established. The correctness of the theoretical results is verified by the numerical simulation results and low-voltage ride through (LVRT) experiment results. Furthermore, to gain a better understanding of the factors influencing PV power fault characteristics, the effects of several factors including proportional integral (PI) controller parameters, fault voltage sag depth, and PV power load level on PV power fault characteristics are analyzed by using simple variable method. The obtained results can provide a theoretical reference for the control parameter design and protection research of PV power. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 1856 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Insulation on the Performance of a Rotary Bioreactor for Composting Agricultural Residues

by Fahad N. Alkoaik, Ahmed M. Abdel-Ghany, Ibrahim M. Al-Helal, Mohamed A. Rashwan, Ronnel B. Fulleros and Mansour N. Ibrahim

Energies 2019, 12(2), 315; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12020315 - 20 Jan 2019

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4546

Abstract

Rotary drum composters are used to produce high-quality, pathogen-free compost without weed seeds. Insulation is usually applied to small-scale composters to warm up the composted materials and enhance metabolic reactions to produce stable and mature compost within a short time. However, the relationship [...] Read more.

Rotary drum composters are used to produce high-quality, pathogen-free compost without weed seeds. Insulation is usually applied to small-scale composters to warm up the composted materials and enhance metabolic reactions to produce stable and mature compost within a short time. However, the relationship between the composter size and the heat loss rate is still unclear. In this study, the relationship between the composter size (designated as the ratio of surface area to volume, A_s/V) and heat loss was analyzed and identified. To show the effect of insulation on the composting performance, two identical rotary drum bioreactors (each of A_s/V = 9) were used to compost tomato plant residues, one insulated and the other kept without insulation. Results showed that insulation increased the overall resistance against heat loss from the bioreactor from 0.37 (m² °C W⁻¹) to 1.12 (m² °C W⁻¹), quickly increasing the compost temperature, and a temperature of 55–67 °C could be achieved and remained for three days. Therefore, mature, stable, well-aged, and high-quality compost was obtained. In the non-insulated bioreactor, the compost temperature did not exceed 37 °C; this caused a decline of microbial activity and the composting process temperature was only in the mesophilic range, leading to a high risk of the existence of weed seeds and pathogens in the final immature compost. Insulation is necessary for laboratory-scale and small pilot-scale bioreactors (A_s/V ≥ 6), because heat loss is high as A_s/V is high, whereas it is not necessary for commercial full-scale bioreactors (A_s/V ≤ 4), because heat loss is minor as A_s/V is low. For larger pilot-scale bioreactors (A_s/V: 4–6), insulation cost must be considered when comparing the impact of energy saving on the composting process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section J: Thermal Management)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 3184 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Interest and Applicability of Meta-Heuristic Algorithms in the Electrical Parameter Identification of Multiphase Machines

by Daniel Gutierrez-Reina, Federico Barrero, Jose Riveros, Ignacio Gonzalez-Prieto, Sergio L. Toral and Mario J. Duran

Energies 2019, 12(2), 314; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12020314 - 19 Jan 2019

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3437

Abstract

Multiphase machines are complex multi-variable electro-mechanical systems that are receiving special attention from industry due to their better fault tolerance and power-per-phase splitting characteristics compared with conventional three-phase machines. Their utility and interest are restricted to the definition of high-performance controllers, which strongly [...] Read more.

Multiphase machines are complex multi-variable electro-mechanical systems that are receiving special attention from industry due to their better fault tolerance and power-per-phase splitting characteristics compared with conventional three-phase machines. Their utility and interest are restricted to the definition of high-performance controllers, which strongly depends on the knowledge of the electrical parameters used in the multiphase machine model. This work presents the proof-of-concept of a new method based on particle swarm optimization and standstill time-domain tests. This proposed method is tested to estimate the electrical parameters of a five-phase induction machine. A reduction of the estimation error higher than 2.5% is obtained compared with gradient-based approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control of Multiphase Machines and Drives)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 3201 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Compression Ratio of Graphite Felts on the Performance of an All-Vanadium Redox Flow Battery

by Chin-Lung Hsieh, Po-Hong Tsai, Ning-Yih Hsu and Yong-Song Chen

Energies 2019, 12(2), 313; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12020313 - 19 Jan 2019

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4595

Abstract

All-vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) are considered promising candidates for large-scale energy storage systems due to their flexible power scale design, high efficiency, deep discharge, long cycle life and environmental friendliness. The performance and efficiency of a VRFB is affected by many factors, [...] Read more.

