A Potential Replacement to Phenol–Formaldehyde-Based Adhesives: A Study of Plywood Panels Manufactured with Bio-Based Wood Protein and Nanolignin Adhesives
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Manufacture of Plywood Panels Using Commercial Adhesive and Bio-Based Wood Adhesives
2.3. Physical–Chemical Properties of Wood Adhesives
2.4. Evaluation of Adhesive Bonding Morphology
2.5. Physical Properties
2.6. Mechanical Properties
2.6.1. Static Bending Test
2.6.2. Bonding Quality Shear Test at Dry Condition
2.6.3. Tensile Strength
2.6.4. Hardness Test
2.7. Measurement of Formaldehyde Emissions
2.8. Effects of UVAccelerated Aging
2.9. Analysis of Data
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Physical–Chemical Properties of Wood Adhesives
3.2. Evaluation of Adhesive Bonding Morphology
Reference | Type of Adhesive | Type of Wood Composite/Joint | AP (µm) |
---|---|---|---|
[41] | Melamine Urea–Formaldehyde | Two-ply pine parallel Plywood | 186–283 |
[42] | HDPE film | Plywood | 80–300 |
[43] | Melamine-modified Urea–Formaldehyde | Laminated joint | 36–89 |
[44] | Urea–Formaldehyde | Laminated joint | 150–274 |
[23] | Urea–Formaldehyde | Laminated joint | 120–207 |
3.3. Physical Properties
3.4. Mechanical Properties
3.4.1. Three-Point Bending Test Properties
3.4.2. Shear Strength
3.4.3. Tensile Strength
3.4.4. Janka Hardness
3.5. Measurement of Formaldehyde Emissions
3.6. Effects of UVAccelerated Aging
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Thickness (mm) | Moisture Content (%) | Grade of Visual Classification | Defects | Veneers Quantity |
---|---|---|---|---|
2.6 | 6.6 | Clear | Knots | 121 |
3.2 | 6.7 | Clear | knots | 77 |
Pressing Parameters | PLY-C | PLY-1 | PLY-2 |
---|---|---|---|
Grammage (g/m2) | 200 | 200 | 200 |
Gluing time (min) | 5 | 5 | 5 |
Hot press temperature (°C) | 130 | 150 | 150 |
Press factor (mm/min) | 1 | 0.6 | 0.6 |
Specific pressure stage 1 (bar) | 12 | 12 | 12 |
Specific pressure stage 2 (bar) | 9 | 5 | 5 |
Specific pressure stage 3 (bar) | 5 | 2 | 2 |
Press time stage 1 (s) | 675 | 675 | 675 |
Press time stage 2 (s) | 112.5 | 325 | 325 |
Press time stage 3 (s) | 112.5 | 500 | 500 |
ID | Viscosity (cP) | Ph 25 °C | Solid Content (%) |
---|---|---|---|
PLY-C | 4827 a ± 29.37 | 12.53 a ± 0.03 | 42.30 a ± 0.06 |
PLY-1 | 2520 b ± 52.30 | 5.43 b ± 0.00 | 59.10 b ± 0.00 |
PLY-2 | 582 c ± 6.08 | 5.90 c ± 0.00 | 57.60 c ± 0.00 |
ID | AP (µm) |
---|---|
PLY-C | 73.14 a ± 19.72 |
PLY-1 | 80.35 a ± 55.21 |
PLY-2 | 105.60 b ± 38.81 |
ID | Density (kg/m3) | Moisture Content (%) | Thickness Swelling (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
24 h | 48 h | |||
PLY-C | 597 a ± 24.64 | 12 a ± 0.30 | 5.43 a ± 0.42 | 5.88 a ± 1.01 |
