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Article

Electrochemical Impedance Spectrum (EIS) Variation of Lithium-Ion Batteries Due to Resting Times in the Charging Processes

by
Qingbo Li
1,
Du Yi
2,
Guoju Dang
1,
Hui Zhao
2,
Taolin Lu
1,
Qiyu Wang
1,
Chunyan Lai
1,* and
Jingying Xie
1,*
1
Space Power Technology State Key Laboratory, Shanghai Institute of Space Power-Sources, 2965#, Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200245, China
2
School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
World Electr. Veh. J. 2023, 14(12), 321; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj14120321
Submission received: 26 September 2023 / Revised: 30 October 2023 / Accepted: 20 November 2023 / Published: 24 November 2023
(This article belongs to the Topic Electric Vehicles Energy Management)
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Abstract

The electrochemical impedance spectrum (EIS) is a non-destructive technique for the on-line evaluation and monitoring of the performance of lithium-ion batteries. However, the measured EIS can be unstable and inaccurate without the proper resting time. Therefore, we conducted comprehensive EIS tests during the charging process and at different state of charge (SOC) levels with various resting times. The test results revealed two findings: (1) EIS tests with a constant long resting time showed a clear pattern in the impedance spectral radius—a decrease followed by a slight increase. We analyzed the impedance data using an equivalent circuit model and explained the changes through circuit parameters. (2) We examined the effect of resting time on impedance at consistent SOC levels. While low SOC levels exhibited significant sensitivity to resting time, medium SOC levels showed less sensitivity, and high SOC levels had minimal impact on resting time. The equivalent circuit parameters matched the observed trends. Kramers–Kronig transformation was conducted to assess the reliability of the experiments. This study not only summarizes the relationship between the EIS and SOC but also highlights the importance of resting time in impedance analysis. Recognizing the role of the resting time could enhance impedance-based battery studies, contribute to refined battery status evaluation, and help researchers to design proper test protocols.
Keywords: electrochemical impedance spectrum; resting-time; state of charge; equivalent circuit model electrochemical impedance spectrum; resting-time; state of charge; equivalent circuit model

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MDPI and ACS Style

Li, Q.; Yi, D.; Dang, G.; Zhao, H.; Lu, T.; Wang, Q.; Lai, C.; Xie, J. Electrochemical Impedance Spectrum (EIS) Variation of Lithium-Ion Batteries Due to Resting Times in the Charging Processes. World Electr. Veh. J. 2023, 14, 321. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj14120321

AMA Style

Li Q, Yi D, Dang G, Zhao H, Lu T, Wang Q, Lai C, Xie J. Electrochemical Impedance Spectrum (EIS) Variation of Lithium-Ion Batteries Due to Resting Times in the Charging Processes. World Electric Vehicle Journal. 2023; 14(12):321. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj14120321

Chicago/Turabian Style

Li, Qingbo, Du Yi, Guoju Dang, Hui Zhao, Taolin Lu, Qiyu Wang, Chunyan Lai, and Jingying Xie. 2023. "Electrochemical Impedance Spectrum (EIS) Variation of Lithium-Ion Batteries Due to Resting Times in the Charging Processes" World Electric Vehicle Journal 14, no. 12: 321. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj14120321

APA Style

Li, Q., Yi, D., Dang, G., Zhao, H., Lu, T., Wang, Q., Lai, C., & Xie, J. (2023). Electrochemical Impedance Spectrum (EIS) Variation of Lithium-Ion Batteries Due to Resting Times in the Charging Processes. World Electric Vehicle Journal, 14(12), 321. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj14120321

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