From Field to Pharmacy: Isolation, Characterization and Tableting Behaviour of Microcrystalline Cellulose from Wheat and Corn Harvest Residues
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Isolation of MCC from HRs
2.2.2. Compositional Analysis of HRs before and after Treatment
Determination of Hemicellulose Content
Determination of Cellulose and Lignin Content
Determination of the Ash Content
2.2.3. Physicochemical Characterization of MCC
Particle Size Analysis
Fourier-Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy
Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD) Analysis
Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
2.2.4. Functional Characterization of MCC
Determination of Bulk and Tapped Density
Evaluation of Powder Behaviour in Tableting Process
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Compositional Analysis of HRs before and after Treatment
3.2. Physicochemical Characterization of MCC
3.2.1. Microscopic Analysis
3.2.2. FT-IR Spectroscopy
3.2.3. PXRD Analysis
3.2.4. DSC Analysis
3.3. Functional Characterization of MCC
3.3.1. Powder Flow Properties
3.3.2. Evaluation of Powder Behaviour in Tableting Process
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | CEL (%) | HEM (%) | LIG (%) | ASH (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
W | 54.09 | 23.26 | 14.11 | 6.51 |
C | 41.01 | 37.43 | 13.17 | 7.87 |
W 1% | 78.52 | 10.21 | 4.62 | 2.34 |
W 2% | 79.07 | 11.27 | 3.14 | 2.16 |
W 4% | 81.14 | 8.11 | 4.2 | 2.62 |
W 8% | 77.21 | 8.24 | 5.58 | 3.62 |
C 1% | 75.67 | 13.60 | 4.12 | 5.29 |
C 2% | 75.81 | 12.41 | 3.71 | 8.06 |
C 4% | 73.26 | 15.14 | 2.62 | 5.90 |
C 8% | 78.55 | 12.92 | 2.56 | 5.87 |
Sample | Source of HRs | HCl Concentration Used for Hydrolysis |
---|---|---|
Wa | Wheat | 1 M |
Wb | Wheat | 1.5 M |
Wc | Wheat | 2 M |
Ca | Corn | 1 M |
Cb | Corn | 1.5 M |
Cc | Corn | 2 M |
Wa | Wb | Wc | Ca | Cb | Cc | PH101 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean particle size (μm) | 58.47 | 49.48 | 42.97 | 60.95 | 45.06 | 39.05 | 54.44 |
D10 (μm) | 14.92 | 13.80 | 9.89 | 20.47 | 14.81 | 14.42 | 16.07 |
D50 (μm) | 35.62 | 34.89 | 26.55 | 50.69 | 35.59 | 29.52 | 43.94 |
D90 (μm) | 140.17 | 99.33 | 86.13 | 116.67 | 81.78 | 73.75 | 106.43 |
Span | 3.52 | 2.45 | 2.87 | 1.90 | 1.88 | 2.01 | 2.06 |
MCC Sample | Bulk Density (g/cm3) | Tapped Density (g/cm3) | CI (%) | Hausner Ratio | Flowability (Ph. Eur 11.0 (2.9.36)) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wa | 0.230 ± 0.009 | 0.307 ± 0.006 | 25.01 ± 2.10 | 1.33 ± 0.04 | Poor |
Wb | 0.209 ± 0.010 | 0.289 ± 0.017 | 27.62 ± 0.98 | 1.38 ± 0.02 | Poor |
Wc | 0.230 ± 0.003 | 0.361 ± 0.009 | 36.33 ± 1.56 | 1.57 ± 0.04 | Very poor |
Ca | 0.236 ± 0.009 | 0.358 ± 0.015 | 33.91 ± 0.50 | 1.51 ± 0.01 | Very poor |
Cb | 0.289 ± 0.001 | 0.407 ± 0.001 | 29.13 ± 0.25 | 1.41 ± 0.01 | Poor |
Cc | 0.324 ± 0.012 | 0.485 ± 0.030 | 32.60 ± 1.57 | 1.48 ± 0.03 | Very poor |
PH101 | 0.352 ± 0.016 | 0.456 ± 0.029 | 22.67 ± 2.00 | 1.29 ± 0.03 | Passable |
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Medarević, D.; Čežek, M.; Knežević, A.; Turković, E.; Barudžija, T.; Samardžić, S.; Maksimović, Z. From Field to Pharmacy: Isolation, Characterization and Tableting Behaviour of Microcrystalline Cellulose from Wheat and Corn Harvest Residues. Pharmaceutics 2024, 16, 1090. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16081090
Medarević D, Čežek M, Knežević A, Turković E, Barudžija T, Samardžić S, Maksimović Z. From Field to Pharmacy: Isolation, Characterization and Tableting Behaviour of Microcrystalline Cellulose from Wheat and Corn Harvest Residues. Pharmaceutics. 2024; 16(8):1090. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16081090
Chicago/Turabian StyleMedarević, Djordje, Maša Čežek, Aleksandar Knežević, Erna Turković, Tanja Barudžija, Stevan Samardžić, and Zoran Maksimović. 2024. "From Field to Pharmacy: Isolation, Characterization and Tableting Behaviour of Microcrystalline Cellulose from Wheat and Corn Harvest Residues" Pharmaceutics 16, no. 8: 1090. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16081090