Analysis of Coupling Coordination Variance between Urbanization Quality and Eco-Environment Pressure: A Case Study of the West Taiwan Strait Urban Agglomeration, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Evaluation Index System of Urbanization Quality and Eco-environment Pressure
2.3. Comprehensive Assessment Combining EM and AHP
2.4. Coupling Coordination Degree Model
3. Results
3.1. Contribution of Each Variable to Urbanization Quality and Eco-Environment Pressure
3.2. Spatiotemporal Pattern of Urbanization Quality and Eco-Environment Pressure
3.3. Coupling Coordination Relationship between Urbanization Quality and Eco-Environment Pressure
4. Discussion
4.1. Interaction Coupling Mechanism between Urbanization Quality and Eco-Environment Pressure
4.2. Suggestions for Improving Sustainable Development between Urbanization Quality and Eco-Environment Pressure
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Name | Municipality or Province | Area (Thousand km2) | Population (Million Persons) | GDP (Trillion-Yuan) | Percentage of Urban Population (%) | Code |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fuzhou | Fujian | 12.0 | 0.70 | 0.79 | 70.30 | FUZ |
Xiamen | Fujian | 1.7 | 0.24 | 0.48 | 89.10 | XME |
Putian | Fujian | 4.2 | 0.36 | 0.22 | 61.00 | PTI |
Sanming | Fujian | 2.3 | 0.29 | 0.24 | 60.20 | SMI |
Quanzhou | Fujian | 11.0 | 0.76 | 0.85 | 66.60 | QZH |
Zhangzhou | Fujian | 12.6 | 0.52 | 0.39 | 59.00 | ZZH |
Nanping | Fujian | 26.3 | 0.32 | 0.18 | 56.70 | NPI |
Longyan | Fujian | 19.0 | 0.32 | 0.24 | 57.00 | LYA |
Ningde | Fujian | 13.5 | 0.35 | 0.19 | 56.70 | NDE |
Shantou | Guangdong | 2.2 | 0.57 | 0.25 | 70.41 | STO |
Jieyang | Guangdong | 5.2 | 0.71 | 0.22 | 51.18 | JYA |
Chaozhou | Guangdong | 3.7 | 0.28 | 0.11 | 65.30 | CZH |
Meizhou | Guangdong | 15.9 | 0.55 | 0.11 | 50.49 | MZH |
Wenzhou | Zhejiang | 11.6 | 0.83 | 0.60 | 70.00 | WZH |
Lishui | Zhejiang | 17.3 | 0.27 | 0.14 | 61.50 | LSH |
Quzhou | Zhejiang | 8.8 | 0.26 | 0.15 | 58.00 | QUZ |
Fuzhou | Jiangxi | 18.8 | 0.42 | 0.14 | 49.81 | FZH |
Shangrao | Jiangxi | 22.8 | 0.76 | 0.22 | 52.00 | SRA |
Yingtan | Jiangxi | 3.6 | 0.13 | 0.08 | 60.68 | YTA |
Ganzhou | Jiangxi | 39.4 | 0.98 | 0.28 | 51.70 | GZH |
System | Subsystem | Basic Level Indicators | Unit | Data Source |
---|---|---|---|---|
Urbanization Quality | Demographic urbanization | Urban population density (X1) | persons/km2 | China City Statistical Yearbook [32] |
Percentage of the secondary and tertiary industry employment (X2) | % | China City Statistical Yearbook [32] | ||
Spatial urbanization | Area of built districts in municipal district (X3) | km2 | China City Statistical Yearbook [32] | |
Per capita city road area (X4) | m2/capita | China City Statistical Yearbook [32] | ||
Economic urbanization | GDP per capita (X5) | Yuan | China City Statistical Yearbook [32] | |
Proportion of the value of the secondary and tertiary industry to GDP (X6) | % | China City Statistical Yearbook [32] | ||
Total fixed asset investment (X7) | 104 Yuan | China City Statistical Yearbook [32] | ||
Social urbanization | Proportion of educational expenditure to financial expenditure (X8) | % | China City Statistical Yearbook [32] | |
Number of beds of hospitals and health centers per 10,000 capita (X9) | bed | China City Statistical Yearbook [32] | ||
Disposable income of urban residents per capita (X10) | Yuan | China City Statistical Yearbook [32] |
System | Subsystem | Basic Level Indicators | Unit | Data Source |
---|---|---|---|---|
Eco-Environment Pressure. | Resource availability | Green areas (X1) | hm2 | China City Statistical Yearbook [32] |
Percentage of completed area with green covered area (X2) | % | China City Statistical Yearbook [32] | ||
