Modulus of Elasticity in Plywood Boards: Comparison between a Destructive and a Nondestructive Method
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Preparation of Plywood Boards
2.3. Mechanical Properties
2.3.1. Bending Test Nondestructive Method
2.3.2. Static Bending Destructive Method
Test Speed
2.4. Physical Properties
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Modulus of Rupture
3.2. Modulus of Elasticity
3.2.1. Comparison between Methods
3.2.2. Comparison between Specimens and Complete Boards for Nondestructive Testing
3.3. Correlation between Variables
4. Conclusions
- The plywood panels that included eucalyptus veneers in their processing structure had a higher modulus of rupture.
- The modulus of elasticity in a parallel direction can be obtained by the ultrasonic method on 18 mm thick boards with a PRU structure. While in the perpendicular direction, it is feasible to use in a PI structure in the three studied board thicknesses 18, 25 and 30 mm.
- The modulus of elasticity in the parallel direction can be obtained in full boards using the ultrasonic method in PU and PRU structures with a thickness of 18 mm; while for boards with thicknesses of 25 and 30 mm, the modulus can be obtained in PU, PI, PEI, PRU structures.
- The modulus of elasticity in the perpendicular direction can be obtained in complete boards by means of the ultrasonic method, in boards with a PEU structure of 25 mm thickness, and in the PRU structure of 30 mm thickness.
- There is a significant correlation (r = 0.75) between the modulus of elasticity determined on specimens using the nondestructive method and the destructive method, as well as between the ultrasonic modulus of elasticity in specimens and the ultrasonic modulus of elasticity obtained from complete boards (r = 0.80); therefore, there is the possibility of predicting static values from the ultrasonic test.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Thickness Nominal (mm) | Species and Resin | Board Structure * | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
18 | PU | P | P | P | P | |||||||
PI | P | P | P | P | ||||||||
PEU | P | P | P | P | ||||||||
PEI | P | P | P | P | ||||||||
PRU | P | P | R | P | ||||||||
25 | PU | P | P | P | P | P | ||||||
PI | P | P | P | P | P | |||||||
PEU | P | P | P | P | P | |||||||
PEI | P | P | P | P | P | |||||||
PRU | P | P | R | R | P | |||||||
30 | PU | P | P | P | P | P | P | |||||
PI | P | P | P | P | P | P | ||||||
PEU | P | P | P | P | P | P | ||||||
PEI | P | P | P | P | P | P | ||||||
PRU | P | P | R | P | R | P |
Species and Resin | 18 mm | 25 mm | 30 mm | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOR (MPa) | MC (%) | Density (kg/m3) | MOR (MPa) | MC (%) | Density (kg/m3) | MOR (MPa) | MC (%) | Density (kg/m3) | |
PU | 39.8 (11.96) b | 8.3 (0.42) a | 618 (29.9) b | 34.6 (14.53) a | 8.3 (3.12) a | 589 (28.0) b | 32.4 (10.46) b | 16.4 (9.88) a | 619 (59.2) c |
PI | 35.6 (14.02) b | 7.6 (1.57) b | 575 (20.8) c | 35.8 (12.90) a | 7.4 (0.29) ab | 567 (26.4) c | 38.5 (10.85) a | 6.9 (1.00) b | 572 (19.8) e |
PEU | 46.5 (19.43) a | 5.7 (0.92) c | 654 (36.4) a | 35.4 (15.21) a | 6.4 (1.85) c | 674 (31.7) a | 42.0 (8.33) a | 5.9 (0.36) b | 670 (37.7) a |
PEI | 38.5 (9.42) b | 7.2 (0.46) b | 663 (23.1) a | 35.8 (10.63) a | 7.1 (3.54) bc | 684 (33.7) a | 32.6 (9.19) b | 5.7 (2.67) b | 650 (27.6) b |
PRU | 39.4 (9.59) b | 5.6 (1.00) c | 557 (24.9) d | 38.2 (16.94) a | 6.5 (0.74) bc | 598 (29.0) b | 34.1 (8.43) b | 5.7 (0.58) b | 599 (26.9) d |
MC | DTT | MOR | MOE | MOEUP | MOEUT | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MC | 1 | −0.18 (0.0031) | −0.15 (0.0141) | −0.19 (0.0020) | −0.20 (0.0007) | −0.21 (0.0005) |
DTT | 1 | 0.13 (0.0299) | 0.34 (<0.0001) | 0.50 (<0.0001) | 0.45 (<0.0001) | |
MOR | 1 | 0.80 (<0.0001) | 0.48 (<0.0001) | 0.56 (<0.0001) | ||
MOE | 1 | 0.75 (<0.0001) | 0.73 (<0.0001) | |||
MOEUP | 1 | 0.80 (<0.0001) | ||||
MOEUT | 1 |
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de la Cruz-Carrera, R.; Carrillo-Parra, A.; Prieto-Ruíz, J.Á.; Fuentes-Talavera, F.J.; Ruiz-Aquino, F.; Goche-Télles, J.R. Modulus of Elasticity in Plywood Boards: Comparison between a Destructive and a Nondestructive Method. Forests 2024, 15, 1596. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15091596
de la Cruz-Carrera R, Carrillo-Parra A, Prieto-Ruíz JÁ, Fuentes-Talavera FJ, Ruiz-Aquino F, Goche-Télles JR. Modulus of Elasticity in Plywood Boards: Comparison between a Destructive and a Nondestructive Method. Forests. 2024; 15(9):1596. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15091596
Chicago/Turabian Stylede la Cruz-Carrera, Ricardo, Artemio Carrillo-Parra, José Ángel Prieto-Ruíz, Francisco Javier Fuentes-Talavera, Faustino Ruiz-Aquino, and José Rodolfo Goche-Télles. 2024. "Modulus of Elasticity in Plywood Boards: Comparison between a Destructive and a Nondestructive Method" Forests 15, no. 9: 1596. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15091596