Chemometric Screening of Oregano Essential Oil Composition and Properties for the Identification of Specific Markers for Geographical Differentiation of Cultivated Greek Oregano
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Oregano Samples
2.2. Extraction of EOs
2.3. Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) Instrumentation and Analysis Conditions
2.4. Determination of Total Phenolic Content (TPC) and Antioxidant Activity
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Essential Oil Chemical Composition
3.2. Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity
3.3. Geographical Differentiation of Greek Oregano Based on EO Composition, TPC, and Antioxidant Capacity
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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S/N a | Compounds | RIEXP | RILIT | THESSALONIKI | KATERINI | KILKIS | KOZANI | VOLOS | KALAMBAKA | IOANNINA | PREVEZA | ILEIA | ACHAEA | RETHYMNO | HERAKLION |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | α-pinene | 1012 | 1012 | 0.26 | 0.62 | 0.60 | 0.75 | 0.53 | 0.85 | 0.62 | 0.73 | 0.90 | 0.54 | 0.71 | 0.80 |
2 | α-thujene | 1019 | 1017 | 0.09 | 0.56 | 0.90 | 0.45 | 0.59 | 0.70 | 0.96 | 1.03 | 0.68 | 0.67 | 0.06 | |
3 | camphene | 1054 | 1055 | 0.16 | tr b | 0.13 | 0.12 | 0.16 | 0.07 | ||||||
4 | β-pinene | 1096 | 1100 | 0.15 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.17 | 0.07 | 0.06 | ||||||
5 | δ-3-carene | 1143 | 1138 | 0.06 | 0.09 | ||||||||||
6 | α-phellandrene | 1166 | 1166 | 0.16 | 0.19 | 0.05 | 0.18 | 0.22 | 0.29 | 0.22 | 0.07 | ||||
7 | β-myrcene | 1175 | 1175 | 0.55 | 0.91 | 1.39 | 1.46 | 1.20 | 1.32 | 1.51 | 1.51 | 2.01 | 1.47 | 1.65 | 1.15 |
8 | α-terpinene | 1191 | 1201 | 0.67 | 1.09 | 1.45 | 1.63 | 1.22 | 1.57 | 1.46 | 1.58 | 2.48 | 1.63 | 1.56 | 1.26 |
9 | limonene | 1199 | 1208 | 0.14 | 0.16 | 0.25 | 0.12 | 0.22 | 0.24 | 0.26 | 0.38 | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.19 | |
10 | β-phellandrene | 1221 | 1228 | 0.10 | 0.18 | 0.29 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.29 | 0.28 | 0.24 | 0.07 | |
11 | γ-terpinene | 1243 | 1246 | 2.72 | 3.13 | 5.76 | 7.05 | 5.40 | 6.67 | 6.96 | 7.00 | 10.49 | 8.18 | 7.28 | 4.13 |
12 | 3-octanone | 1255 | 1252 | 0.09 | 0.21 | 0.14 | 0.22 | 0.24 | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.24 | ||||
13 | p-cymene | 1270 | 1269 | 6.60 | 11.10 | 8.32 | 9.77 | 8.93 | 12.26 | 8.47 | 10.45 | 11.98 | 9.98 | 12.03 | 12.53 |
14 | α-terpinolene | 1280 | 1282 | tr | 0.14 | tr | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.12 | 0.11 | tr | |||
15 | 1-octen-3-ol | 1448 | 1447 | 0.41 | 0.57 | 0.50 | 0.34 | 0.52 | 1.07 | 0.54 | 0.45 | 0.32 | 0.41 | 0.10 | 0.43 |
16 | cis-sabinene hydrate | 1462 | 1471 | 0.49 | 0.51 | 0.67 | 0.58 | 0.56 | 0.36 | 0.50 | 0.55 | 0.49 | 0.68 | 0.43 | 0.52 |
17 | trans-sabinene hydrate | 1546 | 1556 | 0.39 | 0.43 | 0.50 | 0.46 | 0.50 | 0.44 | 0.37 | 0.39 | 0.34 | 0.47 | 0.38 | 0.54 |
18 | bornyl acetate | 1561 | 1566 | tr | |||||||||||