All-vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) are considered promising candidates for large-scale energy storage systems due to their flexible power scale design, high efficiency, deep discharge, long cycle life and environmental friendliness. The performance and efficiency of a VRFB is affected by many factors, including component materials, battery design, electrolyte composition and operating conditions. Among the key components, porous electrodes play a key role, as the electrochemical reaction occurs on the fiber surface of the electrode. As such, many studies have focused on improving reaction kinetics by modifying the surface of the electrode. In this work, the effect of varying the compression ratio (CR) of graphite felts on the performance and efficiency of a VRFB are investigated. The impedance of a single VRFB under varying CRs of graphite felts at various operating conditions were also measured. The results suggest that performance of a VRFB increases with increasing CR due to the decrease of area resistance and concentration overpotential. The porous electrode compressed from 6.5 to 4 mm demonstrates the optimal energy efficiency of 73% at the operating current density 80 mA cm⁻² and electrolyte flow rate 100 mL min⁻¹. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Battery Storage Technology for a Sustainable Future)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 5502 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated Control Strategy for Inductive Power Transfer Systems with Primary-Side LCC Network for Load-Average Efficiency Improvement

by Sangjoon Ann, Woo-Young Lee, Gyu-Yeong Choe and Byoung Kuk Lee

Energies 2019, 12(2), 312; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12020312 - 19 Jan 2019

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3853

Abstract

An inductive power transfer (IPT) system has lower peak efficiency and significantly lower load-average efficiency over the entire range of output power than typical power conversion systems because it transmits power wirelessly through magnetically coupled coils. In order to improve the load-average efficiency [...] Read more.

An inductive power transfer (IPT) system has lower peak efficiency and significantly lower load-average efficiency over the entire range of output power than typical power conversion systems because it transmits power wirelessly through magnetically coupled coils. In order to improve the load-average efficiency of the IPT system, this paper proposes an integrated control strategy consisting of full-bridge, phase-shift, and half-bridge control modes. The coupling coefficient and output power conditions for each control mode are theoretically analyzed, and the proposed control algorithm is established. In order to verify the analysis results, a 3.3 kW IPT system prototype is constructed, and it is experimentally verified that the load-average efficiency is improved by up to 3.75% with respect to the output power when using the proposed control scheme. In addition, the proposed control has the additional advantage that it can be directly applied to the existing IPT system without changing or adding hardware. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wireless Power for Electric Vehicles)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

8 pages, 1546 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Removal of HFC-134a from Brackish Water Using a Semi Batch Jet Loop Reactor

by Devi Marietta Siregar, Yiseul Park, Yong Sun Won and Jun Heok Lim

Energies 2019, 12(2), 311; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12020311 - 19 Jan 2019

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4605

Abstract

Mineral salt components (Na⁺, Ca²⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, etc.) are naturally excluded during the gas hydrate in which water molecules form cavities by hydrogen bonding and guest gas molecules are encapsulated into the cavities to stabilize [...] Read more.

Mineral salt components (Na⁺, Ca²⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, etc.) are naturally excluded during the gas hydrate in which water molecules form cavities by hydrogen bonding and guest gas molecules are encapsulated into the cavities to stabilize the overall gas hydrate structure. However, when using refrigerant hydrofluorocarbon-134a (HFC-134a) for guest gas, it resided in resulting brackish water after the desalination process because of its high solubility in water. Jet loop reactors (JLRs) are frequently employed in many commercial applications because of their high mass transfer capabilities. In this study, a semi-batch type JLR was introduced to improve the degassing of HFC-134a from brackish water. The effect of parameters, such as the initial HFC-134a concentration (200–772 mg/L), liquid circulation (40–80 L/min) rate, and air flow rate (10–30 L/min), were studied in this JLR. The removal efficiency and overall volumetric transfer were calculated and it was determined that increasing the air flow rate has a high effect on K_La. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from 6th Asian Conference onInnovative Energy & Environmental Chemical Engineering and The 16th Asian Conference on Fluidized‐bed and Three‐phase Reactor (ASCON‐IEEChE 2018))

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 2105 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

District Heating Challenges for the UK

by Michael-Allan Millar, Neil M. Burnside and Zhibin Yu

Energies 2019, 12(2), 310; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12020310 - 19 Jan 2019

Cited by 42 | Viewed by 10021

Abstract

District heating uptake has grown with the increasing need for cleaner and more efficient energy supply. This has resulted in a rising number of new developments signing up to a district heating scheme, typically powered by Combined Heat and Power (CHP) boilers or [...] Read more.

