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Forests
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Recent Advances in Wood Identification, Evaluation and Modification
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Recent Advances in Wood Identification, Evaluation and Modification

A special issue of Forests (ISSN 1999-4907). This special issue belongs to the section "Wood Science and Forest Products".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 May 2024) | Viewed by 6315

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Carmen-Mihaela Popescu

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Guest Editor
Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Romanian Academy, 700487 Iasi, Romania
Interests: thermal and chemical modification of wood; degradation processes affecting historic wood; the effect of different degradative factors and the degradation/ageing mechanisms involved in wood degradation; formulations with superhydrophobic and antibacterial properties for wood; wood-based products and other forms of organic substrate protection; cellulose nanocrystals, lignin nanoparticles, and silica-based nano-composites; pickering emulsion polymerization
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Jalel Labidi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Gipuzkoa, University of the Basque Country, Plaza Europa 1, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain
Interests: biomass biorefinery; wood based products; biobased composites; nanocellulose modification; lignin; lignin nanoparticles; coating formulation; LCA
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Darci Alberto Gatto

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Post-Graduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas 96010-290, Brazil
Interests: wood treatment; wood modification; wood based products; wood properties; biomass biorefinery; biomass liquefaction; bioextracts; wood anatomy identification

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Due to its unique properties, wood remains one of the most important renewable resources to fulfil increasing demands for sustainable, carbon-storing construction materials, in addition to being a valuable material in many other applications. In civil construction, this material stands out because it has an excellent relationship between mechanical strength and density compared to other construction materials (e.g., concrete, steel). Used in other applications, wood is preferred to other materials due to its aesthetic and other properties. Wood has also inspired many researchers to use its structure as a model to create advanced bio-based materials for a variety of applications. In addition to being a renewable and sustainable source of energy and material (e.g., pulp), wood, due to its chemical composition and hierarchical structure, offers great possibilities for functionalization through various modifications in order to achieve advanced bio-based materials with specific and complex property profiles and significantly improved characteristics that further broaden its application.

The identification of new features and properties of wood, as well as the evaluation of structural modifications during treatments, are important aspects which need to be considered when working with wood. This Special Issue, “Recent Advances in Wood Identification, Evaluation and Modification”, plans to provide an overview of the most recent developments and research activities on identification of wood and new features of wood obtained using advanced research methods and presenting new approaches, manuscripts describing the evaluation of wood structure and properties, as well as those covering wood modification (thermal, chemical, combined processes, impregnation or surface modification) in order to improve some aspects of wood or to give wood new functions. We encourage authors to contribute research and review papers that address these aspects. Case studies and monitoring reports are also welcomed.

Dr. Carmen-Mihaela Popescu
Dr. Jalel Labidi
Prof. Dr. Darci Alberto Gatto
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Forests is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • wood identification
  • new features and properties
  • structural evaluation
  • modification techniques
  • advanced research methods

