Fabrication and Characterization of Eco-Friendly Thin Films as Potential Optical Absorbers for Efficient Multi-Functional Opto-(Electronic) and Solar Cell Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Preparation of Thin Films
2.3. Characterization Techniques
3. Results
3.1. FTIR Molecular Structure Characterization
3.2. Spectrophotometric Optical Characterizations
3.2.1. Transmission and Reflection Spectra
3.2.2. Absorption Coefficient, Energy Gap, and Urbach Energy
3.2.3. Dispersion Behavior and Dispersive Parameters
3.2.4. Nonlinear Optical Parameters
3.3. Photoluminescence and Color Chromaticity Characterizations
3.4. Laser Cut-Off Filter Performances
3.5. Photosensing Performance
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Assignment | Wavenumber (cm−1) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pure | MV | MB | ENB | CBB | BG | NGB | FSS | AO | Rhd | Saf | RBB | |
409 | 403 | - | 407 | - | 402 | 401 | - | 406 | - | 409 | 407 | |
418 | 418 | 414 | 421 | 426 | 416 | 421 | 410 | 426 | 419 | 429 | 417 | |
442 | 443 | 44 | 434 | - | 430 | 438 | 435 | - | 439 | 444 | 434 | |
454 | - | 456 | 453 | 455 | 451 | 449 | 459 | 457 | - | 459 | 445 | |
464 | 462 | 465 | 467 | - | 464 | 465 | - | - | 465 | 460 | 467 | |
- | - | - | - | 480 | 479 | 472 | - | - | - | - | ||
- | 492 | 492 | 485 | 495 | 495 | 494 | - | 506 | 490 | 488 | 501 | |
525 | 522 | 527 | 513 | 512 | 518 | 517 | 519 | 521 | 524 | 520 | 523 | |
- | - | - | - | 537 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
δ (NH) + δ (C-O) | 559 | 559 | 556 | 553.69 | 560 | 558 | 554 | 566 | 558 | 558 | 554 | 559 |
- | 588 | 567 | 577 | 588 | 597 | 598 | 578 | 581 | - | 592 | - | |
605 | 604 | 603 | 605 | 604 | 607 | 617 | 604 | 605 | 600 | 608 | 607 | |
659 | 659 | 659 | 662 | 659 | 658 | 659 | - | 660 | 659 | 658 | 659 | |
δ (NH) | 707 | 704 | 706 | 710 | 690 | 701 | 607 | 710 | 698 | - | 709 | 705 |
- | - | - | - | - | - | 740 | 746 | - | - | 747 | - | |
- | 801 | - | 810 | 808 | 809 | 801 | 805 | - | - | - | 800 | |
ν (C-N) | 895 | 895 | 894 | 890 | 895 | 895 | 895 | 895 | 894 | 895 | 892 | 894 |
- | - | 992 | 988 | - | 993 | 991 | 987 | 989 | 990 | 986 | 993 | |
ν (C-O) | 1027 | 1024 | 1027 | 1025 | 1028 | 1026 | 1027 | 1024 | 1025 | 1026 | 1024 | 1025 |
δ (C-O) + ν (C-O) | 1063 | 1062 | 1064 | 1061 | 1065 | 1063 | 1066 | 1062 | 1063 | 1064 | 1061 | 1064 |
νas (C-O-C) | 1151 | 1151 | 1151 | 1151 | 1152 | 1151 | 1150 | 1150 | 1151 | 1151 | 1151 | 1151 |
- | - | - | - | - | 1198 | 1199 | - | 1200 | 1198 | 1201 | 1198 | |
ν (NH2) + δ (OH) | 1261 | 1261 | 1262 | 1259 | 1258 | 1262 | 1261 | 1260 | 1259 | 1256 | - | 1261 |
ν (C-N) amide III | 1326 | 1327 | 1327 | 1330 | 1327 | 1326 | 1322 | 1329 | 1325 | 1335 | 1322 | 1335 |
δ(C=O) + τ (C-H) in CH3 group | 1376 | 1372 | 1378 | 1380 | 1375 | 1376 | 1376 | 1377 | 1376 | 1376 | 1376 | 1377 |
