The Effect of Changes in the Separation Process for the Performance of Recycled Cement Powder: A Comparison with a Previous Study for Radioactive Waste Immobilization
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Procedure
2.1. Concrete Waste
2.2. Recycled Cement Powder
2.3. Characterization of Recycled Cement Powder
2.4. Preparation of Wasteform Specimen Using Liquid Waste Samples
2.5. Hydration Study
2.6. Compressive Strength
2.7. Thermal Cycling
2.8. Leachability
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of Recycled Cement Powder
3.1.1. Chemical Composition
3.1.2. Mineralogy
3.1.3. Surface Area
3.2. Reaction of Recycled Cement Paste
3.3. Compressive Strengths
3.4. Leachability
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- The recycled cement powder used in this work (experienced heat treatment after separation process) met the wasteform acceptance criteria. The effects caused by heat treatments were also observed, and heat treatment at 600 °C was found to be a better option than heat treatment at 700 °C.
- Recycled cement powder used in this work required less water demand for mixing compared to the recycled cement powder used in the previous work (experienced heat treatment prior to the separation process). This was mainly related to the reduction in the surface area due to a higher inclusion of crystalline aggregate powder.
- A reduction in surface area enabled a lower solution to binder ratio (S/B 0.5) of wasteform, and, as a result, a relatively higher compressive strength was obtained compared to the case observed from previous work which used a higher solution to binder ratio (0.7).
- A reduction in surface area seemed to be a reason for lower final leachability indices of Cs from the wasteform.
- Application of heat treatment after complete separation of recycled cement powder can be an applicable alternative for the immobilization of liquid waste. However, when using such an approach, the amount of aggregate particle in recycled cement powder should always be accurately monitored because it will eventually reduce the compressive strength of the wasteform.
- Separation of recycled cement powder from concrete and its utilization as a solidifying agent for immobilization of other radioactive waste is a way to achieve “zero” waste production (in an ideal situation) during the decommissioning of concrete in a nuclear power plant.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type | Strength (psi) | W/B | S/a (%) | Unit Contents (kg/m3) | Admixture (mL) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Water | Cement | Fine Aggregate | Coarse Aggregate | WRA | AEA | ||||
Concrete | 3000 | 0.621 | 45 | 164.93 | 265.79 | 806.26 | 983.06 | 482.33 | 18.39 |
Recycled Cement Powder (Heat Treatment Time) | S/B | Mixing Water (Simulant Solution) | |
---|---|---|---|
Temperature | Time | ||
600 °C | 1 h, 2 h | 0.5 | DI-water CsCl 1 M |
700 °C | 1 h, 2 h |
Ca | Si | Al | Fe | K | Mg | S | Na | Ti | P | Mn | Zn | Sr | O | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
600 °C 1 h | 40.47 | 14.01 | 2.63 | 1.03 | 1.38 | 1.70 | 0.61 | 0.69 | 0.21 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 37.07 |
600 °C 2 h | 38.58 | 15.26 | 2.70 | 0.97 | 1.44 | 1.68 | 0.58 | 0.68 | 0.21 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 37.72 |
700 °C 1 h | 44.44 | 11.69 | 2.43 | 0.98 | 1.15 | 1.82 | 0.72 | 0.51 | 0.19 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 35.88 |
700 °C 2 h | 43.99 | 12.01 | 2.42 | 0.98 | 1.17 | 1.81 | 0.73 | 0.43 | 0.21 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 36.07 |
Specimens | Surface Area | Pore Size | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SABET (m2/g) | SAMicro (a) (m2/g) | SAExt (m2/g) | PSDia (b) (Å) | ||
Portland Cement | 1.2189 | 0.2506 | 0.9683 | 196.2565 | |
Recycled cement powder | 600 °C-1 h | 7.4878 | 1.5073 | 5.9805 | 28.9918 |
600 °C-2 h | 7.0737 | 1.5904 | 5.4832 | 35.5834 | |
700 °C-1 h | 3.7347 | 1.0372 | 2.6975 | 31.7818 | |
700 °C-2 h | 4.0215 | 0.9757 | 3.0458 | 36.1131 |
No. | Specimen | Cumulative Heat Flow (J/g Cement) | |
---|---|---|---|
Di-Water | CsCl 1 M | ||
1 | OPC | 359.62 | 323.34 |
2 | 600 °C-1 h | 115.83 | 145.24 |
600 °C-2 h | 86.30 | 125.41 | |
3 | 700 °C-1 h | 136.077 | 157.18 |
700 °C-2 h | 125.83 | 155.26 |
Leaching Time (Days) | LI | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
600 °C-1 h | 600 °C-2 h | 700 °C-1 h | 700 °C-2 h | |
0.083 | 8.63 | 8.80 | 8.90 | 8.87 |
0.292 | 8.73 | 8.88 | 9.08 | 9.07 |
1 | 8.80 | 8.90 | 9.17 | 9.17 |
2 | 9.06 | 9.09 | 9.28 | 9.25 |
3 | 9.01 | 9.28 | 9.42 | 9.41 |
4 | 9.47 | 9.44 | 9.46 | 9.49 |
5 | 9.69 | 9.60 | 9.52 | 9.56 |
19 | 10.75 | 10.44 | 10.01 | 10.04 |
47 | 10.54 | 10.82 | 10.43 | 10.84 |
90 | 13.39 | 13.20 | 10.71 | 11.55 |
In Previous Work | In This Work | ||
---|---|---|---|
Heat Treatment | Prior to the Separation Process | After Separation Process | |
Separation process | 1. Jaw crushing to separate coarse and fine aggregates 2. Heat treatment of aggregate (600 °C 2 h) 3. Milling without ball (240 rpm, 22 h) 4. Recovery of cement powder less than 150 μm | 1. Jaw crushing and roll crushing 2. Powder separated using 150 μm sieve after vibration 3. Heat treatment (600 °C 2 h) | |
The specific surface area | 12.37 m2/g | 7.07 m2/g | |
Solution to binder ratio (S/B) | 0.7 | 0.5 | |
Solution type | CsCl 3 M solution | CsCl 1 M solution | |
Superplasticizer | none | 0.67 % by wt. of binder | none |
Compressive strength at 28 days | 5.20 MPa | 6.36 MPa | 11.9 MPa |
Final LI values | 15.30 | 15.29 | 13.20 |
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Kim, J.-H.; Seo, E.-A.; Kim, D.-G.; Chung, C.-W. The Effect of Changes in the Separation Process for the Performance of Recycled Cement Powder: A Comparison with a Previous Study for Radioactive Waste Immobilization. Materials 2022, 15, 7972. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15227972
Kim J-H, Seo E-A, Kim D-G, Chung C-W. The Effect of Changes in the Separation Process for the Performance of Recycled Cement Powder: A Comparison with a Previous Study for Radioactive Waste Immobilization. Materials. 2022; 15(22):7972. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15227972
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Ji-Hyun, Eun-A Seo, Do-Gyeum Kim, and Chul-Woo Chung. 2022. "The Effect of Changes in the Separation Process for the Performance of Recycled Cement Powder: A Comparison with a Previous Study for Radioactive Waste Immobilization" Materials 15, no. 22: 7972. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15227972