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

13 pages, 3186 KiB  
Article
Modulus of Elasticity in Plywood Boards: Comparison between a Destructive and a Nondestructive Method
by Ricardo de la Cruz-Carrera, Artemio Carrillo-Parra, José Ángel Prieto-Ruíz, Francisco Javier Fuentes-Talavera, Faustino Ruiz-Aquino and José Rodolfo Goche-Télles
Forests 2024, 15(9), 1596; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15091596 - 11 Sep 2024
Viewed by 244
Abstract
Nondestructive methods are a fast and accurate way to obtain information about the mechanical properties of plywood panels. The objective was to determine the modulus of rupture and compare the modulus of elasticity (MOE) in plywood boards made with Pinus spp. and Eucalyptus [...] Read more.
Nondestructive methods are a fast and accurate way to obtain information about the mechanical properties of plywood panels. The objective was to determine the modulus of rupture and compare the modulus of elasticity (MOE) in plywood boards made with Pinus spp. and Eucalyptus urograndis using the destructive method of three-point static bending and the nondestructive method of ultrasound in parallel and perpendicular directions, as well as in complete board and test specimens, both with the ultrasound method and the correlation between the variables studied. The plywood boards evaluated were 18, 25 and 30 mm nominal thickness. Five structures were evaluated using pine and pine–eucalyptus veneers. Three boards were collected per structure, and 28 specimens were made from each board (14 in a parallel direction and 14 in a perpendicular direction). The elastic modulus was determined by the ultrasound method in complete plywood boards and in specimens obtained from them using the IML Micro Hammer® equipment and through the conventional bending test, carried out in an Instron® universal mechanical testing machine. The Tukey test of means (p < 0.05) shows that in the nominal thickness of 18 mm, the modulus of elasticity by ultrasound was lower compared to the result obtained by static bending in four of the five structures in the perpendicular direction and lower in all the structures evaluated in the parallel direction; while in the nominal thickness of 25 and 30 mm, it was greater in all structures and in both directions. The results of static bending by ultrasound, in complete boards and specimens, show that the only significant difference (p < 0.05) occurs in the nominal thickness of 30 mm in the treatment made with pine–eucalyptus with urea formaldehyde resin being lower in the parallel direction and in complete boards The correlation between the modulus of elasticity determined on specimens using the nondestructive method and the destructive method was r = 0.75 and Pr < 0.05; while comparing the nondestructive method on test specimens and complete plywood panels, r = 0.73 and Pr < 0.05 were obtained. It is concluded that the mechanical bending property of plywood boards can be characterized by the ultrasound method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Wood Identification, Evaluation and Modification)
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19 pages, 6287 KiB  
Article
Unveiling the Potential of Brazilian Eucalyptus for Transparent Wood Manufacturing via the Kraft Pulping Process as a Future Building Material
by Kelvin Techera Barbosa, Gabriel Valim Cardoso, Andrey Pereira Acosta, Arthur Behenck Aramburu, Rafael de Avila Delucis, Darci A. Gatto, Jalel Labidi and Rafael Beltrame
Forests 2024, 15(9), 1544; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15091544 - 2 Sep 2024
Viewed by 435
Abstract
The emergence of transparent wood as a viable alternative to traditional glass has sparked considerable interest in recent research endeavors. Despite advancements, challenges persist in the delignification methods and wood species utilized in prior studies. Therefore, this study delves into the potential of [...] Read more.
The emergence of transparent wood as a viable alternative to traditional glass has sparked considerable interest in recent research endeavors. Despite advancements, challenges persist in the delignification methods and wood species utilized in prior studies. Therefore, this study delves into the potential of Brazilian eucalyptus wood for transparent wood production through the kraft pulping process. Delignification was carried out in a laboratory setting, replicating the kraft process with varying reaction times (15, 30, 45, and 60 min). The resulting delignified wood veneers were impregnated with a pre-polymerized PMMA solution. The study encompassed various analyses, including UV-Vis spectroscopy, colorimetry, SEM, optical microscopy, and mechanical property evaluations. The results revealed intriguing trends in terms of transparency, color changes, microstructural modifications, and mechanical properties as a function of delignification time. This work presents valuable insights into the transformative potential of eucalyptus wood, offering a deeper understanding of the interplay between wood modification and PMMA impregnation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Wood Identification, Evaluation and Modification)
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12 pages, 2535 KiB  
Article
The Vibration Dynamic Model for Blister Detection in Medium-Density Fiberboard
by Zhaojun Xu, Yuxuan Wang, Tian Qiu, Xinzhou Wang and Nanfeng Zhu
Forests 2024, 15(6), 1058; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15061058 - 19 Jun 2024
Viewed by 576
Abstract
Ultrasonic detection is currently used in the industry of medium-density fiberboard to detect blister defects. Due to the small detection area of a single sensor, multiple sensors need to be used, which results in high costs. Starting from elastic thin plate vibration theory, [...] Read more.
Ultrasonic detection is currently used in the industry of medium-density fiberboard to detect blister defects. Due to the small detection area of a single sensor, multiple sensors need to be used, which results in high costs. Starting from elastic thin plate vibration theory, this paper builds a vibration dynamic model to detect blisters. The size and depth of the blister area can be established by determining the natural frequency of the thin plate vibration in the blister area. In this model, if the elastic modulus and density are known, the natural frequency of the thin plate vibration at the blister place is directly proportional to the blister depth and inversely proportional to the square of the blister radius. The size and depth of the blister can be determined by measuring the first third-order natural frequency of this area of research. A total of 25 specimens with blister sizes and depths were simulated, and the natural frequencies of the specimens were measured. Subsequently, the detection model was verified by comparing its experimental data with theoretical values. The theoretical value was highly consistent with the measured data. The measured values of the first, second, and third-order natural frequencies were slightly smaller than the theoretical calculated values, with average relative deviations of −1.6%, −1.34%, and −1.03%, respectively. As the order progressed, the deviation exhibited a downward trend, and the third-order natural frequency displayed the smallest deviation and highest accuracy. The proposed vibration dynamic model can detect larger blister areas by measuring the natural frequency, which can overcome the shortcomings of small ultrasonic detection areas in current actual industries. Thus, the practical online blister detection device is expected to be further developed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Wood Identification, Evaluation and Modification)