19 | caryophyllene | 1598 | 1590 | 1.75 | 2.43 | 2.08 | 1.92 | 1.77 | 1.96 | 1.72 | 1.74 | 1.50 | 1.13 | 0.74 | 1.45 |
20 | 4-terpineol | 1604 | 1605 | 1.22 | 0.85 | 0.82 | 1.28 | 1.20 | 0.33 | 1.00 | 0.88 | 0.17 | 0.89 | 0.80 | 1.25 |
21 | carvacrol methyl ether | 1610 | 1601 | 0.79 | 0.88 | 0.61 | 0.43 | 0.41 | 0.64 | 0.20 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.70 | ||
22 | cis-dihydrocarvone | 1629 | - | 0.05 | 0.16 | 0.05 | |||||||||
23 | α-humulene | 1668 | 1677 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.27 | 0.05 | 0.23 | 0.21 | 0.10 | 0.09 | ||||
24 | α-terpineol | 1698 | 1698 | tr | |||||||||||
25 | borneol | 1702 | 1717 | 1.41 | 1.16 | 1.06 | 0.90 | 1.20 | 1.03 | 0.80 | 0.75 | 0.51 | 0.65 | 0.51 | 0.84 |
26 | β-bisabolene | 1726 | 1722 | 1.33 | 1.45 | 0.87 | 1.24 | 1.19 | 1.53 | 1.06 | 1.10 | 1.32 | 1.22 | 1.45 | 2.07 |
27 | δ-cadinene | 1733 | 1756 | 0.25 | 0.13 | 0.17 | |||||||||
28 | p-cymen-8-ol | 1851 | 1865 | 0.06 | tr | tr | |||||||||
29 | carvacryl acetate | 1875 | 1880 | tr | tr | ||||||||||
30 | caryophyllene oxide | 1973 | 1994 | 1.72 | 1.31 | 0.96 | 0.68 | 1.00 | 0.72 | 0.66 | 0.68 | 0.37 | 0.52 | 0.40 | 0.98 |
31 | spathulenol | 2122 | 2136 | 0.08 | tr | tr | 0.06 | ||||||||
32 | 4-isopropyl-m-cresol | 2155 | - | 0.08 | tr | 0.14 | 0.20 | 0.17 | 0.13 | ||||||
33 | thymol | 2173 | 2186 | 10.89 | 10.22 | 12.85 | 8.41 | 13.03 | 16.45 | 10.64 | 13.65 | 35.22 | 34.68 | 24.01 | 7.39 |
34 | 5-isopropyl-m-cresol | 2208 | - | 0.10 | tr | 0.10 | 0.18 | 0.26 | 0.14 | ||||||
35 | carvacrol | 2211 | 2212 | 68.79 | 62.95 | 60.28 | 59.89 | 60.04 | 51.62 | 60.05 | 55.09 | 28.74 | 34.77 | 46.19 | 63.55 |
Main compounds c | 89.00 | 87.40 | 87.21 | 85.12 | 87.40 | 87.00 | 86.12 | 86.19 | 86.43 | 87.61 | 89.51 | 87.60 | |||
Monoterpene hydrocarbons | 10.80 | 17.18 | 18.58 | 22.74 | 17.98 | 23.59 | 20.87 | 23.38 | 30.43 | 23.53 | 24.60 | 20.26 | |||
Oxygenated Monoterpenes | 83.98 | 77.00 | 76.79 | 72.24 | 76.94 | 70.87 | 73.82 | 71.95 | 65.67 | 72.84 | 72.59 | 74.79 | |||
Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons | 3.08 | 3.97 | 3.05 | 3.68 | 3.01 | 3.49 | 3.14 | 3.22 | 2.92 | 2.44 | 2.19 | 3.52 | |||
Oxygenated Sesquiterpenes | 1.72 | 1.31 | 0.96 | 0.76 | 1.00 | 0.72 | 0.66 | 0.68 | 0.43 | 0.52 | 0.40 | 0.98 | |||
Miscellaneous | 0.41 | 0.57 | 0.59 | 0.55 | 0.66 | 1.29 | 0.78 | 0.67 | 0.55 | 0.65 | 0.10 | 0.43 |
Location | TPC (mg GAE/g EO) | TEAC (μmol TE/g EO) |
---|---|---|
Thessaloniki | 88.25 ± 7.92 | 395.84 ± 12.03 |
Katerini | 83.20 ± 9.24 | 387.79 ± 13.65 |
Kilkis | 86.48 ± 5.15 | 382.51 ± 11.37 |
Kozani | 79.92 ± 7.39 | 457.00 ± 7.42 |
Volos | 83.92 ± 6.98 | 375.81 ± 9.37 |
Kalambaka | 85.92 ± 6.41 | 321.89 ± 7.53 |
Ioannina | 84.17 ± 6.93 | 410.71 ± 10.95 |
Preveza | 81.58 ± 7.28 | 397.06 ± 6.71 |
Ileia | 85.38 ± 3.32 | 382.29 ± 20.33 |
Achaea | 89.03 ± 4.76 | 306.83 ± 5.01 |
Rethymno | 75.27 ± 3.31 | 461.32 ± 7.27 |
Heraklion | 74.49 ± 3.57 | 361.43 ± 16.06 |
Group A | Group B | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Dependent Variables | F | Sig. | F | Sig. |
