A Study of the Energy Exchange within a Hybrid Energy Storage System and a Comparison of the Capacities, Lifetimes, and Costs of Different Systems
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. HESS Topology and Control Strategy
2.1. HESS Topology
2.2. HESS Control Strategy
3. Analysis of Oversized Capacity of HESS
3.1. Analysis Based on a Simulated Model
- The required capacity of the HESS is increased. Some of the capacity is wasted on the energy exchange within the HESS, and thus the HESS needs to be oversized.
- There is a larger energy loss due to the increased power flows in the HESS.
3.2. Experimental Setup
4. Comparison of Single-Battery ESS, Battery-SC HESS, and Battery-Flywheel HESS
4.1. Comparison Analysis
4.2. Battery Lifetime Estimation
4.3. Cost Analysis
- The project costs show similar trends in both the wind-powered system and PV-powered system, where the NMC battery-SC HESS has the highest project cost and the single-LFP battery ESS has the lowest project cost.
- The costs for HESSs that include LFP batteries are visibly lower than those of the corresponding HESSs with NMC batteries.
- Although HESSs are initially more costly, their cost increases relatively slowly compared to the single-battery ESSs due to the extended lifetime of the battery in HESSs.
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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ESS/HESS (Tf = 1800 s) | Loss in Converters | Cycle Loss of ESDs | Self-Discharge Loss of ESDs | Total Loss in ESS/HESS | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wind-powered | Single-battery ESS | 514 Wh | 68 Wh | 47Wh | 629 Wh |
Battery-SC HESS | 671 Wh | 107 Wh | 116 Wh | 894 Wh | |
Battery-flywheel HESS | 717 Wh | 142 Wh | 727 Wh | 1586 Wh | |
PV-powered | Single-battery ESS | 538 Wh | 72 Wh | 49 Wh | 659 Wh |
Battery-SC HESS | 793 Wh | 158 Wh | 97 Wh | 1048 Wh | |
Battery-flywheel HESS | 765 Wh | 152 Wh | 823 Wh | 1740 Wh |
ESS/HESS | Battery ΔE | SC ΔE | Total ΔE | Increase | Loss in Converters | ESD Cycle Loss | ESD Self-Discharge Loss | Total Loss |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Single-battery | 3214 Wh | - | 3214 Wh | - | 514 Wh | 68 Wh | 47 Wh | 629 Wh |
HESS (Tf = 1800 s) | 2822 Wh | 665 Wh | 3487 Wh | 9% | 671 Wh | 107 Wh | 116 Wh | 894 Wh |
HESS (Tf = 3600 s) | 2638 Wh | 1017 Wh | 3655 Wh | 14% | 783 Wh | 139 Wh | 125 Wh | 1047 Wh |
Devices | Specifications |
---|---|
RES power emulator | Programmable power supply: RND 320-KD3305P [27] |
Load power emulator | Programmable DC electronic load: RND 320-KEL102 [28] |
Battery cell | 12.8 V/7.5 Ah ×2 cells, 192 Wh, RS PRO Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery [29] |
Supercapacitor cell | 2400 F/2.7 V ×12 cells, 24 Wh, RND Radial Super Capacitor [30] |
DC/DC converter | Switching frequency: 62.5 kHz, C = 1000 µF, L = 174 µH, MOSFET: IRL2505PBF-MOSFET N [31] |
Parameters | Value | Unit | Source |
---|---|---|---|
c_bat_NMC | 495 | €/kWh | [40,41,42,43] |
c_bat_LFP | 420 | €/kWh | [40,41,42,43] |
cins_bat | 200 | € | Assumption |
c_SC | 10,000 | €/kWh | [44] |
cins_SC | 200 | € | Assumption |
c_fly | 2815 | €/kWh | [40] |
cins_fly | 1000 | € | Assumption |
c_con | 150 | €/kW | [45] |
ESS Combination | Battery Lifetime | Lifetime Extension | Initial Cost | Total Cost | Cost Increase | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wind-powered | Single-NMC battery | 725 days/2.0 years | - | 2836 € | 31,072 € | - |
NMC battery-SC HESS | 853 days/2.3 years | 18% | 13,317 € | 31,746 € | 674 € | |
NMC battery-flywheel HESS | 868 days/2.4 years | 20% | 7318 € | 26,681 € | −4391 € | |
Single-LFP battery | 1581 days/4.3 years | - | 2550 € | 12,157 € | - | |
LFP battery-SC HESS | 2027 days/5.6 years | 28% | 13,084 € | 19,582 € | 7425 € | |
LFP battery-flywheel HESS | 2092 days/5.7 years | 32% | 7073 € | 13,905 € | 1748 € | |
PV-powered | Single-NMC battery | 751 days/2.1 years | - | 3605 € | 40,763 € | - |
NMC battery-SC HESS | 904 days/2.5 years | 20% | 18,019 € | 44,037 € | 3274 € | |
NMC battery-flywheel HESS | 928 days/2.5 years | 24% | 9257 € | 35,028 € | −5735 € | |
Single-LFP battery | 1628 days/4.5 years | - | 3205 € | 16,419 € | - | |
LFP battery-SC HESS | 2124 days/5.8 years | 30% | 17,690 € | 26,891 € | 10,472 € | |
LFP battery-flywheel HESS | 2215 days/6.1 years | 36% | 8843 € | 16,573 € | 154 € |
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Jiao, Y.; Månsson, D. A Study of the Energy Exchange within a Hybrid Energy Storage System and a Comparison of the Capacities, Lifetimes, and Costs of Different Systems. Energies 2021, 14, 7045. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14217045
Jiao Y, Månsson D. A Study of the Energy Exchange within a Hybrid Energy Storage System and a Comparison of the Capacities, Lifetimes, and Costs of Different Systems. Energies. 2021; 14(21):7045. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14217045
Chicago/Turabian StyleJiao, Yang, and Daniel Månsson. 2021. "A Study of the Energy Exchange within a Hybrid Energy Storage System and a Comparison of the Capacities, Lifetimes, and Costs of Different Systems" Energies 14, no. 21: 7045. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14217045