δ(C-H) + ω(CH2) | 1419 | 1416 | 1418 | 1415 | 1420 | 1416 | 1409 | 1408 | 1415 | 1413 | 1415 | 1414 |
ν (C=O) + ν (NH) amide II + δ (N-H) amine I | 1583 | 1584 | 1583 | 1596 | 1580 | 1582 | 1560 | 1580 | 1581 | 1587 | 1573 | 1580 |
ν (C=O) + ν (C-O) + ν (NH) amide I | 1646 | 1645 | 1648 | 1651 | 1647 | 1646 | 1645 | 1645 | 1646 | 1635 | 1645 | 1649 |
ν (C=O) | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1737 | - | 1754 | - | - | |
νas(C-H) of methylene | 2867 | 2865 | 2865 | 2865 | 2858 | 2867 | 2862 | 2870 | 2864 | 2867 | 2850 | 2863 |
νs(C-H) | 2917 | 2919 | 2914 | - | 2919 | 2917 | 2914 | 2907 | 2914 | 2913 | 2918 | 2907 |
ν(OH) + ν(NH) | 3292 | 3287 | 3290 | - | 3272 | 3289 | 3271 | 3284 | 3275 | 3294 | 3282 | 3285 |
3356 | 3350 | 3355 | 3352 | 3347 | 3359 | 3359 | 3366 | 3357 | 3359 | 3341 | 3353 |
Optical Parameter | Pure | MV | MB | ENB | CBB | BG | NGB | FSS | AO | Rhd | Saf | RBB | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eg (eV) | Eg1 | 3.82 | 3.64 | 3.71 | 3.44 | 3.43 | 3.53 | 2.88 | 3.52 | 3.42 | 3.78 | 3.78 | 3.81 |
Eg2 | - | 1.86 | 1.69 | 1.80 | 1.79 | 1.80 | 1.48 | 2.29 | 1.80 | 2.27 | 2.04 | 2.06 | |
Eu (meV) | 243 | 229 | 274 | 191 | 541 | 161 | 840 | 662 | 297 | 207 | 188 | 418 | |
Ed (eV) | 19.3 | 18.2 | 11.6 | 7.60 | 11.5 | 10.2 | 19.1 | 31.7 | 14.5 | 14.1 | 5.57 | 16.3 | |
Eo (eV) | 9.36 | 8.87 | 5.94 | 3.60 | 6.36 | 5.10 | 9.72 | 18.8 | 7.10 | 6.86 | 3.71 | 8.11 | |
no | 1.75 | 1.75 | 1.72 | 1.76 | 1.68 | 1.73 | 1.72 | 1.64 | 1.74 | 1.75 | 1.58 | 1.73 | |
ε∞ | 3.06 | 3.05 | 2.95 | 3.11 | 2.81 | 3.00 | 2.97 | 2.69 | 3.04 | 3.05 | 2.5 | 3.01 | |
εL | 3.24 | 3.19 | 3.07 | 3.28 | 2.99 | 3.22 | 3.09 | 2.81 | 3.22 | 3.24 | 2.54 | 3.18 | |
N/m* (×1046 g−1·cm−3) | 6.05 | 5.07 | 4.55 | 6.25 | 5.49 | 6.52 | 5.48 | 4.33 | 6.25 | 6.50 | 0.86 | 5.67 | |
ωp (×1014 Hz) | 2.32 | 2.14 | 2.07 | 2.35 | 2.31 | 2.42 | 2.26 | 2.11 | 2.37 | 2.41 | 0.99 | 2.27 | |
ψ (eV) | 0.152 | 0.141 | 0.136 | 0.154 | 0.152 | 0.159 | 0.148 | 0.139 | 0.156 | 0.158 | 0.065 | 0.149 | |
EP (eV) | 0.094 | 0.098 | 0.097 | 0.106 | 0.113 | 0.112 | 0.105 | 0.107 | 0.109 | 0.100 | 0.053 | 0.105 | |
EF (eV) | 0.024 | 0.022 | 0.021 | 0.024 | 0.024 | 0.025 | 0.023 | 0.021 | 0.025 | 0.025 | 0.008 | 0.023 | |
χ(1) (e.s.u) | 0.164 | 0.163 | 0.163 | 0.168 | 0.144 | 0.159 | 0.156 | 0.134 | 0.163 | 0.164 | 0.119 | 0.160 | |
χ(3) (×10−13 e.s.u) | 1.23 | 1.21 | 1.21 | 1.36 | 0.730 | 1.09 | 1.02 | 0.552 | 1.19 | 1.22 | 0.347 | 1.11 | |
n2 (×10−12 e.s.u) | 2.66 | 2.61 | 2.65 | 2.90 | 1.64 | 2.38 | 2.23 | 1.27 | 2.57 | 2.63 | 0.827 | 2.43 |
Color Parameter | Pure | MV | MB | ENB | CBB | BG | NGB | FSS | AO | Rhd | Saf | RBB |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
X | 0.231 | 0.245 | 0.297 | 0.311 | 0.213 | 0.211 | 0.306 | 0.261 | 0.431 | 0.562 | 0.355 | 0.300 |
Y | 0.21 | 0.188 | 0.277 | 0.299 | 0.201 | 0.234 | 0.300 | 0.569 | 0.449 | 0.385 | 0.322 | 0.286 |
