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Energies
Volume 15
Issue 7
10.3390/en15072407
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Article

Simulation-Based Comparative Assessment of a Multi-Speed Transmission for an E-Retrofitted Heavy-Duty Truck

by
Milla Vehviläinen
1,*,
Pekka Rahkola
1,
Janne Keränen
1,
Jenni Pippuri-Mäkeläinen
1,
Marko Paakkinen
1,
Jukka Pellinen
2,
Kari Tammi
3 and
Anouar Belahcen
4
1
VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
2
Independent Researcher, FI-33100 Tampere, Finland
3
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-02150 Espoo, Finland
4
Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Aalto University, FI-02150 Espoo, Finland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Energies 2022, 15(7), 2407; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15072407
Submission received: 24 February 2022 / Revised: 18 March 2022 / Accepted: 23 March 2022 / Published: 25 March 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimal Design of Heavy Vehicles)
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Abstract

Electric retrofitting (e-retrofitting) is a viable option for accelerating the renewal of heavy-duty vehicle fleets to reduce the related emissions. We introduce a simulation-based assessment of e-retrofitting strategies for heavy-duty vehicles. Our simulation tool, an electric vehicle fleet simulation toolbox, comprises three modules, namely driving cycles, vehicle dynamics, and vehicle profiles. The first allows for the creation of realistic driving cycles based on GPS data from real routes. The vehicle dynamics and vehicle profiles incorporate, e.g., the modelling of the powertrain and driving conditions. Ten realistic driving cycles were created and used for investigating and comparing three different powertrain alternatives, including the original diesel powertrain, electric with a single-speed transmission and electric with a multi-speed transmission. The vehicles were simulated in two different heavy-load scenarios. First, driving with a cargo load represented by the maximum vehicle weight and second, driving with snow ploughing. We found that the multi-speed transmission in an electric heavy-duty truck significantly improved its traction performance and gradeability. On the other hand, the effect on the electric powertrain efficiency, and thereby on the energy consumption, remained rather minor. Considering the given workload scenarios, our results advocate employing rather than omitting the gearbox in the e-retrofit truck process.
Keywords: vehicle simulation; heavy-duty truck; e-retrofit; electric powertrain; duty cycle; driving cycle; driving performance; single-speed; multi-speed; transmission vehicle simulation; heavy-duty truck; e-retrofit; electric powertrain; duty cycle; driving cycle; driving performance; single-speed; multi-speed; transmission

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MDPI and ACS Style

Vehviläinen, M.; Rahkola, P.; Keränen, J.; Pippuri-Mäkeläinen, J.; Paakkinen, M.; Pellinen, J.; Tammi, K.; Belahcen, A. Simulation-Based Comparative Assessment of a Multi-Speed Transmission for an E-Retrofitted Heavy-Duty Truck. Energies 2022, 15, 2407. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15072407

AMA Style

Vehviläinen M, Rahkola P, Keränen J, Pippuri-Mäkeläinen J, Paakkinen M, Pellinen J, Tammi K, Belahcen A. Simulation-Based Comparative Assessment of a Multi-Speed Transmission for an E-Retrofitted Heavy-Duty Truck. Energies. 2022; 15(7):2407. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15072407

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vehviläinen, Milla, Pekka Rahkola, Janne Keränen, Jenni Pippuri-Mäkeläinen, Marko Paakkinen, Jukka Pellinen, Kari Tammi, and Anouar Belahcen. 2022. "Simulation-Based Comparative Assessment of a Multi-Speed Transmission for an E-Retrofitted Heavy-Duty Truck" Energies 15, no. 7: 2407. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15072407

APA Style

Vehviläinen, M., Rahkola, P., Keränen, J., Pippuri-Mäkeläinen, J., Paakkinen, M., Pellinen, J., Tammi, K., & Belahcen, A. (2022). Simulation-Based Comparative Assessment of a Multi-Speed Transmission for an E-Retrofitted Heavy-Duty Truck. Energies, 15(7), 2407. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15072407

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