Green Infrastructure and Slow Tourism: A Methodological Approach for Mining Heritage Accessibility in the Sulcis-Iglesiente Bioregion (Sardinia, Italy)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- First section—Introduction and Literature Review—focuses on the overview of the recent literature of GI and of its integration with slow tourism and bioregion concepts;
- Second section—Materials and Data—discusses the topic of green infrastructures and slow mobility in the Sulcis-Iglesiente region and presents principles and approaches for horse trails planning;
- Third section—Methodology—proposes a methodological approach to assess the feasibility of the Stop Places (SPs) scheme along a horse trail;
- Fourth section—Case Study—is dedicated to the methodology application in the Stop Places (SPs) along a horse trail in the Sulcis-Iglesiente bioregion;
- Fifth section—Results—reports and discusses the main research results carried out.
- Sixth section—Discussion—discusses the major findings within the framework derived from the literature review;
- Seventh section—Conclusion and Future Development—is dedicated to the conclusions together with the future developments of the research.
1.1. Rural and Slow Tourism—Green Infrastructure
1.2. Bioregion and Sardinia Mining Landscape
2. Materials and Data
2.1. Study Area—The Santa Barbara Path and Horse Trail Proposal Network
2.2. Planning Horse Trails: Principles and Approaches
- Surface, which should be well-drained, firm, and free of sharp stones or other hazards that could cause injury to a horse’s hooves;
- Dimension, which should be wide enough for horses to pass each other safely and free of obstacles that could be dangerous for horses and riders;
- Grade, which should be moderate, with no steep inclines or declines that could be difficult for horses to navigate;
- Signage, which should be clear and include information about trail difficulty, distance, and any potential hazards;
- Maintenance, which should be ensured regularly;
- Equestrian facilities, which should include areas for horse camping, loading and unloading horses, and parking for horse trailers.
- The National Board of Environmental Equestrian Guide (ENGEA—Ente Nazionale Guide Equestri Ambientali) guide for obtaining certification. The Certified Horse Trail Classification Index (ICIC—Indice di Classificazione Ippovie Certificate) reflects the degree of difficulty of each horse trail [82];
- The specification for the design of Italian horse trails drawn up by Italian Equestrian Sports Federation (FISE—Federazione Italiana Sport Equestri) [83];
- The specification for the design of Italian horse trails certified by the Italiana Equestrian Tourism Federation and Trec-Ante (FITETREC-ANTE—Federazione Italiana Turismo Equestre e Trec—Ante) [84].
3. Methodology
- Phase_01—which develops a typing matrix according to a set of typing elements selected by the literature review and practices analyzed. The typing matrix allows each SP to be analyzed according to landscape, infrastructure, number of functions, rank, and ownership characteristics, from which specific project scenarios are derived (output);
- Phase_02—which defines a coherence matrix according to a set of Internal Coherence (IC) criteria and External Coherence (EC) criteria for each SP’s project scenario. The IC criteria, which refer to the intrinsic characteristics specific to each SP project scenario, are: the number and variety of functions, the intervention types planned (maintenance, restoration, new construction), the building time required (short, medium, long), and the circular solutions (water, energy, etc.) adopted. The main EC criteria, which refer to the external factors specific to the SP context, are the environmental and landscape constraints and the local planning regulations in force;
- Phase_03—which defines the feasibility index (FI) of SP’s project scenarios through a quantitative criteria aggregation.
- The sustainable planning of horse trails, as well as that of paths (walking and biking) to support the regeneration of former mining landscapes and deprived internal areas, in order to guide a new course of development based on rural and slow tourism (Goal 3; Goal 8; Goal 9; Goal 13; Goal 15; Goal 17);
- The reuse of the existing buildings (mainly heritage of industrial archaeology, properties of abandoned mining villages) to ensure a network of accommodation facilities for the well-being of pilgrims (walking, biking and horse riding) and horses (boxes, paddocks, and support services), in order to realize the SPs during the short to medium term, thus reducing the time for the commissioning of the horse trail (Goal 11; Goal 12; Goal 13; Goal 15; Goal 17);
- The compliance of the SP’s project scenarios with the multifunctionality and circularity criteria, through the redevelopment of existing buildings aimed at achieving water and energy self-sufficiency, and the realization of equipped areas for horses stabling, with primary services (water and energy self-sufficiency, water recovery, and waste recycling). Such conditions are key prerequisites for ensuring environmental and economic sustainability even in the subsequent phase of use and management of the horse trail and its SPs (Goal 6; Goal 7; Goal 11; Goal 12; Goal 13; Goal 15).