L* | 47.29 | 29.91 | 26.15 | 26.70 | 34.78 | 38.97 | 33.62 | 39.35 | 34.74 | 32.95 | 31.98 | 25.44 |
a* | −0.81 | 8.87 | 2.92 | 1.03 | −1.39 | −2.94 | −9.39 | −1.84 | 8.01 | 17.07 | 9.80 | −0.58 |
b* | −1.34 | −12.17 | −9.54 | −4.47 | −6.45 | −1.25 | 6.43 | 8.32 | 16.97 | −7.85 | 3.30 | −6.07 |
dE* | 7.65 | 18.18 | 16.90 | 13.84 | 8.09 | 2.78 | 12.61 | 8.55 | 0.25 | 20.38 | 13.36 | 15.50 |
C* | 1.57 | 15.06 | 9.98 | 4.59 | 6.59 | 3.19 | 11.38 | 8.52 | 18.76 | 18.79 | 10.34 | 6.10 |
h | 238.77 | 306.08 | 286.99 | 282.95 | 257.85 | 202.94 | 145.60 | 102.47 | 64.74 | 335.32 | 18.62 | 264.58 |
Device | Pin (mW/cm2) | R (mA/W) | D* (Jones) | SNR | LDR (dB) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ag/Cs/p-Si | 100 | 0.029 | 1.74 × 107 | 1.340 | 2.545 | Present work |
Ag/Cs-MV/p-Si | 3.046 | 5.79 × 108 | 4.517 | 13.09 | ||
Ag/Cs-MB/p-Si | 0.030 | 4.10 × 107 | 2.778 | 8.875 | ||
Ag/Cs-ENB/p-Si | 0.125 | 1.29 × 108 | 5.290 | 14.47 | ||
Ag/Cs-CBB/p-Si | 0.569 | 2.01 × 108 | 3.27 | 10.30 | ||
Ag/Cs-BG/p-Si | 0.094 | 9.85 × 107 | 4.308 | 12.69 | ||
Ag/Cs-NGB/p-Si | 0.163 | 1.82 × 108 | 7.557 | 17.57 | ||
Ag/Cs-FSS/p-Si | 0.053 | 3.71 × 107 | 1.830 | 5.251 | ||
Ag/Cs-AO/p-Si | 0.125 | 9.74 × 107 | 3.434 | 10.72 | ||
Ag/Cs-Rhd/p-Si | 0.223 | 1.09 × 108 | 2.718 | 8.686 | ||
Ag/Cs-Saf/p-Si | 0.032 | 4.01 × 107 | 2.614 | 8.348 | ||
Ag/Cs-RBB/p-Si | 0.015 | 2.40 × 107 | 2.269 | 7.118 | ||
Al/PTCDI/p-Si | 200 | 0.2 | 7.0 × 107 | - | - | [51] |
Au/α-6 T/n-Si | 2560 | 0.2 | 1.2 × 108 | 57 | 35 | [52] |
Au/ABPQC/p-Si | 100 | 6.5 × 10−5 | 1.25 × 106 | - | 33.5 | [53] |
Co/MG/n-Si | 400 | 0.08 | - | - | - | [54] |
Au/PaOEP/p-Si | 80 | 8.5 × 10−4 | 1.2 × 103 | - | - | [55] |
Au/MFCMP/p-Si | 100 | 4.1 × 10−5 | 1.8 × 106 | - | - | [56] |
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El-Newehy, M.H.; El-Mahalawy, A.M.; Thamer, B.M.; Moydeen Abdul Hameed, M. Fabrication and Characterization of Eco-Friendly Thin Films as Potential Optical Absorbers for Efficient Multi-Functional Opto-(Electronic) and Solar Cell Applications. Materials 2023, 16, 3475. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16093475
El-Newehy MH, El-Mahalawy AM, Thamer BM, Moydeen Abdul Hameed M. Fabrication and Characterization of Eco-Friendly Thin Films as Potential Optical Absorbers for Efficient Multi-Functional Opto-(Electronic) and Solar Cell Applications. Materials. 2023; 16(9):3475. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16093475
Chicago/Turabian StyleEl-Newehy, Mohamed H., Ahmed M. El-Mahalawy, Badr M. Thamer, and Meera Moydeen Abdul Hameed. 2023. "Fabrication and Characterization of Eco-Friendly Thin Films as Potential Optical Absorbers for Efficient Multi-Functional Opto-(Electronic) and Solar Cell Applications" Materials 16, no. 9: 3475. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16093475