Anaerobic Digestion as a Component of Circular Bioeconomy—Case Study Approach
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. The Research Conditions Uner Full-Scale Operation
2.2. Analytical Methods
2.3. Carbon Dioxide Emission Reduction—Calculation Method
- REy—yearly emission reduction,
- EBy—yearly basic emission, calculated according to Equation (2)
- EPy—yearly final emission, calculated according to Equation (3).
- EBy—yearly basic emission,
- WECO2—emission factor of purchased electricity from the grid (kgCO2/MWh),
- EE—the total quantity of purchased electricity (MWh).
- EPy—yearly final emission,
- WE1CO2—emission factor of electricity produced in CHP unit (kgCO2/MWh),
- EE1—the total quantity of electricity produced in CHP unit (MWh),
- WE2CO2—emission factor of purchased electricity from the grid (kgCO2/MWh),
- EE2—the total quantity of purchased electricity (MWh).
- WE2CO2 and EE2 were applied because the CHP unit did not cover all electricity demand.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Waste Treatment
3.2. Electricity Balance—Biogas Utilization
3.3. Digestate and CO2 Emission
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Fraction | Mass Share |
---|---|
Organic (incl. green waste) (%) | 69.3 ± 4.9 |
Wood (%) | 8.7 ± 1.1 |
Paper (%) | 1.3 ± 0.2 |
Plastics (%) | 5.4 ± 0.7 |
Glass (%) | 0.9 ± 0.4 |
Inert waste (%) | 1.1 ± 0.7 |
Textiles (%) | 0.1 ± 0.1 |
Metals (%) | 0.1 ± 0.1 |
Hazardous (%) | 0.1 ± 0.1 |
Tetra Pak (%) | 0.1 ± 0.1 |
Others (%) | 0.3 ± 0.1 |
Fine fraction 0–15 mm (%) | 11.7 ± 2.5 |
Parameter | Year | Changes in Parameters | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2020–2019 | 2021–2020 | |
AD feedstock volume (tons) | 20,347 | 23,294 | 23,473 | 14.5% | 0.8% |
Generated biogas (m3) | 2,598,983 | 2,724,955 | 2,724,717 | 4.8% | 0.0% |
Electricity generated in CHP-units (MWh) | 5101 | 5558 | 5545 | 9.0% | −0.2% |
Purchased electricity from the grid (MWh) | 703 | 678 | 716 | −3.7% | 5.6% |
Consumed electricity (MWh) | 4443 | 5184 | 4881 | 16.7% | −5.8% |
The heat generated in CHP units (GJ) | 6194 | 6418 | 6802 | 3.6% | 6.0% |
Consumed heat (GJ) | 3595 | 4267 | 3272 | 18.7% | −23.3% |
Digestate volume (m3) | 19,534 | 21,506 | 21,364 | −4.6% | −0.7% |
Parameter | Content |
---|---|
Methane (CH4) (%vol) | 58.0 ± 3.0 |
Carbon dioxide (CO2) (%vol) | 39.0 ± 3.0 |
Ammonia (NH3) (ppm) | 190.0 ± 15.0 |
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) (ppm) | 124.0 ± 20.0 |
Oxygen (O2) (%vol) | <0.2 |
Parameter | Digestate | Polish Required Levels [21] | EU Required Levels [19] |
---|---|---|---|
Metal Contents | |||
Cadmium (Cd) (mg/kg dry matter) | 0.42 ± 0.08 | Max. 5 | Max. 1.5 |
Chrome (Cr) (mg/kg dry matter) | 31.2 ± 6.0 | Max. 100 | Max. 100 * |
Lead (Pb) (mg/kg dry matter) | 31.2 ± 6.0 | Max. 140 | Max. 120 |
Mercury (Hg) (mg/kg dry matter) | <0.1 | Max. 2 | Max. 1 |
Nickel (Ni) (mg/kg dry matter) | 22.3 ± 4.0 | Max. 60 | Max. 50 |
Nonmetal Contents | |||
Organic matter (%dry matter) | 34.7 ± 2.8 | Min. 30 | - |
Phosphorus (P2O5) (%dry matter) | 0.59 ± 0.04 | Min. 0.2 | Min. 1 |
Total organic carbon (TOC) (%dry matter) | 17.2 ± 2.4 | - | Min. 5 |
Total nitrogen (%dry matter) | 1.3 ± 0.2 | Min. 0.3 | Min. 1 |
Dry matter (%) | 43.3 ± 2.9 | - | - |
Parameter | Year | Changes in Parameters | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2020–2019 | 2021–2020 | |
EBy (kg CO2) | 3194.3 | 3618.4 | 3406.1 | 13.3% | −5.8% |
EPy (kg CO2) | 2343.3 | 2687.2 | 2546.3 | 14.7% | −5.2% |
REy (%) | 26.6 | 25.7 | 25.3 | −3.4% | −1.8% |
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Seruga, P.; Krzywonos, M.; den Boer, E.; Niedźwiecki, Ł.; Urbanowska, A.; Pawlak-Kruczek, H. Anaerobic Digestion as a Component of Circular Bioeconomy—Case Study Approach. Energies 2023, 16, 140. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010140
Seruga P, Krzywonos M, den Boer E, Niedźwiecki Ł, Urbanowska A, Pawlak-Kruczek H. Anaerobic Digestion as a Component of Circular Bioeconomy—Case Study Approach. Energies. 2023; 16(1):140. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010140
Chicago/Turabian StyleSeruga, Przemysław, Małgorzata Krzywonos, Emilia den Boer, Łukasz Niedźwiecki, Agnieszka Urbanowska, and Halina Pawlak-Kruczek. 2023. "Anaerobic Digestion as a Component of Circular Bioeconomy—Case Study Approach" Energies 16, no. 1: 140. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010140