Biogas Production Potential from Livestock Manure in Pakistan

Khan, Muhammad U.; Ahmad, Muhammad; Sultan, Muhammad; Sohoo, Ihsanullah; Ghimire, Prakash C.; Zahid, Azlan; Sarwar, Abid; Farooq, Muhammad; Sajjad, Uzair; Abdeshahian, Peyman; Yousaf, Maryam

doi:10.3390/su13126751

Open AccessArticle

Biogas Production Potential from Livestock Manure in Pakistan

by

Muhammad U. Khan

^1,*,

Muhammad Ahmad

²,

Muhammad Sultan

^3,*

,

Ihsanullah Sohoo

^4,*

,

Prakash C. Ghimire

⁵,

Azlan Zahid

^6,7

,

Abid Sarwar

⁸

,

Muhammad Farooq

⁹

,

Uzair Sajjad

¹⁰,

Peyman Abdeshahian

¹¹ and

Maryam Yousaf

^2,12

¹

Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan

²

School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China

³

Department of Agricultural Engineering, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan

⁴

Institute of Environmental Technology and Energy Economics, Hamburg University of Technology, Blohmstr. 15, 21073 Hamburg, Germany

⁵

Netherlands Development Organisation (SNV), 2514 JG Den Haag, The Netherlands

⁶

Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA

⁷

Department of Farm Machinery and Power, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan

⁸

Department of Irrigation and Drainage, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Punjab 38040, Pakistan

⁹

Department of Mechanical Engineering (New Campus-KSK), University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore 54890, Pakistan

¹⁰

Mechanical Engineering Department, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan

¹¹

Department of Microbiology, Masjed Soleiman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Masjed Soleiman, Iran

¹²

Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Punjab 38040, Pakistan

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Sustainability 2021, 13(12), 6751; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13126751

Submission received: 3 May 2021 / Revised: 19 May 2021 / Accepted: 26 May 2021 / Published: 15 June 2021

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Engineering Applications)

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Abstract

Pakistan is facing a severe energy crisis due to its heavy dependency on the import of costly fossil fuels, which ultimately leads to expansive electricity generation, a low power supply, and interruptive load shedding. In this regard, the utilization of available renewable energy resources within the country for production of electricity can lessen this energy crisis. Livestock waste/manure is considered the most renewable and abundant material for biogas generation. Pakistan is primarily an agricultural country, and livestock is widely kept by the farming community, in order to meet their needs. According to the 2016–2018 data on the livestock population, poultry held the largest share at 45.8%, followed by buffaloes (20.6%), cattle (12.7%), goats (10.8%), sheep (8.4%), asses (1.3%), camels (0.25%), horses (0.1%), and mules (0.05%). Different animals produce different amounts of manure, based upon their size, weight, age, feed, and type. The most manure is produced by cattle (10–20 kg/day), while poultry produce the least (0.08–0.1 kg/day). Large quantities of livestock manure are produced from each province of Pakistan; Punjab province was the highest contributor (51%) of livestock manure in 2018. The potential livestock manure production in Pakistan was 417.3 million tons (Mt) in 2018, from which 26,871.35 million m³ of biogas could be generated—with a production potential of 492.6 petajoules (PJ) of heat energy and 5521.5 MW of electricity. Due to its favorable conditions for biodigester technologies, and through the appropriate development of anaerobic digestion, the currently prevailing energy crises in Pakistan could be eliminated.

Keywords: renewable energy; biogas production; livestock manure; anaerobic digestion

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MDPI and ACS Style

Khan, M.U.; Ahmad, M.; Sultan, M.; Sohoo, I.; Ghimire, P.C.; Zahid, A.; Sarwar, A.; Farooq, M.; Sajjad, U.; Abdeshahian, P.; et al. Biogas Production Potential from Livestock Manure in Pakistan. Sustainability 2021, 13, 6751. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13126751

AMA Style

Khan MU, Ahmad M, Sultan M, Sohoo I, Ghimire PC, Zahid A, Sarwar A, Farooq M, Sajjad U, Abdeshahian P, et al. Biogas Production Potential from Livestock Manure in Pakistan. Sustainability. 2021; 13(12):6751. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13126751

Chicago/Turabian Style

Khan, Muhammad U., Muhammad Ahmad, Muhammad Sultan, Ihsanullah Sohoo, Prakash C. Ghimire, Azlan Zahid, Abid Sarwar, Muhammad Farooq, Uzair Sajjad, Peyman Abdeshahian, and et al. 2021. "Biogas Production Potential from Livestock Manure in Pakistan" Sustainability 13, no. 12: 6751. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13126751

APA Style

Khan, M. U., Ahmad, M., Sultan, M., Sohoo, I., Ghimire, P. C., Zahid, A., Sarwar, A., Farooq, M., Sajjad, U., Abdeshahian, P., & Yousaf, M. (2021). Biogas Production Potential from Livestock Manure in Pakistan. Sustainability, 13(12), 6751. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13126751

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Biogas Production Potential from Livestock Manure in Pakistan

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