District heating uptake has grown with the increasing need for cleaner and more efficient energy supply. This has resulted in a rising number of new developments signing up to a district heating scheme, typically powered by Combined Heat and Power (CHP) boilers or biomass boilers with supplemental electrical or gas grid connections. These schemes have advanced rapidly in recent years, with much of the research focus targeting lower carbon technologies, improved load prediction and peak demand management. We assess the current status of District Heating Networks (DHNs) in the United Kingdom using published case studies and suggest next steps to improvement. Our findings show that the United Kingdom has good potential for uptake of district energy given the current political climate and government incentives, however significant improvements must be made to further penetrate the heating market. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue District Heating)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 9516 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Adaptive Frequency Phase-Locked Loop Based on a Third Order Generalized Integrator

by Heng Du, Qiuye Sun, Qifu Cheng, Dazhong Ma and Xu Wang

Energies 2019, 12(2), 309; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12020309 - 19 Jan 2019

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 6655

Abstract

In this paper, the basic principle and characteristics of a phase-locked loop (PLL) in a single phase grid-connected system are analyzed, and this paper introduces one type virtual orthogonal voltage vector method based on a third order generalized integrator (TOGI) to construct an [...] Read more.

In this paper, the basic principle and characteristics of a phase-locked loop (PLL) in a single phase grid-connected system are analyzed, and this paper introduces one type virtual orthogonal voltage vector method based on a third order generalized integrator (TOGI) to construct an alpha and beta static coordinate system. The TOGI structure can eliminate the DC offset in a voltage signal or zero offset in the sampling process, and ensure the amplitude of the virtual orthogonal signal is consistent. At the same time, the adaptive frequency estimation unit is introduced, which can effectively deal with the power grid voltage frequency changes and ensure the accuracy of PLL. MATLAB (R2012a, MathWorks, Natick, MA, USA) is used to simulate the variation of power grid voltage frequency, DC component injection, harmonics injection and other parameters, and the performance of PLL is adequately verified. In addition, a 5kW single-phase energy router experimental platform is built to verify the proposed PLL. The experimental results show that the PLL can well track the frequency change of the grid voltage and eliminate the DC offset, so as to achieve accurate phase tracking. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section F: Electrical Engineering)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 3068 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Analytical Analysis of a Novel Brushless Hybrid Excited Adjustable Speed Eddy Current Coupling

by Yibo Li, Heyun Lin, Hai Huang, Hui Yang, Qiancheng Tao and Shuhua Fang

Energies 2019, 12(2), 308; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12020308 - 19 Jan 2019

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3693

Abstract

A novel brushless hybrid excited adjustable speed eddy current coupling is proposed for saving energy in the drive systems of pumps and fans. The topology and operation principle of the coupling are presented. Based on the real flux paths, the fluxes excited by [...] Read more.

A novel brushless hybrid excited adjustable speed eddy current coupling is proposed for saving energy in the drive systems of pumps and fans. The topology and operation principle of the coupling are presented. Based on the real flux paths, the fluxes excited by permanent magnet (PM) and field current are analyzed separately. A magnetic circuit equivalent (MEC) model is established to efficiently compute the no-load magnetic field of the coupling. The eddy current and torque are calculated based on the proposed MEC model, Faraday’s law, and Ampere’s law. The resultant magnetic fields, eddy currents, and torques versus slip speeds under different field currents are studied by the MEC-based analytical method and verified by finite element analysis (FEA). The copper loss, core loss, and efficiency were investigated by FEA. The analytically predicted results agree well with the FEA, and the analysis results illustrate that a good speed regulation performance can be achieved by the proposed hybrid excited control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Efficiency in Electric Motors, Drives, Power Converters and Related Systems)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 8185 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comprehensive Hydraulic Improvement and Parametric Analysis of a Francis Turbine Runner

by Zhe Ma, Baoshan Zhu, Cong Rao and Yonghong Shangguan

Energies 2019, 12(2), 307; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12020307 - 19 Jan 2019

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 4595

Abstract

Hydraulic turbines are usually required to operate in a wide range. The operation at off-design conditions not only reduces the unit efficiency, but also significantly deteriorates the dynamic stability of the turbines. In order to develop a turbine runner with good performances under [...] Read more.