3.1. Feasibility Index—FI
4. Case Study
- SP_04 “Posada Pitzinurri”, municipality of Arbus;
- SP_08 “Monti Mannu”, municipality of Villacidro;
- SP_14 “Parco is Muras”, municipality of Giba.
- The SBPF, which represents the main source of information relating to the SBP horse trail project;
- The Cadastre website, which allows the public to know the public or private nature of those areas selected by the SBPF to develop the SP project scenarios;
- The Geoportal of the Sardinia Region, which represents the main source of data relating to the environmental and landscape characteristics of the place (regulatory framework affecting the areas);
- The official website of the Local Administrations involved in the SBPF horse trail project, which represents the main source of the urban planning tool in force.
- Ordinary maintenance (MO—Manutenzione Ordinaria), extraordinary maintenance (MS—Manutenzione Straordinaria), building renovation (RE—Ristrutturazione Edilizia) of existing buildings;
- Restoration (R—Restauro) and conservative rehabilitation (RC—Risanamento conservativo) for the recovery of the ruins;
- New Construction (NC);
- Free building activities for the construction of horse-box, paddocks, and other services (EL-Edilizia Libera).
- Environmental constraints, relating to the presence of protected natural areas (oases, regional or national natural parks, Natura 2000 Network sites) and areas managed by the FoReSTAS agency;
- Hydrogeological constraints;
- Landscape constraints, which refer to a comprehensive regulatory framework, at regional and national level, as the Italian Code on cultural heritage and landscape (Law enacted by decree no. 2004/42) and the Regional Landscape Plan (PPR—Piano Paesaggistico Regionale);
- Local plan in force (land use regulation referred to areas interested by the SP).
5. Results
6. Discussion
7. Conclusions and Future Developments
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Glossary
EC | External Coherence |
ENGEA | Ente Nazionale Guide Equestri Ambientali (Board of Environmental Equestrian Guide) |
FI | Feasibility index |
FISE | Federazione Italiana Sport Equestri (Italian Equestrian Sports Federa-tion) |
FITETREC-ANTE | Federazione Italiana Turismo Equestre e Trec—Ante (Italian Eques-trian Tourism Federa-tion and Trec-Ante) |
FoReSTAS | Agenzia forestale Regionale per lo Sviluppo del Territorio e l’Ambiente della Sardegna (Regional Forestry Agency for Land development and environment of Sardinia). |
GI | Green infrastructure |
IC | External Coherence |
ICIC | Indice di Classificazione Ippovie Certificate (Certified Horse Trail Classification Index) |
RES | Rete Escursionistica della Sardegna (Sardinian Hiking Network) |
RIS | Rete delle Ippovie della Sardegna (Sardinian Horse Trails Network) |
SBP | Santa Barbara Path |
SBPF | Santa Barbara Path Foundation |
SP | Stop Place |
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PHASE_01—TYPING MATRIX | ||||||
SP_04 | SP_08 | SP_14 | DATA SOURCE | |||
TYPING | Landscaping | Environmental | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Sardinia Region website |
Anthropic | ✓ | ✓ | - | |||
Infrastructural | Ports, airports, railways | - | - | - | ||
Road network | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
Water supply network | ✓ | ✓ | - | |||
Electric distribution grid. | ✓ | ✓ | - | |||
Functional | Buildings and/or areas for horse well-being (horse-box, paddocks and other services) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Authors SBPF Cadastre website | |
Buildings for pilgrim well-being (accommodation and other services) | ✓ | ✓ | - | |||
Buildings for other services | - | Forestry barracks and other buildings | - | |||
Of rank | Single mode (only for pilgrim by horse) | - | - | ✓ | ||
Multimodal (for pilgrim by walk, bike, horse) | ✓ | ✓ | - | |||
Ownership | Public property | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
Private property | - | - | - | |||
OUTPUT | ||||||
SP_04 | SP_08 | SP_14 | DATA SOURCE | |||
Project Scenario | Buildings and/or areas for horse well-being (horse-box, paddocks and other services) | ✓ | ✓ | - | Authors SBPF | |
