Occurrence, Fate, and Implications of Heavy Metals during Anaerobic Digestion: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Presence and Role of HMs in the AD Process
3. Fate of HMs in the AD Process
4. Effect of HMs on the AD Process
4.1. Hydrolysis Phase
4.2. Acidogenesis/Acetogenesis Phase
4.3. Methanogenesis Phase
5. HM Mitigation
6. Future Perspective
7. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AD | Anaerobic digestion |
HM | Heavy metals |
VFAs | Volatile fatty acid |
Fe | Iron |
Cu | Copper |
Zn | Zinc |
Cd | Cadmium |
As | Arsenic |
Pb | Lead |
Cr | Chromium |
Ni | Nickel |
Mn | Manganese |
Co | Cobalt |
Ca | Calcium |
SODM | Superoxide dismutase |
FDH | Formate dehydrogenase |
MPB | Methane-producing bacteria |
SRB | Sulfate-reducing bacteria |
COD | Chemical oxygen demand |
VSS | Volatile suspended solids |
CODH | Carbon monoxide dehydrogenase |
SCFAs | Short-chain fatty acids |
EU | European Union |
IC50 | 50% inhibition value towards biochemical utility |
EPS | Extracellular polymeric substances |
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Kadam, R.; Khanthong, K.; Jang, H.; Lee, J.; Park, J. Occurrence, Fate, and Implications of Heavy Metals during Anaerobic Digestion: A Review. Energies 2022, 15, 8618. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15228618
Kadam R, Khanthong K, Jang H, Lee J, Park J. Occurrence, Fate, and Implications of Heavy Metals during Anaerobic Digestion: A Review. Energies. 2022; 15(22):8618. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15228618
Chicago/Turabian StyleKadam, Rahul, Kamonwan Khanthong, Heewon Jang, Jonghwa Lee, and Jungyu Park. 2022. "Occurrence, Fate, and Implications of Heavy Metals during Anaerobic Digestion: A Review" Energies 15, no. 22: 8618. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15228618