Hydraulic turbines are usually required to operate in a wide range. The operation at off-design conditions not only reduces the unit efficiency, but also significantly deteriorates the dynamic stability of the turbines. In order to develop a turbine runner with good performances under multi operation conditions, a comprehensive hydraulic improvement has been done of a Francis turbine runner with a multipoint and multi-objective optimization design system. Compared with the initial runner, the runner generated from this method has a satisfactory improvement. In detail, unit efficiencies of the preferred runner are increased by 0.91%, 0.47% and 0.37%, respectively, under the rated head, a high head and the maximum head. The lowest pressure at blade surface is improved by 376.2 kPa under the rated head. CFD calculations are conducted to analyze the flow conditions inside of the preferred runner. In addition, runners with different main design inputs, namely blade lean, blade loading and blade meridional shape are furtherly investigated to reveal their relationship with runner’s internal flow and outer performances. In summary, this optimization system supplies satisfactory results and convincing recommendations to determine the design inputs for low-head Francis turbine runners. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 4828 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Internal Flow in an Enhanced Tube Having Square-cut Twisted Tape Insert

by Agung Tri Wijayanta, Pranowo, Mirmanto, Budi Kristiawan and Muhammad Aziz

Energies 2019, 12(2), 306; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12020306 - 19 Jan 2019

Cited by 55 | Viewed by 5923

Abstract

In this study, a numerical simulation has been conducted in order to evaluate the thermal hydraulic performance of a turbulent single-phase flow inside an enhanced tube equipped with a square-cut twisted tape (STT) insert. The classical twisted tape (CTT) insert was also investigated [...] Read more.

In this study, a numerical simulation has been conducted in order to evaluate the thermal hydraulic performance of a turbulent single-phase flow inside an enhanced tube equipped with a square-cut twisted tape (STT) insert. The classical twisted tape (CTT) insert was also investigated for comparison. The k-ε renormalized group turbulence model has been utilized as the turbulent model. Various twist ratios (y/W) of 2.7, 4.5, and 6.5 were investigated for the Reynolds number range of 8000–18,000, with water as the working fluid. The numerical results indicated that, in comparison with the plain tube (PT), the tube equipped with the STT with the twist ratios of 2.7, 4.5, and 6.5 led to an increase in the values of the Nusselt number and friction factor in the inner tube by 45.4–80.7% and 2.0–3.3 times, respectively; in addition, the highest thermal performance of 1.23 has been obtained. The results further indicated that the tube equipped with the CTT of the same twist ratios improved the Nusselt number and friction factor in the inner tube by 40.3–74.4% and 1.7–3.0 times, respectively, in comparison with the PT; further, the maximum thermal performance of 1.18 was achieved. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat Transfer Enhancement)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 4670 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Communication and Household Adoption of Heating Products in Hungary

by Noemi Munkacsi and Krushna Mahapatra

Energies 2019, 12(2), 305; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12020305 - 18 Jan 2019

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3810

Abstract

Existing studies of heating products have analyzed the adoption of energy-efficient heating technologies from diverse micro and macroeconomic aspects, such as diffusion of innovation, willingness to pay, business models, energy pricing, etc., but the analysis from a marketing management approach based on end [...] Read more.

