Energetic Performances Booster for Electric Vehicle Applications Using Transient Power Control and Supercapacitors-Batteries/Fuel Cell
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Model of the Sources
2.1. Model of Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
2.2. Model of LiFePO4 Batteries
2.3. Supercapacitors Characterization and Modeling
3. Electric Vehicle Energy Management Strategy (EMS)
3.1. Filtering Approach for High and Average Frequency Components Extraction from Load’s Current
3.2. Supercapacitors and Batteries Current Control
3.3. DC-Link Voltage Management
4. Simulations and Experimental Verifications
4.1. Simulation Conditions
4.2. Simulation Results
4.3. Experimental Tests Conditions
4.4. Experimental Results
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
EV | Electric Vehicle |
HEV | Hybrid Electric Vehicle |
ESS | Energy Storage System |
PEMFC | Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell |
Fc | Fuel cell |
Sc | Supercapacitors |
VBus | DC-link voltage in [V] |
VBat | Batteries module terminal voltage in [V] |
IBat | Batteries module current in [A] |
VSc | Sc pack terminal voltage in [V] |
ISc | Sc pack current in [A] |
VFc | Fc stack terminal voltage in [V] |
IFc | Fc stack current in [A] |
IBus | Load’s current in the DC-link in [A] |
IBat_Bus | Batteries contribution in the DC-link in [A] |
ISc_Bus | Sc contribution in the DC-link in [A] |
IFc_Bus | Fc contribution in the DC-link in [A] |
SoCBat | Batteries State of Charge |
SoH | State of Health |
VOC | Battery cell open circuit voltage in [V] |
LiFePO4 | Lithium iron Phosphate |
τSc | Time constant of the first filter in [s] |
τBat | Time constant of the second filter in [s] |
ICE | Internal Combustion Engine |
IGBT | Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor |
PWM | Pulse Width Modulation |
EMS | Energy Management Strategy |
eSC; eBat | Sc and Battery energy density (specific energy) in [Wh/kg] |
pSC; pBat | Sc and Battery Power density (specific power) in [W/kg] |
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Description | Symbol | Parameters |
---|---|---|
Parametric coefficients | λ1; λ2 λ3; λ4 | −0.984; 0.00312 7.22 × 10−5; −1.061 × 10−4 |
Electron flow resistance | Rel | 3 × 10−4 Ω |
Pressures of O2 and H2 | PO2; PH2 | 0.209 atm; 1.476 atm |
Polymer membrane thickness | L | 25 × 10−4 cm |
Fc active area | Ar | 67 cm2 |
Maximum current density | Jmax | 0.672 A/cm2 |
Constant parameter | β1 | 0.15 |
Cells number in series | NS_Fc | 288 |
Description | Symbol | Parameters |
---|---|---|
Operating voltage range for battery cell | VBatmin~VBatmax | 2.8 V~3.8 V |
Resistance of the first parallel RC | R1 | 0.033 Ω |
Capacitance of the first parallel RC | C1 | 92 F |
Resistance of the second parallel RC | R2 | 0.375 Ω |
Capacitance of the second parallel RC | C2 | 499 F |
Specific power | PBat | 310 W/Kg |
Specific energy | EBat | 102 Wh/Kg |
Battery State of Charge (SoC) initial value | SoC(t0) | 97% |
Number of elements in series | Ns_Bat | 59 |
Number of elements in parallel | NP_Bat | 1 |
Resistance due to electric wiring for one battery | Rbwi | 4.5 m Ω |
Description | Symbol | Parameters |
---|---|---|
Operating voltage range for Sc cell | VScmin~VScmax | 0.7 V~2.7 V |
Specific power | PSc | 5900 W/kg |
Specific energy | ESc | 6 Wh/kg |
Initial value of SoC | SoC(t0) | 70% |
Number of cells in series | Ns_Sc | 70 |
Number of cells in parallel | NP_Sc | 1 |
Resistance due to electric wiring for one cell | Rwi | 4.47 m Ω |
Description | Symbol | Parameters |
---|---|---|
DC-link capacitance ISc and IBat smoothing inductances Sc current control parameters | CSc = CBat = CFc = CBus LSc = LBat t0Sc; t1Sc | 3.3 mF 12 mH 110.27; 59.60 |
Battery’s current control parameters | t0Bat; t1Bat | 85.84; 55.13 |
DC-link voltage control parameters | t0Fc; t1Fc | 3.27; 3.23 |
PWM frequency | fd | 2 kHz |
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Oukkacha, I.; Sarr, C.T.; Camara, M.B.; Dakyo, B.; Parédé, J.Y. Energetic Performances Booster for Electric Vehicle Applications Using Transient Power Control and Supercapacitors-Batteries/Fuel Cell. Energies 2021, 14, 2251. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14082251
Oukkacha I, Sarr CT, Camara MB, Dakyo B, Parédé JY. Energetic Performances Booster for Electric Vehicle Applications Using Transient Power Control and Supercapacitors-Batteries/Fuel Cell. Energies. 2021; 14(8):2251. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14082251
Chicago/Turabian StyleOukkacha, Ismail, Cheikh Tidiane Sarr, Mamadou Baïlo Camara, Brayima Dakyo, and Jean Yves Parédé. 2021. "Energetic Performances Booster for Electric Vehicle Applications Using Transient Power Control and Supercapacitors-Batteries/Fuel Cell" Energies 14, no. 8: 2251. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14082251