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) (X3) | - | MODIS remote sensing data* [36] | ||
Energy consumption | Annual electricity consumption (X4) | 104 kW·h | China City Statistical Yearbook [32] | |
Water consumption for residential use (X5) | 104 tons | China City Statistical Yearbook [32] | ||
Consumption of liquefied petroleum gas for residential use (X6) | tons | China City Statistical Yearbook [32] | ||
Pollution emissions | Discharged volume of industrial wastewater (X7) | 104 tons | China City Statistical Yearbook [32] | |
Discharged volume of industrial SO2 (X8) | tons | China City Statistical Yearbook [32] | ||
Discharged volume of industrial dust (X9) | tons | China City Statistical Yearbook [32] | ||
Pressure response | Hazard-free treatment rate of domestic garbage (X10) | % | China City Statistical Yearbook [32] | |
Urban domestic sewage treatment rate (X11) | % | China City Statistical Yearbook [32] | ||
Comprehensive utilization rate of industrial solid waste (X12) | % | China City Statistical Yearbook [32] |
System | Subsystem | Basic Level Index | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Name | Name | Weight | Name | Weight |
Urbanization Quality | Demographic urbanization | 25.8% | Urban population density | 16.7% |
Percentage of the secondary and tertiary industry employment | 9.1% | |||
Spatial urbanization | 16.0% | Area of built districts in municipal district | 8.1% | |
Per capita city road area | 7.9% | |||
Economic urbanization | 32.1% | GDP per capita | 12.2% | |
Proportion of the value of the secondary and tertiary industry to GDP | 10.9% | |||
Total fixed asset investment | 9.0% | |||
Social urbanization | 26.1% | Proportion of educational expenditure to financial expenditure | 8.6% | |
Number of beds of hospitals and health centers per 10,000 capita | 8.6% | |||
Disposable income of urban residents per capita | 8.9% | |||
Eco-environment Pressure | Resource availability | 25.9% | Green areas | 9.0% |
Percentage of completed area with green covered area | 8.5% | |||
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) | 8.4% | |||
Energy consumption | 24.6% | Annual electricity consumption | 8.2% | |
Water consumption for residential use | 8.2% | |||
Consumption of liquefied petroleum gas for residential use | 8.2% | |||
Pollution emissions | 24.6% | Discharged volume of industrial wastewater | 8.1% | |
Discharged volume of industrial SO2 | 8.3% | |||
Discharged volume of industrial dust | 8.2% | |||
Pressure response | 24.9% | Hazard-free treatment rate of domestic garbage | 8.3% | |
Urban domestic sewage treatment rate | 8.6% | |||
Comprehensive utilization rate of industrial solid waste | 8.2% |
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Lin, X.; Lu, C.; Song, K.; Su, Y.; Lei, Y.; Zhong, L.; Gao, Y. Analysis of Coupling Coordination Variance between Urbanization Quality and Eco-Environment Pressure: A Case Study of the West Taiwan Strait Urban Agglomeration, China. Sustainability 2020, 12, 2643. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12072643
Lin X, Lu C, Song K, Su Y, Lei Y, Zhong L, Gao Y. Analysis of Coupling Coordination Variance between Urbanization Quality and Eco-Environment Pressure: A Case Study of the West Taiwan Strait Urban Agglomeration, China. Sustainability. 2020; 12(7):2643. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12072643
Chicago/Turabian StyleLin, Xiaoqing, Chunyan Lu, Kaishan Song, Ying Su, Yifan Lei, Lianxiu Zhong, and Yibin Gao. 2020. "Analysis of Coupling Coordination Variance between Urbanization Quality and Eco-Environment Pressure: A Case Study of the West Taiwan Strait Urban Agglomeration, China" Sustainability 12, no. 7: 2643. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12072643