PLY-1 | 507 b ± 23.62 | 8 b ± 0.12 | 88.79 b ± 31.71 | 88.92 b ± 31.34 |
PLY-2 | 493 b ± 44.27 | 7 c ± 0.46 | 6.29 c ± 0.65 | 7.27 c ± 0.93 |
ID | Panel Fiber Direction | MOE (MPa) | MOR (MPa) | Density (kg/m3) | Moisture Content (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PLY-C | Parallel | 6878 a ± 635 | 75.54 a ± 5.45 | 588 ± 8 | 10.7 ± 0.35 |
Perpendicular | 2786 c ± 276 | 35.28 cd ± 6.10 | 573 ± 20 | 10.4 ± 0.31 | |
PLY-1 | Parallel | 5470 b ± 1837 | 44.77 c ± 13.44 | 526 ± 10 | 6.0 ± 0.34 |
Perpendicular | 2580 c ± 193 | 32.19 d ± 5.54 | 523 ± 11 | 6.4 ± 0.62 | |
PLY-2 | Parallel | 6591 a ± 583 | 65.66 b ± 10.85 | 526 ± 10 | 6.0 ± 0.54 |
Perpendicular | 2454 c ± 147 | 31.28 d ± 4.66 | 487 ± 24 | 6.7 ± 0.47 |
ID | Shear Strength (MPa) | Wood Failure (%) | Standard Requirement | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Result | Requirement | Result | Requirement | Accept/Fail | |
PLY-C | 2.5 a ± 0.43 | ≥1 | 87 a ± 13.75 | - | Accept |
PLY-1 | 1.7 b ± 0.30 | ≥1 | 53 b ± 21.10 | - | Accept |
PLY-2 | 2.0 b ± 0.50 | ≥1 | 40 b ± 23.34 | - | Accept |
ID | Wood Fiber Direction | Tensile Strength (MPa) | Density (kg/m3) |
---|---|---|---|
PLY-C | Parallel | 45.87 d ± 3.6 | 583 ± 18.17 |
Perpendicular | 32.73 abc ± 12.5 | 528 ± 52.61 | |
PLY-1 | Parallel | 30.89 ab ± 4.0 | 508 ± 24.55 |
Perpendicular | 24.36 a ± 6.0 | 510 ± 45.15 | |
PLY-2 | Parallel | 41.31 cd ± 5.2 | 558 ± 24.34 |
Perpendicular | 33.01 bc ± 8.5 | 508 ± 39.78 |
ID | 2 h (ppm) | 7 Days (ppm) |
---|---|---|
PLY-C | 0.045 | 0.009 |
PLY-1 | 0.005 | 0.001 |
PLY-2 | 0.005 | 0.001 |
ID | ΔΕ Average |
---|---|
PLY-C | 14.64 a ± 1.14 |
PLY-1 | 12.70 b ± 2.24 |
PLY-2 | 14.22 a ± 0.69 |
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Núñez-Decap, M.; Friz-Sánchez, C.; Opazo-Carlsson, C.; Moya-Rojas, B.; Vidal-Vega, M. A Potential Replacement to Phenol–Formaldehyde-Based Adhesives: A Study of Plywood Panels Manufactured with Bio-Based Wood Protein and Nanolignin Adhesives. Forests 2024, 15, 1345. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15081345
Núñez-Decap M, Friz-Sánchez C, Opazo-Carlsson C, Moya-Rojas B, Vidal-Vega M. A Potential Replacement to Phenol–Formaldehyde-Based Adhesives: A Study of Plywood Panels Manufactured with Bio-Based Wood Protein and Nanolignin Adhesives. Forests. 2024; 15(8):1345. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15081345
Chicago/Turabian StyleNúñez-Decap, Mario, Catherine Friz-Sánchez, Camila Opazo-Carlsson, Boris Moya-Rojas, and Marcela Vidal-Vega. 2024. "A Potential Replacement to Phenol–Formaldehyde-Based Adhesives: A Study of Plywood Panels Manufactured with Bio-Based Wood Protein and Nanolignin Adhesives" Forests 15, no. 8: 1345. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15081345