α-pinene | 3.747 | 0.006 | 0.707 | 0.620 |
α-thujene | 16.479 | 0.000 | 7.269 | 0.000 |
camphene | 19.979 | 0.000 | 6.349 | 0.000 |
β-pinene | 43.232 | 0.000 | 12.184 | 0.000 |
δ-3-carene | 19.328 | 0.000 | 7.860 | 0.000 |
α-phellandrene | 16.598 | 0.000 | 16.736 | 0.000 |
β-myrcene | 7.314 | 0.000 | 3.602 | 0.006 |
α-terpinene | 12.833 | 0.000 | 2.341 | 0.050 |
limonene | 12.281 | 0.000 | 4.912 | 0.001 |
β-phellandrene | 8.004 | 0.000 | 12.216 | 0.000 |
γ-terpinene | 17.102 | 0.000 | 8.733 | 0.000 |
3-octanone | 9.956 | 0.000 | 10.266 | 0.000 |
p-cymene | 12.625 | 0.000 | 4.350 | 0.002 |
α-terpinolene | 11.586 | 0.000 | 23.839 | 0.000 |
1-octen-3-ol | 13.330 | 0.000 | 10.677 | 0.000 |
cis-sabinene hydrate | 3.399 | 0.010 | 2.573 | 0.033 |
trans-sabinene hydrate | 1.948 | 0.101 | 2.545 | 0.035 |
bornyl acetate | 1.049 | 0.395 | ||
caryophyllene | 4.710 | 0.001 | 7.956 | 0.000 |
4-terpineol | 14.092 | 0.000 | 1.743 | 0.135 |
carvacrol methyl ether | 5.480 | 0.000 | 8.447 | 0.000 |
cis-dihydrocarvone | 2.623 | 0.034 | 9.498 | 0.000 |
α-humulene | 8.666 | 0.000 | 16.284 | 0.000 |
α-terpineol | 1.253 | 0.293 | ||
borneol | 17.003 | 0.000 | 18.737 | 0.000 |
β-bisabolene | 40.163 | 0.000 | 2.540 | 0.035 |
δ-Cadinene | 11.646 | 0.000 | 46.986 | 0.000 |
p-cymen-8-ol | 10.009 | 0.000 | 9.047 | 0.000 |
carvacryl acetate | 2.416 | 0.044 | ||
caryophyllene oxide | 20.672 | 0.000 | 13.091 | 0.000 |
spathulenol | 3.750 | 0.005 | 5.293 | 0.000 |
4-isopropyl-m-cresol | 64.496 | 0.000 | 20.953 | 0.000 |
thymol | 19.504 | 0.000 | 40.470 | 0.000 |
5-isopropyl-m-cresol | 28.198 | 0.000 | 22.509 | 0.000 |
carvacrol | 59.721 | 0.000 | 33.509 | 0.000 |
TPC | 6.587 | 0.000 | 4.570 | 0.001 |
TEAC | 2.726 | 0.029 | 26.044 | 0.000 |
Discriminant Function | Original Method (%) | Cross-Validation (%) | |
---|---|---|---|
GROUP A | EO compounds | 100 | 93.3 |
TPC and TEAC | 38.3 | 33.3 | |
GROUP B | EO compounds | 96.3% | 81.5% |
TPC and TEAC | 43.9 | 39.0 |
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Tsoumani, E.S.; Kosma, I.S.; Badeka, A.V. Chemometric Screening of Oregano Essential Oil Composition and Properties for the Identification of Specific Markers for Geographical Differentiation of Cultivated Greek Oregano. Sustainability 2022, 14, 14762. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142214762
Tsoumani ES, Kosma IS, Badeka AV. Chemometric Screening of Oregano Essential Oil Composition and Properties for the Identification of Specific Markers for Geographical Differentiation of Cultivated Greek Oregano. Sustainability. 2022; 14(22):14762. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142214762
Chicago/Turabian StyleTsoumani, Eleftheria S., Ioanna S. Kosma, and Anastasia V. Badeka. 2022. "Chemometric Screening of Oregano Essential Oil Composition and Properties for the Identification of Specific Markers for Geographical Differentiation of Cultivated Greek Oregano" Sustainability 14, no. 22: 14762. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142214762