Buildings for pilgrim well-being (accommodation and other services) | ✓ | ✓ | - | |||
Equipped areas for horse well-being (horse-box, paddocks and other services) | ✓ | - | ✓ | |||
Buildings for other services | ✓ | - |
PHASE_02—COHERENCE MATRIX | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SP_04 | SP_08 | SP_14 | DATA SOURCE | |||
IC Criteria | No. functions | Buildings and/or areas for horse well-being (horse-box, paddocks and other services) | ✓ | ✓ | - | Authors SBPF |
Buildings for pilgrim well-being (accommodation and other services) | ✓ | ✓ | - | |||
Equipped areas for horse well-being (horse-box, paddocks and other services) | ✓ | - | ✓ | |||
Buildings for other services | - | ✓ | - | |||
Intervention types (Presidential Decree 380/2001, Art.3; Art. 6) | Free building activities for the construction of horse-box, paddocks and other services | - | - | ✓ | ||
Ordinary maintenance, extraordinary maintenance or building renovation of existing buildings | ✓ | ✓ | - | |||
Restoration and conservative rehabilitation for the recovery of the ruins | ✓ | - | - | |||
New Construction (NC) | - | - | - | |||
Building time | Short term | - | - | ✓ | ||
Medium term | ✓ | ✓ | - | |||
Long term | ✓ | - | - | |||
Circular solutions (technological performance of buildings) | Water and energy self-sufficiency | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
Water recovery | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
Waste recycling (organic material from horses) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
Soil permeability | ✓ | ✓ | - | |||
EC Criteria | Regulatory Framework | Environmental constraints | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Sardinia Region website |
Landscape constraints | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
Local plan in force | - | ✓ | ✓ | Local authorities |
Range | Weight | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
IC Criteria | Nf | 1 | Pi(Nf) | 0.5 |
2–3 | 0.8 | |||
4–n | 1 | |||
Nm | 1–2 | Pi(Nm) | 1 | |
3–4 | 0.8 | |||
5–n | 0.5 | |||
Nc | 1 | Pi(Nc) | 0.5 | |
2–3 | 0.8 | |||
4–n | 1 | |||
EC Criteria | Nce | 0 | Pe | 0 |
1–2 | 0.5 | |||
3–n | 1 |
SP | Value | Weight | Pi × CI | |||
SP_04 | IC Criteria | Nf | 3 | Pi(Nf) | 0.8 | 2.4 |
Nm | 12 | Pi(Nm) | 0.5 | 6 | ||
Nc | 4 | Pi(Nc) | 1 | 4 | ||
Total | 19 | 12.4 | ||||
Value | Weight | Pe × CE | ||||
EC Criteria | Nce | 2 | Pe | 0.5 | 1 | |
Total | 2 | 1 | ||||
FI (PT_04) | 0.57 | |||||
Level | 2 |
SP | Value | Weight | Pi × CI | |||
SP_08 | IC Criteria | Nf | 3 | Pi(Nf) | 0.8 | 2.4 |
Nm | 4 | Pi(Nm) | 0.8 | 3.2 | ||
Nc | 4 | Pi(Nc) | 1 | 4 | ||
Total | 11 | 9.6 | ||||
Value | Weight | Pe × CE | ||||
EC Criteria | Nce | 3 | Pe | 1 | 3 | |
Total | 3 | 3 | ||||
FI (PT_08) | 0.93 | |||||
Level | 1 |
SP | Value | Weight | Pi × CI | |||
SP_14 | IC Criteria | Nf | 1 | Pi(Nf) | 0.5 | 0.5 |
Nm | 2 | Pi(Nm) | 1 | 2 | ||
Nc | 3 | Pi(Nc) | 0.8 | 2.4 | ||
Total | 6 | 4.9 | ||||
Value | Weight | Pe × CE | ||||
EC Criteria | Nce | 3 | Pe | 1 | 3 | |
Total | 3 | 3 | ||||
FI (PT_14) | 0.91 | |||||
Level | 1 |
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Ladu, M.; Battino, S.; Balletto, G.; Amaro García, A. Green Infrastructure and Slow Tourism: A Methodological Approach for Mining Heritage Accessibility in the Sulcis-Iglesiente Bioregion (Sardinia, Italy). Sustainability 2023, 15, 4665. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15054665
Ladu M, Battino S, Balletto G, Amaro García A. Green Infrastructure and Slow Tourism: A Methodological Approach for Mining Heritage Accessibility in the Sulcis-Iglesiente Bioregion (Sardinia, Italy). Sustainability. 2023; 15(5):4665. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15054665
Chicago/Turabian StyleLadu, Mara, Silvia Battino, Ginevra Balletto, and Ainhoa Amaro García. 2023. "Green Infrastructure and Slow Tourism: A Methodological Approach for Mining Heritage Accessibility in the Sulcis-Iglesiente Bioregion (Sardinia, Italy)" Sustainability 15, no. 5: 4665. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15054665