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13 pages, 6392 KiB  
Article
Macroscopic and Microscopic Anatomical Characteristics of Six Korean Oak Species
by Alvin Muhammad Savero, Jong-Ho Kim, Byantara Darsan Purusatama, Denni Prasetia, Imam Wahyudi, Apri Heri Iswanto, Byung-Ho Park, Seung-Hwan Lee and Nam-Hun Kim
Forests 2023, 14(12), 2449; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14122449 - 15 Dec 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1264
Abstract
The macroscopic and microscopic anatomical characteristics of wood impact its utilization. This study investigated and compared the anatomical characteristics of six Korean oak wood species: Quercus variabilis, Quercus serrata, Quercus mongolica, Quercus dentata, Quercus aliena, and Quercus acutissima [...] Read more.
The macroscopic and microscopic anatomical characteristics of wood impact its utilization. This study investigated and compared the anatomical characteristics of six Korean oak wood species: Quercus variabilis, Quercus serrata, Quercus mongolica, Quercus dentata, Quercus aliena, and Quercus acutissima. Microscopic anatomical characteristics were evaluated according to the International Association of Wood Anatomists’ list for hardwood identification. Q. variabilis had a corky bark texture, with a color similar to that of Q. serrata. Flat ridges and shallow-fissured barks were observed in Q. serrata and Q. mongolica. The heartwood color was darker than that of sapwood in all species, with color variations. Q. variabilis had heartwood–sapwood colors similar to those of Q. acutissima, while Q. mongolica and Q. aliena presented similar heartwood–sapwood colors. Concerning microscopic features, Q. variabilis and Q. acutissima exhibited similar latewood vessel arrangements, featuring diagonal and/or radial patterns. In contrast, dendritic-to-diagonal patterns of vessels with angular outlines were observed in Q. serrata, Q. mongolica, Q. dentata, and Q. aliena. Additionally, Q. variabilis and Q. acutissima had vasicentric, confluent, and unilateral paratracheal axial parenchyma in the latewood. In summary, bark morphology, bark color, wood color, and latewood vessel characteristics can be used as identification keys for Korean oak species. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Wood Identification, Evaluation and Modification)
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11 pages, 5202 KiB  
Article
Identification of Eight Pterocarpus Species and Two Dalbergia Species Using Visible/Near-Infrared (Vis/NIR) Hyperspectral Imaging (HSI)
by Xiaoming Xue, Zhenan Chen, Haoqi Wu, Handong Gao, Jiajie Nie and Xinyang Li
Forests 2023, 14(6), 1259; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14061259 - 17 Jun 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1598
Abstract
Pterocarpus santalinus is considered among the finest luxury woods in the world and has potential commercial and medicinal value. Due to its rich hue and high price, Pterocarpus santalinus has often been substituted and mislabeled with other woods of lower economic value. To [...] Read more.
Pterocarpus santalinus is considered among the finest luxury woods in the world and has potential commercial and medicinal value. Due to its rich hue and high price, Pterocarpus santalinus has often been substituted and mislabeled with other woods of lower economic value. To maintain the order of the timber market and the interests of consumers, it is necessary to establish a fast and reliable method for Pterocarpus species identification. In this study, wood samples of Pterocarpus santalinus and nine other wood samples commonly used for counterfeiting were analyzed by visible light/near-infrared (Vis/NIR) hyperspectral imaging (HSI). The spectral data were preprocessed with different algorithms. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied in different spectral ranges: 400~2500 nm, 400~800 nm, and 800~2500 nm. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and square support vector machine (SVM) modeling methods were performed for effective discrimination. The best classification model was SVM combined with a normalization preprocessing method in whole spectral range (400~2500 nm), with prediction accuracy higher than 99.8%. The results suggest that the use of Vis/NIR-HSI in combination with chemometric approaches can be used as an effective tool for the discrimination of Pterocarpus santalinus. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Wood Identification, Evaluation and Modification)
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11 pages, 3434 KiB  
Article
Genetic Species Identification Using ycf1b, rbcL, and trnH-psbA in the Genus Pinus as a Complementary Method for Anatomical Wood Species Identification
by Minjun Kim and Tae-Jong Kim
Forests 2023, 14(6), 1095; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14061095 - 25 May 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1464
Abstract
This study proposes the use of genetic analysis as a complementary method for species identification in the genus Pinus, particularly in cases where anatomical identification is challenging. Pinus species were grouped based on anatomical similarities, and the efficacy of using ycf1b, [...] Read more.
This study proposes the use of genetic analysis as a complementary method for species identification in the genus Pinus, particularly in cases where anatomical identification is challenging. Pinus species were grouped based on anatomical similarities, and the efficacy of using ycf1b, which is the most variable for Pinus species identification, and rbcL, which is a suggested DNA barcode for land plants, was evaluated within each group. Sequences for each species were obtained from the National Center for Biotechnology Information database and were used to perform phylogenetic analysis. Among the species in Group 1 (P. echinata, P. elliottii, P. ponderosa, P. radiata, P. rigida, P. taeda, and P. virginiana), rbcL was only effective in identifying P. radiata and P. ponderosa, while ycf1b classified five species. An additional DNA barcode, trnH-psbA, was needed to identify P. radiata and P. taeda. In Group 2 (P. densiflora, P. sylvestris, and P. thunbergii), most species were identified using both rbcL and ycf1b, with the exception of possible hybrids of P. densiflora and P. sylvestris. In Group 3 (P. koraiensis and P. strobus), two species were identified using rbcL and ycf1b. Combining genetic species identification with anatomical identification can accurately identify species of the genus Pinus. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Wood Identification, Evaluation and Modification)
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