Nesting Elterman Model and Spatiotemporal Linear Mixed-Effects Model to Predict the Daily Aerosol Optical Depth over the Southern Central Hebei Plain, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Dataset and Methodologies
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Dataset
2.2.1. Meteorological Variables and Elevation Data
2.2.2. Multi-Angle Implementation of Atmospheric Correction (MAIAC) AOD
2.2.3. Data Integration
2.3. Methodologies
2.3.1. Retrieval Method
2.3.2. Model Validation
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics of ST-LME
3.2. ST-LME Model Fitting and Validation
3.3. Comparisons of AOD Prediction by ST-ERM with the R-ERM
3.4. Universality Validation of ST-ERM
3.5. AOD Spatial Variation Characteristics
4. Discussion
4.1. Comparison with Other Studies with Similar Methods
4.2. Strengths and Weaknesses of the ST-ERM
4.3. Uncertainties of ST-ERM
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Months | Correlations-R | |
---|---|---|
2016 | 2017 | |
1 | 0.90 | 0.93 |
2 | 0.84 | 0.93 |
3 | 0.94 | 0.91 |
4 | 0.91 | 0.92 |
5 | 0.92 | 0.96 |
6 | 0.92 | 0.84 |
7 | 0.83 | 0.90 |
8 | 0.88 | 0.85 |
9 | 0.93 | 0.89 |
10 | 0.92 | 0.84 |
11 | 0.87 | 0.87 |
12 | 0.90 | 0.91 |
Annual average | 0.90 | 0.90 |
Variables | Mean | Minimum | Maximum | Std. Deviation |
---|---|---|---|---|
ASH1/km | 1.475 | 0.058 | 5.995 | 0.842 |
P/hPa | 1011.690 | 976.500 | 1037.300 | 11.030 |
T/°C | 19.822 | 2.200 | 38 | 10.217 |
V/km | 19.944 | 0.600 | 50 | 9.539 |
VP/hPa | 8.755 | 0.600 | 40.700 | 7.513 |
W/m·s−¹ | 2.898 | 0 | 11.200 | 1.517 |
RH | 0.297 | 0.050 | 0.890 | 0.147 |
DEM/km | 0.046 | 0.004 | 1.454 | 0.085 |
Model | Time Resolution | Study Area | Year | Model Validation | Reference | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R | RMSPE | RPE | Slope | |||||
M-Elterman | Monthly | China | 2006–2009 | 0.42–0.83 | 0.047–0.102 | 24–54% | - | [14] |
KM-Elterman | Monthly | China | 2002–2010 | 0.71 | 0.208 | - | 0.529 | [24] |
R-ERM | Monthly | SCHP | 2016–2017 | 0.69 | 0.20 | 23% | 1.063–0.945 | [2] |
PSO-M-Elterman | Monthly | China | 2007–2014 | 0.69–0.75 | 0.051–0.071 | - | - | [1] |
ST-ERM | Daily | SCHP | 2017 | 0.82 | 0.377 | 63.31% | 0.98 | This study |
ST-ERM | Monthly | SCHP | 2017 | 0.85 | 0.089 | 18.467% | 0.98 | This study |
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Li, F.; Li, M.; Zheng, Y.; Yang, Y.; Duan, J.; Wang, Y.; Fan, L.; Wang, Z.; Wang, W. Nesting Elterman Model and Spatiotemporal Linear Mixed-Effects Model to Predict the Daily Aerosol Optical Depth over the Southern Central Hebei Plain, China. Sustainability 2023, 15, 2609. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032609
Li F, Li M, Zheng Y, Yang Y, Duan J, Wang Y, Fan L, Wang Z, Wang W. Nesting Elterman Model and Spatiotemporal Linear Mixed-Effects Model to Predict the Daily Aerosol Optical Depth over the Southern Central Hebei Plain, China. Sustainability. 2023; 15(3):2609. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032609
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Fuxing, Mengshi Li, Yingjuan Zheng, Yi Yang, Jifu Duan, Yang Wang, Lihang Fan, Zhen Wang, and Wei Wang. 2023. "Nesting Elterman Model and Spatiotemporal Linear Mixed-Effects Model to Predict the Daily Aerosol Optical Depth over the Southern Central Hebei Plain, China" Sustainability 15, no. 3: 2609. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032609