Effects of Land Use Changes on Ecosystem Service Value in Xiangjiang River Basin, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Sources
2.3. Research Methods
2.3.1. Change Component Analysis
2.3.2. Intensity Analysis
2.3.3. Estimating the Value of Ecosystem Services
2.3.4. Cross Sensitivity Coefficient
3. Results
3.1. Analysis of the Components of Land
3.1.1. Analysis of Total Land Use Component Change
3.1.2. Analysis of the Change Components of Different Categories
3.2. Intensity Analysis of LULC
3.2.1. Interval Level
3.2.2. Category Level
3.2.3. Transition Level
3.3. Analysis of Ecosystem Service Value
3.3.1. Temporal Changes in Ecosystem Service Values
3.3.2. Spatiotemporal Change of Ecosystem Service Value
3.4. Impacts of Land Use on Ecosystem Service Values
4. Discussion
4.1. Pattern and Process of LULC
4.2. The Relationship between LULC and ESV
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- Over the past four decades, land use in the Xiangjiang River Basin has undergone dramatic changes, the intensity of which has shown a continuous increase, mainly in the form of quantity changes and shift changes. The increase in built-up land and bare land and the decrease in cultivated land are stable and active, and the loss of forest land is large.
- (2)
- In the past 40 years, the ESV of the Xiangjiang River Basin has significantly changed in time, first increasing and then decreasing, and the spatial changes are most obvious in the middle and southeast of the basin.
- (3)
- The value provided by land use types was in the order of forest land > cultivated land > water area > grassland > unused land, and the cross-sensitivity coefficient reflected that the net conversion between cultivated land and forest land and water area had a promoting effect on ESV.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Symbol | Cultivated |
---|---|
T | Number of time points |
t | Index of the initial time point for a time interval |
J | Number of categories |
i | Index for a category |
j | Index for a category |
Ctij | Number of pixels that transition from category i to category j during interval [Yt, Yt+1] |
Ctji | Number of pixels that transition from category j to category i during interval [Yt, Yt+1] |
dj | Annual difference for category j during interval [Yt, Yt+1] |
qj | Annual quantity component for category j at interval [Yt, Yt+1] |
ej | Annual exchange component for category j at interval [Yt, Yt+1] |
mj | Annual shift component for category j at interval [Yt, Yt+1] |
Q | Quantity of all categories at the time interval [Yt, Yt+1] |
E | Exchange of all categories at the time interval [Yt, Yt+1] |
M | Shift of all categories at the time interval [Yt, Yt+1] |
D | Total change component of all categories at the time interval [Yt, Yt+1] |
St | Annual change rate at interval [Yt, Yt+1] |
U | Uniform change intensity at whole time interval |
Lti | Intensity of loss in time interval [Yt, Yt+1] for category i |
Gtj | Intensity of gain in time interval [Yt, Yt+1] for category j |
Trin | Intensity of transition from category i to a special category n at the interval [Yt, Yt+1] |
Wrn | Uniform intensity from every category to category n at time [Yt, Yt+1] |
Ecosystem Service Functions | Cultivated | Forest | Grass | Water | Bare | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Supply services | Food production | 2724.57 | 272.46 | 817.37 | 272.46 | 27.25 |
Raw material production | 272.46 | 7083.88 | 136.23 | 27.25 | 0 | |
Regulate service | Gas regulation | 1362.29 | 9536.00 | 2179.66 | 0 | 0 |
Climate regulation | 2424.87 | 7356.34 | 2452.11 | 1253.30 | 0 | |
Hydrological regulation | 1634.74 | 8718.62 | 2179.66 | 55,526.74 | 81.74 | |
Waste disposal | 4468.29 | 3569.19 | 3569.19 | 49,532.68 | 27.25 | |
Support services | Soil conservation | 3977.87 | 10,625.82 | 5312.91 | 27.25 | 54.49 |
Maintaining biodiversity | 1934.44 | 8882.10 | 2969.78 | 6784.18 | 926.35 | |
Cultural services | Aesthetic Landscape | 27.25 | 3487.45 | 108.98 | 12,069.85 | 27.25 |
Land Use Type | Value (108/CNY) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1980 | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | |
Cultivated | 617.93 | 615.20 | 610.90 | 581.62 | 570.40 |
Forest | 3712.84 | 3712.32 | 3705.22 | 3745.96 | 3723.19 |
Grass | 56.33 | 56.37 | 56.28 | 50.59 | 49.27 |
Water | 229.11 | 237.77 | 261.48 | 271.15 | 276.23 |
Bare land | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.13 | 0.11 |
Total | 4616.31 | 4621.75 | 4633.96 | 4649.46 | 4619.21 |
Ecosystem Service Functions | Value (108/CNY) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1980 | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | |
Food production | 109.29 | 108.91 | 108.31 | 102.38 | 102.23 |
Raw material production | 272.46 | 7083.88 | 136.23 | 27.25 | 451.69 |
Gas regulation | 645.67 | 645.40 | 643.94 | 647.72 | 643.11 |
Climate regulation | 547.67 | 547.35 | 546.14 | 546.80 | 542.43 |
Hydrological regulation | 705.12 | 708.65 | 717.73 | 724.69 | 722.48 |
Waste disposal | 469.92 | 472.67 | 480.57 | 478.81 | 476.55 |
Maintaining soil | 808.56 | 807.91 | 805.72 | 805.20 | 798.41 |
Maintain biodiversity | 639.60 | 639.81 | 639.73 | 641.03 | 636.55 |
Aesthetic Landscape | 240.78 | 241.58 | 243.44 | 246.65 | 245.78 |
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Zhou, Z.; Quan, B.; Deng, Z. Effects of Land Use Changes on Ecosystem Service Value in Xiangjiang River Basin, China. Sustainability 2023, 15, 2492. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032492
Zhou Z, Quan B, Deng Z. Effects of Land Use Changes on Ecosystem Service Value in Xiangjiang River Basin, China. Sustainability. 2023; 15(3):2492. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032492
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhou, Ze, Bin Quan, and Zhiwei Deng. 2023. "Effects of Land Use Changes on Ecosystem Service Value in Xiangjiang River Basin, China" Sustainability 15, no. 3: 2492. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032492