The Association between Vitamin D Status and the Impact of Metformin on Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Thyroid Axis Activity in Women with Subclinical Hypothyroidism
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Patients
2.2. Study Design
2.3. Laboratory Assays
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations:
References
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Variable | Group A | Group B | Group C |
---|---|---|---|
Number (n) | 26 | 26 | 26 |
Age (years) | 35 ± 7 | 35 ± 8 | 36 ± 8 |
Type 2 diabetes (%)/Prediabetes (%) | 38/62 | 42/58 | 38/62 |
Smokers (%)/Number of cigarettes a day (n)/Duration of smoking (years) | 46/10 ± 6/14 ± 6 | 38/11 ± 6/13 ± 6 | 42/12 ± 6/15 ± 8 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 27.6 ± 4.4 | 26.9 ± 4.3 | 26.5 ± 4.1 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 125 ± 18 | 123 ± 15 | 122 ± 17 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 83 ± 6 | 82 ± 6 | 82 ± 5 |
Vitamin D intake from food (μg per day) | 9.8 ± 3.4 | 10.2 ± 4.0 | 11.2 ± 4.3 |
TSH (mU/L) | 7.5 ± 1.2 | 7.6 ± 1.4 | 7.4 ± 1.5 |
Total thyroxine (nmol/L) | 95 ± 18 | 93 ± 20 | 92 ± 16 |
Free thyroxine (pmol/L) | 15.5 ± 3.0 | 16.2 ± 2.9 | 16.5 ± 3.4 |
Total triiodothyronine (nmol/L) | 1.7 ± 0.3 | 1.8 ± 0.4 | 1.7 ± 0.4 |
Free triiodothyronine (pmol/L) | 3.4 ± 0.7 | 3.5 ± 0.8 | 3.6 ± 0.7 |
Variable | Group A | Group B | Group C |
---|---|---|---|
25OHD (nmol/L) | |||
Baseline | 56.5 ± 14.6 | 112.4 ± 20.1 * | 117.0 ± 18.9 * |
Follow-up | 57.3 ± 15.0 | 114.8 ± 22.4 * | 120.1 ± 21.7 * |
Glucose (mg/dL) | |||
Baseline | 118 ± 10 | 120 ± 13 | 117 ± 12 |
Follow-up | 108 ± 11 * | 100 ± 10 *# | 98 ± 12 *# |
HOMA1-IR | |||
Baseline | 4.4 ± 1.4 | 4.6 ± 1.6 | 4.2 ± 1.7 |
Follow-up | 3.4 ± 1.0 * | 2.3 ± 0.8 *# | 2.1 ± 0.6 *# |
HbA1c (%) | |||
Baseline | 6.6 ± 0.5 | 6.7 ± 0.5 | 6.6 ± 0.4 |
Follow-up | 6.2 ± 0.4 * | 5.6 ± 0.5 *# | 5.5 ± 0.6 *# |
Prolactin (ng/mL) | |||
Baseline | 22.3 ± 6.8 | 24.4 ± 8.0 | 23.1 ± 8.5 |
Follow-up | 20.6 ± 8.0 | 20.8 ± 7.8 | 20.1 ± 7.5 |
Jostel’s index | |||
Baseline | 4.1 ± 0.2 | 4.2 ± 0.3 | 4.2 ± 0.2 |
Follow-up | 4.2 ± 0.3 | 3.9 ± 0.2 *# | 3.9 ± 0.2 *# |
SPINA-GT (pmol/s) | |||
Baseline | 1.61 ± 0.38 | 1.67 ± 0.40 | 1.72 ± 0.37 |
Follow-up | 1.63 ± 0.46 | 1.85 ± 0.42 | 1.90 ± 0.43 |
SPINA-GD (nmol/s) | |||
Baseline | 20.28 ± 3.56 | 20.00 ± 3.46 | 20.17 ± 3.98 |
Follow-up | 21.38 ± 4.10 | 20.98 ± 3.72 | 21.96 ± 4.22 |
Ferritin (ng/mL) | |||
Baseline | 42 ± 25 | 47 ± 30 | 50 ± 30 |
Follow-up | 50 ± 28 | 60 ± 38 | 61 ± 35 |
Osteocalcin (ng/mL) | |||
Baseline | 15.8 ± 6.2 | 16.2 ± 8.2 | 14.8 ± 5.1 |
Follow-up | 17.4 ± 8.0 | 18.1 ± 7.8 | 17.0 ± 6.8 |
Variable | Group A | Group B | Group C |
---|---|---|---|
Δ 25OHD | 1 ± 5 | 2 ± 8 | 3 ± 7 |
Δ Glucose | −8 ± 5 | −17 ± 4 * | −16 ± 5 * |
Δ HOMA1-IR | −23 ± 18 | −50 ± 20 * | −50 ± 25 * |
Δ HbA1c | −6 ± 2 | −16 ± 4 * | −17 ± 4 * |
Δ TSH | 4 ± 8 | −28 ± 10 * | −30 ± 11 * |
Δ Total thyroxine | 5 ± 12 | 5 ± 11 | 10 ± 16 |
Δ Free thyroxine | 3 ± 10 | 1 ± 8 | −1 ± 5 |
Δ Total triiodothyronine | 6 ± 10 | 6 ± 8 | 12 ± 14 |
Δ Free triiodothyronine | 9 ± 12 | 6 ± 8 | 9 ± 11 |
Δ Prolactin | −8 ± 10 | −15 ± 17 | −13 ± 12 |
Δ Jostel’s index | 2 ± 4 | −7 ± 5 * | −7 ± 6 * |
Δ SPINA-GT | 2 ± 12 | 10 ± 19 | 10 ± 20 |
Δ SPINA-GD | 5 ± 11 | 5 ± 12 | 9 ± 10 |
Δ Ferritin | 19 ± 20 | 28 ± 23 | 22 ± 20 |
Δ Osteocalcin | 10 ± 20 | 12 ± 18 | 15 ± 16 |
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Krysiak, R.; Kowalcze, K.; Szkróbka, W.; Okopień, B. The Association between Vitamin D Status and the Impact of Metformin on Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Thyroid Axis Activity in Women with Subclinical Hypothyroidism. Pharmaceutics 2024, 16, 1093. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16081093
Krysiak R, Kowalcze K, Szkróbka W, Okopień B. The Association between Vitamin D Status and the Impact of Metformin on Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Thyroid Axis Activity in Women with Subclinical Hypothyroidism. Pharmaceutics. 2024; 16(8):1093. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16081093
Chicago/Turabian StyleKrysiak, Robert, Karolina Kowalcze, Witold Szkróbka, and Bogusław Okopień. 2024. "The Association between Vitamin D Status and the Impact of Metformin on Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Thyroid Axis Activity in Women with Subclinical Hypothyroidism" Pharmaceutics 16, no. 8: 1093. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16081093