Shape Memory Alloy—Polymer Composites: Static and Fatigue Pullout Strength under Thermo-Mechanical Loading
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
- Condition #1: The polymer curing temperature (TC) must be below the SMA activation temperature (Austenite start, As) to avoid early activation during polymer setting;
- Condition #2: The polymer glass transition temperature (TG) must be higher than the SMA activation temperature (Austenite finish, Af) to prevent composite damage during thermal activation;
- Condition #3: Mechanical strength of the polymer must be compatible with the stress–strain generated by shape memory recovery in SMA (εSMA).
2.1. Polymer Properties
2.2. SMA Thermomechanical Properties
2.3. SMA–Polymer Sample Manufacturing
2.4. Static Pullout Tests
2.5. Thermo-Mechanical Fatigue Tests
2.6. Numerical Modeling
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Electric Activation of SMA Wires
3.2. Static Mechanical Strength
3.3. Static Thermo-Mechanical Strength
3.4. Thermo-Mechanical Fatigue
4. Conclusions
- Static pullout strength of samples subjected to mechanical load (around 900 MPa) is remarkably higher than the martensite reorientation stress and is close to the maximum recoverable stress of SMA wires;
- Static pullout stress of the SMA–polymer samples are mainly unaffected by cyclic activation cycles (up to 1000). Maximum stress obtained from pullout tests is similar to that of manufactured samples;
- A marked reduction in pullout stress is observed under combined application of mechanical load and SMA thermal activation. This is attributed to the large interface stresses, which are due to both mechanical load and shape recovery in SMA, coupled with a reduction in polymer strength with increasing temperature;
- Fatigue strength corresponding to runout (5000 cycles) is still higher than the stress for martensite reorientation. This makes the SMA–polymer bi-material system suitable for repeated activations of morphable surfaces.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Material Type | Trade Name | Manufacturer |
---|---|---|
Shape memory alloy | SmartFlex | Saes Memry, Bethel, CT, USA |
Polymer matrix | Epoxy crystal ng | Cores s.r.l., Parma, Italy |
Material Property | Value |
---|---|
Density, ρ | 1.12 kg/dm3 |
Heat Deflection Temperature, HDT | 64 °C |
Glass transition temperature, TG | 120 °C |
Curing temperature, TC | 25 °C |
Curing time, tC | 48 h |
Compression strength, Sc | 60 MPa |
Bending strength, Sb | 18 MPa |
Tensile strength, St | 12 MPa |
Young’s modulus, E | 6.5 GPa at 25 °C 4.0 GPa at 120 °C |
Poisson’s ratio, ν | 0.4 |
FE Model Parameter | Value | |
---|---|---|
Description | Symbol | |
Transformation temperatures | Mf | 13 °C |
Ms | 50 °C | |
As | 54 °C | |
Af | 81 °C | |
Clausius–Clapeyron constants | CA | 13.9 MPa °C−1 |
CM | 12.2 MPa °C−1 | |
Maximum recoverable strain | 0.061 | |
Young’s moduli | EA | 44 GPa |
EM | 21 GPa | |
ER (@25 °C) | 6.5 GPa | |
ER (@120 °C) | 4 GPa | |
Poisson’s ratios | νA | 0.3 |
νA | 0.3 | |
νR | 0.4 | |
Density | δA = δΜ | 6450 Kg m−3 |
δR | 1120 Kg m−3 | |
Heat capacity constant pressure | CpA | 600 J kg−1 K−1 |
CpM | 500 J kg−1 K−1 | |
CpR | 1100 J kg−1 K−1 | |
Thermal expansion coefficient | αA | 11 × 10−6 K−1 |
αM | 7 × 10−6 K−1 | |
αR | 26 × 10−6 K−1 | |
Electrical resistivity | ρA | 86 × 10−8 Ω m |
ρΜ | 80 × 10−8 Ω m |
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Rodinò, S.; Curcio, E.M.; Renzo, D.A.; Sgambitterra, E.; Magarò, P.; Furgiuele, F.; Brandizzi, M.; Maletta, C. Shape Memory Alloy—Polymer Composites: Static and Fatigue Pullout Strength under Thermo-Mechanical Loading. Materials 2022, 15, 3216. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15093216
Rodinò S, Curcio EM, Renzo DA, Sgambitterra E, Magarò P, Furgiuele F, Brandizzi M, Maletta C. Shape Memory Alloy—Polymer Composites: Static and Fatigue Pullout Strength under Thermo-Mechanical Loading. Materials. 2022; 15(9):3216. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15093216
Chicago/Turabian StyleRodinò, Stefano, Elio M. Curcio, Danilo A. Renzo, Emanuele Sgambitterra, Pietro Magarò, Franco Furgiuele, Marco Brandizzi, and Carmine Maletta. 2022. "Shape Memory Alloy—Polymer Composites: Static and Fatigue Pullout Strength under Thermo-Mechanical Loading" Materials 15, no. 9: 3216. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15093216