Existing studies of heating products have analyzed the adoption of energy-efficient heating technologies from diverse micro and macroeconomic aspects, such as diffusion of innovation, willingness to pay, business models, energy pricing, etc., but the analysis from a marketing management approach based on end customer insight is still lacking. Understanding the decision-making process of end customers, and the influence of social environment at the diverse stages of the purchase process leads to a focused market strategy, thereby contributes toward overcoming the multi-level segmentation challenge faced by the manufacturers of heating products. In this context, a two-step exploratory research was conducted in December 2013 with end customers of the residential heat market in Hungary. The end customers were found to be active decision-makers engaged in deliberate planning in the purchase of heating products. They start searching for information by turning mainly to online information sources and they actively integrate their social network in all stages of the decision-making process, which means that the role of the installer is relatively less influential along the whole purchasing process. Identified influencing communication channels at the diverse stages of the purchase process may support manufacturers to develop a user-centric marketing strategy by optimizing the communication instruments in their marketing mix by, for instance, including direct end customer communication via online channels and by de-emphasizing offline communication channels. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 3601 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Well-Dispersed ZnFe₂O₄ Nanoparticles onto Graphene as Superior Anode Materials for Lithium Ion Batteries

by Yiseul Park, Misol Oh and Jae Hyun Kim

Energies 2019, 12(2), 304; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12020304 - 18 Jan 2019

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4393

Abstract

We prepared well-dispersed ZnFe₂O₄ (ZFO) nanoparticles on a graphene sheet by a facile one-step hydrothermal method using glucose as a novel linker agent and low-cost graphene flake. It was found that the glucose linkage on graphene not only prevented the [...] Read more.

We prepared well-dispersed ZnFe₂O₄ (ZFO) nanoparticles on a graphene sheet by a facile one-step hydrothermal method using glucose as a novel linker agent and low-cost graphene flake. It was found that the glucose linkage on graphene not only prevented the aggregation of ZFO particles, but also induced the exfoliation of graphene flakes. The addition of glucose during the synthesis made surface linkages on the graphene surface, and it reacted with ZFO precursors, resulting in the well-dispersed ZFO nanoparticles/graphene composite. Furthermore, the size distribution of the resultant composite particles was also shifted to the smaller particle size compared to the composite prepared without glucose. The newly prepared ZFO/graphene composite provided a higher lithium storage capability and cycle performance compared to the ZFO/graphene sample which was prepared without glucose. The good dispersion of ZFO nanoparticles on graphene and the small particle size of the composite led to markedly improved electrochemical performance. Its reversible discharge capacity was 766 mAh g⁻¹ at 1 A g⁻¹, and it also maintained as 469 mAh g⁻¹ at 6 A g⁻¹. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from 6th Asian Conference onInnovative Energy & Environmental Chemical Engineering and The 16th Asian Conference on Fluidized‐bed and Three‐phase Reactor (ASCON‐IEEChE 2018))

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

20 pages, 1582 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Non-Invasive Procedure for Estimating the Exponential Model Parameters of Bypass Diodes in Photovoltaic Modules

by Jeisson Vélez-Sánchez, Juan David Bastidas-Rodríguez, Carlos Andrés Ramos-Paja, Daniel González Montoya and Luz Adriana Trejos-Grisales

Energies 2019, 12(2), 303; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12020303 - 18 Jan 2019

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4292

Abstract

Bypass diodes (BDs) present in photovoltaic (PV) modules are represented by the exponential model, which requires two parameters: the inverse-saturation current (

I_{s a t, d b}

) and the ideality factor (

η_{d b}

). However, it is difficult [...] Read more.

Bypass diodes (BDs) present in photovoltaic (PV) modules are represented by the exponential model, which requires two parameters: the inverse-saturation current (

I_{s a t, d b}

) and the ideality factor (

η_{d b}

). However, it is difficult to estimate those parameters since the terminals of the BDs are not isolated, hence there is only access to the series connection of the module BDs. This problem must be addressed since inaccurate BDs parameters could produce errors in the reproduction of the current-voltage (I-V) curves of commercial PV modules, which lead to wrong predictions of the power production. This paper proposes a non-invasive procedure to estimate

I_{s a t, d b}

and

η_{d b}

of the bypass diodes present in a PV module using two experimental I-V curves. One I-V curve is measured completely covering the submodule of the module whose BD will be parameterized; while the other I-V curve is measured without any shadow on the module. From those curves, the I-V curve of the BD is estimated and

I_{s a t, d b}

and

η_{d b}

are calculated by solving a system of two nonlinear equations. The proposed procedure is validated through simulations and experimental results considering a commercial PV module formed by three submodules, where the estimation errors in the reproduction of the BD I-V curve are less than 1% in the simulations and less than 10% in the experiments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section L: Energy Sources)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Energies, Volume 12, Issue 2 (January-2 2019) – 133 articles

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI