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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2018) | Viewed by 54374

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Dr. José Carlos Magalhães Pires

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LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
Interests: CO₂ capture; wastewater treatment; microalgal biofuels; process modelling
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This is a call for papers for a Special Issue on “Carbon Capture and Storage”. Climate change is one of the main threats to modern society. This phenomenon is associated with an increase in greenhouse gas (GHGs, mainly carbon dioxide—CO₂) emissions, due to anthropogenic activities. The main causes are the burning of fossil fuels and land use change (deforestation). Climate change impacts are associated with risks to basic needs (health, food security and clean water), as well as risks to development (jobs, economic growth and the cost of living). The processes involving CO₂ capture and storage are gaining attention in the scientific community as an alternative for decreasing CO₂ emissions, reducing its concentration in ambient air. The carbon capture and storage (CCS) methodologies comprise three steps: CO₂ capture, CO₂ transportation and CO₂ storage. Despite the high research activity within this topic, several technological, economic and environmental issues as well as safety problems remain to be solved, such as the following needs: increase of CO₂ capture efficiency, reduction of process costs, and verification of environmental sustainability of CO₂ storage. This Special Issue will include topics, such as:

CO₂ separation technologies (absorption and adsorption processes, application of membranes, between others);
CO₂ transport and storage;
Process modelling;
Results achieved in CCS operational projects.

Prof. Dr. José Carlos Magalhães Pires
Guest Editor

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Keywords

greenhouse gas
carbon dioxide
geological sequestration
adsorption processes
sustainability

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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20 pages, 1950 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Technologies for CO₂ Capture from Cement Production—Part 2: Cost Analysis

by Stefania Osk Gardarsdottir, Edoardo De Lena, Matteo Romano, Simon Roussanaly, Mari Voldsund, José-Francisco Pérez-Calvo, David Berstad, Chao Fu, Rahul Anantharaman, Daniel Sutter, Matteo Gazzani, Marco Mazzotti and Giovanni Cinti

Energies 2019, 12(3), 542; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12030542 - 10 Feb 2019

Cited by 179 | Viewed by 19563

Abstract

This paper presents an assessment of the cost performance of CO₂ capture technologies when retrofitted to a cement plant: MEA-based absorption, oxyfuel, chilled ammonia-based absorption (Chilled Ammonia Process), membrane-assisted CO₂ liquefaction, and calcium looping. While the technical basis for this study is presented in Part 1 of this paper series, this work presents a comprehensive techno-economic analysis of these CO₂ capture technologies based on a capital and operating costs evaluation for retrofit in a cement plant. The cost of the cement plant product, clinker, is shown to increase with 49 to 92% compared to the cost of clinker without capture. The cost of CO₂ avoided is between 42 €/t_CO2 (for the oxyfuel-based capture process) and 84 €/t_CO2 (for the membrane-based assisted liquefaction capture process), while the reference MEA-based absorption capture technology has a cost of 80 €/t_CO2. Notably, the cost figures depend strongly on factors such as steam source, electricity mix, electricity price, fuel price and plant-specific characteristics. Hence, this confirms the conclusion of the technical evaluation in Part 1 that for final selection of CO₂ capture technology at a specific plant, a plant-specific techno-economic evaluation should be performed, also considering more practical considerations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Capture and Storage)

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18 pages, 1691 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of the Implementation of Carbon Capture Systems on the Environmental, Energy and Economic Performance of the Brazilian Electricity Matrix

by Claudia Cristina Sanchez Moore and Luiz Kulay

Energies 2019, 12(2), 331; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12020331 - 21 Jan 2019

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 4680

Abstract

This study examined the effect of Carbon Capture and Storage units on the environmental, energy and economic performance of the Brazilian electric grid. Four scenarios were established considering the coupling of Calcium Looping (CaL) processes to capture CO₂ emitted from thermoelectric using coal and natural gas: S1: the current condition of the Brazilian grid; S2 and S3: Brazilian grid with CaL applied individually to coal (TEC) and gas (TGN) operated thermoelectric; and S4: CaL is simultaneously coupled to both sources. Global warming potential (GWP) expressed the environmental dimension, Primary Energy Demand (PED) was the energy indicator and Levelised Cost of Energy described the economic range. Attributional Life Cycle Assessment for generation of 1.0 MWh was applied in the analysis. None of the scenarios accumulated the best indexes in all dimensions. Regarding GWP, S4 totals the positive effects of using CaL to reduce CO₂ from TEC and TGN, but the CH₄ emissions increased due to its energy requirements. As for PED, S1 and S2 are similar and presented higher performances than S3 and S4. The price of natural gas compromises the use of CaL in TGN. A combined verification of the three analysis dimensions, proved that S2 was the best option of the series due to the homogeneity of its indices. The installation of CaL in TECs and TGNs was effective to capture and store CO₂ emissions, but the costs of this system should be reduced and its energy efficiency still needs to be improved. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Capture and Storage)

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19 pages, 5348 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Instability Analysis of Supercritical CO₂ during Transportation and Injection in Carbon Capture and Storage Systems

by Il Hong Min, Seong-Gil Kang and Cheol Huh

Energies 2018, 11(8), 2040; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11082040 - 6 Aug 2018

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 5194

Abstract

Captured CO₂ is in a subcritical state, whereas CO₂ deep underground is in a supercritical state because of the high geothermal heat and pressure. The properties of CO₂ can change rapidly at the critical point and in the near-critical region during the transportation and injection process. This study aims to identify the instabilities in the CO₂ flow in these regions, along with the causes and effects, during the transportation and injection process, and propose relevant design specifications. Thus, the critical points and near-critical region of CO₂ flow were numerically analyzed. The unstable region is presented in terms of temperature and pressure ranges, and the changes in the CO₂ properties in this region were analyzed. In the unstable region, the sudden change in density was similar to the density wave oscillation of a two-phase flow. The CO₂ stability map we obtained and the stability map of supercritical water show similar trends. Flow instability was also found to occur in standard CO₂ transportation pipelines. We demonstrate that flow instability in CO₂ transportation and injection systems can be avoided by maintaining the proposed conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Capture and Storage)

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18 pages, 2731 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Carbon Storage and Its Contributing Factors—A Case Study in the Loess Plateau (China)

by Gaohuan Liu and Zhonghe Zhao

Energies 2018, 11(6), 1596; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11061596 - 19 Jun 2018

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4670

Abstract

The Chinese Loess Plateau is an ecologically fragile and sensitive area. The carbon storage dynamics in this region and the contributions from land use/land cover change (LUCC) and carbon density from 2000 to 2010 were analyzed in this paper. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), biomass and soil carbon data in 2000 were used for regression analysis of biomass and soil carbon, and an inversion analysis was used to estimate biomass and soil carbon in 2005 and 2010. Quadrat data, including aboveground biomass and soil organic carbon, were used to calibrate the model output. Carbon storage and sequestration were calculated by the InVEST toolset with four carbon pools, including aboveground biomass, belowground biomass, dead wood and soil carbon. The results showed that carbon storage increased steadily from 2000 to 2010, increasing by 0.260 billion tons, and that woodland area increased and arable land decreased; the overall trend in land cover improved, but the improvement was not pronounced. Carbon storage in the Loess Plateau was correlated with geographical factors. We found that when assuming a constant carbon density, carbon storage decreased, accounting for −1% of the carbon storage dynamics. When assuming no land conversion, carbon storage increased, accounting for 101% of the carbon storage dynamics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Capture and Storage)

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25 pages, 2276 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on the Evolution of Carbon Capture and Storage Technology Based on Knowledge Mapping

by Hong-Hua Qiu and Lu-Ge Liu

Energies 2018, 11(5), 1103; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11051103 - 1 May 2018

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 6430

Abstract

As a useful technical measure to deal with the problem of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions, carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology has been highly regarded in both theory and practice under the promotion of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Knowledge mapping is helpful for understanding the evolution in terms of research topics and emerging trends in a specific domain. In this work knowledge mapping of CCS technology was investigated using CiteSpace. Several aspects of the outputs of publications in the CCS research area were analyzed, such as annual trends, countries, and institutions. The research topics in this particular technology area were analyzed based on their co-occurring keyword networks and co-citation literature networks, while, the emerging trends and research frontiers were studied through the analysis of burst keywords and citation bursts. The results indicated that the annual number of publications in the research field of CCS technology increased rapidly after 2005. There are more CCS studies published in countries from Asia, North America, and Europe, especially in the United States and China. The Chinese Academy of Sciences not only has the largest number of publications, but also has a greater impact on the research area of CCS technology, however, there are more productive institutions located in developed countries. In the research area of CCS technology, the main research topics include carbon emissions and environmental protection, research and development activities, and social practical issues, meanwhile, the main emerging trends include emerging techniques and processes, emerging materials, evaluation of technological performance, and socioeconomic analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Capture and Storage)

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12 pages, 3034 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Anti-Agglomerator of Tetra-n-Butyl Ammonium Bromide Hydrate and Its Effect on Hydrate-Based CO₂ Capture

by Rong Li, Xiao-Sen Li, Zhao-Yang Chen, Yu Zhang, Chun-Gang Xu and Zhi-Ming Xia

Energies 2018, 11(2), 399; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11020399 - 8 Feb 2018

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4308

Abstract

Tetra-n-butyl ammonium bromide (TBAB) was widely used in the research fields of cold storage and CO₂ hydrate separation due to its high phase change latent heat and thermodynamic promotion for hydrate formation. Agglomeration always occurred in the process of TBAB hydrate generation, which led to the blockage in the pipeline and the separation apparatus. In this work, we screened out a kind of anti-agglomerant that can effectively solve the problem of TBAB hydrate agglomeration. The anti-agglomerant (AA) is composed of 90% cocamidopropyl dimethylamine and 10% glycerol, which can keep TBAB hydrate of 19.3–29.0 wt. % in a stable state of slurry over 72 h. The microscopic observation of the morphology of the TBAB hydrate particles showed that the addition of AA can greatly reduce the size of the TBAB hydrate particles. CO₂ gas separation experiments found that the addition of AA led to great improvement on gas storage capacity, CO₂ split fraction and separation factor, due to the increasing of contact area between gas phase and hydrate particles. The CO₂ split fraction and separation factor with AA addition reached up to 70.3% and 42.8%, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Capture and Storage)

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20 pages, 4294 KiB

Open AccessReview

An Overview of the Portuguese Energy Sector and Perspectives for Power-to-Gas Implementation

by Carlos V. Miguel, Adélio Mendes and Luís M. Madeira

Energies 2018, 11(12), 3259; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11123259 - 23 Nov 2018

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 7439

Abstract

Energy policies established in 2005 have made Portugal one of the top renewable power producers in Europe, in relative terms. Indeed, the country energy dependence decreased since 2005, although remaining above EU-19 and EU-28 countries in 2015 (77.4% vs. 62.4% vs. 54.0%, respectively). Data collected from governmental, statistical, and companies’ reports and research articles shows that renewables and natural gas assumed a growing importance in the Portuguese energy mix along time, while oil followed an opposite trend. Recently, the country remarkably achieved a full 70-h period in which the mainland power consumed relied exclusively on renewable electricity and has several moments where power production exceeds demand. Currently, the main option for storing those surpluses relies on pumped hydro storage plants or exportation, while other storage alternatives, like Power-to-Gas (PtG), are not under deep debate, eventually due to a lack of information and awareness. Hence, this work aims to provide an overview of the Portuguese energy sector in the 2005–2015 decade, highlighting the country’s effort towards renewable energy deployment that, together with geographic advantages, upholds PtG as a promising alternative for storing the country’s renewable electricity surpluses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Capture and Storage)

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