A Scalable Segmented-Based PEM Fuel Cell Hybrid Power System Model and Its Simulation Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Model Description
2.1. Physical Modeling Concept
2.2. Fuel Cell Model
2.3. Battery Model
2.4. DC-DC Converter Model
2.5. Single/Segmented Fuel Cell–Battery Hybrid Power System
- Fuel cell: output voltage and current should be coupled according to the polarization curve to satisfy the fuel cell’s characteristics.
- Battery: output voltage and current should be coupled according to the battery charge–discharge curve to satisfy the battery’s characteristics. is related to its open-circuit voltage , SOC, and current demand.
- DC-DC converter: it obeys the law of conservation of energy.
- Load: the output voltages of the load (), battery (), and DC-DC () converter are equal. The load gives the total current demand , the output current is allocated by the EMS, and the battery complements the residual current demand automatically. When the load demand is smaller than , turns negative and the battery is charged.
3. Energy Management Strategy
- The load current demand should be satisfied during dynamic scenarios.
- The rate of current change demand of the FC should be maintained within an appropriate range by considering its dynamic constraints. Correspondingly, a limitation on the rate of current change demand for the DC-DC converter should be set.
- The output current of the FC has limitations. Correspondingly, the DC-DC converter output current should be limited.
- The SOC should be above the warning line and maintained within an appropriate range to keep the battery’s output voltage in a relatively stable state.
- Mode 1: . The fuel cell tries to satisfy the load current demand with the limitation of the DC-DC converter’s rate of current change.
- Mode 2: . The fuel cell should follow the change in load current demand and reach its appropriate operating state.
- Mode 3: . The battery needs charging.
- Mode 4: The SOC of the battery reaches the warning line. In this case, the battery must charge, .
- Mode 5: . In this case, excessive charging should be avoided, and the output current of the DC-DC converter should be appropriately reduced. If the load current demand is low (idle, start–stop phase), the fuel cell output current can be reduced below the appropriate operating current.
4. Simulation Results and Discussions
- Performance of the single-fuel-cell hybrid power system.
- Performance of the single-fuel-cell hybrid power system with a low-battery SOC situation.
- Performance of the ()-segment fuel cell hybrid power system.
4.1. Single-Fuel-Cell Hybrid Power System
- Part 1 (0–500 s): low current demand and several no-current-demand sections.
- Part 2 (500–1000 s): the current demand increases, and the fluctuation becomes more drastic.
- Part 3 (1000–1500 s): small current fluctuation, and the average power demand is the largest among the three parts.
4.2. Single-Fuel-Cell Hybrid Power System with Low-Battery SOC Situation
4.3. Hybrid Power System with ()-Segment Fuel Cell
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | Values | Parameters | Values |
---|---|---|---|
10 A | 60 A | ||
A/s | 1 A/s | ||
Fuel Cell in Hybrid Power System | Max Current/A | Max Temperature/K | Only a Fuel Cell | Max Current/A | Max Temperature/K |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Segment 1 | Segment 1 | ||||
Segment 2 | Segment 2 | ||||
Segment 3 | Segment 3 | 356 | |||
Segment 4 | Segment 4 | ||||
Segment 5 | 338 | Segment 5 | |||
Segment 6 | Segment 6 | ||||
Segment 7 | Segment 7 | ||||
Segment 8 | Segment 8 | ||||
Segment 9 | Segment 9 | ||||
Average | 338 | Average | |||
Variance integral (nondimensional) | 1561 | Variance integral (nondimensional) | 3839 |
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Huang, L.; Ouyang, Q.; Chen, J.; Liu, Z.; Wu, X. A Scalable Segmented-Based PEM Fuel Cell Hybrid Power System Model and Its Simulation Applications. Energies 2023, 16, 6224. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16176224
Huang L, Ouyang Q, Chen J, Liu Z, Wu X. A Scalable Segmented-Based PEM Fuel Cell Hybrid Power System Model and Its Simulation Applications. Energies. 2023; 16(17):6224. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16176224
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuang, Lianghui, Quan Ouyang, Jian Chen, Zhiyang Liu, and Xiaohua Wu. 2023. "A Scalable Segmented-Based PEM Fuel Cell Hybrid Power System Model and Its Simulation Applications" Energies 16, no. 17: 6224. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16176224