Implementation of Sustainable Development Goal 3: Good Health and Well-Being in European Union Countries in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- To what extent has the level of implementation of SDG 3 changed in individual EU-26 member states during the study period?
- During the analyzed period, has there been a reduction or deepening of disparities in the implementation of SDG 3 between the EU-26 countries?
2. Materials and Methods
- Elimination of units of measurement for the diagnostic features;
- Reduction of the magnitude order of diagnostic variables to a comparable state, meaning equalizing the ranges of the variability of features and, consequently, enabling their aggregation;
- Equality in the range of variability of all standardized features (constant range) and uniformity in the lower and upper limits of their variability range, specifically within the interval [0, 1];
- Capability to normalize diagnostic features with positive, negative, or exclusively negative values;
- Capability to normalize features that assume a value of zero;
- Non-negative values for standardized features;
- Existence of straightforward formulas within the normalization procedure that standardize the characteristics of the variables.
- for stimulating factors:
- for destimulant factors:
3. Results
- Share of people with good or very good perceived health (x1);
- Self-reported unmet needs for medical care (x2);
- Standardized death rate due to tuberculosis, HIV, and hepatitis (x3);
- Preventable and treatable mortality rate (x4);
- Fatal accidents at work per 100,000 workers (x5);
- Premature deaths due to exposure to fine particulate matter PM2.5 (x6).
4. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Indicator Name | Definition |
---|---|
Share of people with good or very good perceived health (x1) | The indicator is a subjective measure of how people rate their overall health on a scale from “very good” to “very poor.” It is expressed as the percentage of the population aged 16 and over who consider their health to be “good” or “very good”. Unit of measurement: % of the population aged 16 and over. |
Self-reported unmet needs for medical care (x2) | The indicator measures the proportion of the population aged 16 and over reporting unmet medical care needs for any of the following reasons: “financial reasons”, “waiting list”, and “too far to travel” (all three categories are combined). Unmet needs, as reported by the individual, refer to their assessment of whether they needed medical examinations or treatment (excluding dental care) but did not receive it or did not seek it. Unit of measurement: % of the population aged 16 and over. |
Standardized death rate due to tuberculosis, HIV, and hepatitis (x3) | The indicator measures the standardized mortality rate due to tuberculosis, HIV, and hepatitis. The rate is calculated by dividing the number of individuals dying from the selected infectious diseases by the total population. The data are presented as standardized mortality rates, meaning they are adjusted to a standard age distribution to measure mortality rates independently of different age structures within populations. Unit of measurement: per 100,000 individuals. |
Preventable and treatable mortality rate (x4) | This indicator includes both preventable and treatable causes of mortality. Preventable mortality refers to deaths that can be avoided mainly through effective public health interventions and primary prevention (i.e., before the onset of disease/injury to reduce incidence). Treatable mortality can be avoided mainly through timely and effective healthcare interventions, including secondary prevention and treatment (after the onset of disease to reduce mortality). The data are presented as standardized mortality rates, adjusted to a standard age distribution to measure mortality rates independently of different population age structures. Unit of measurement: number per 100,000 people under the age of 75. |
Fatal accidents at work per 100,000 workers (x5) | The indicator measures the number of fatal occupational accidents that occur during work and result in the death of the victim within one year of the accident. Unit of measurement: number per 100,000 workers. |
Premature deaths due to exposure to fine particulate matter PM2.5 (x6) | This indicator estimates the number of premature deaths attributable to long-term exposure to PM2.5 concentrations above 5 µg/m3 (the level recommended by the World Health Organization). PM2.5 refers to particulate matter with a diameter of fewer than 2.5 μm, which can penetrate deep into the lungs, causing inflammation and exacerbating conditions such as heart and lung diseases. Unit of measurement: number of deaths per 100,000 inhabitants. |
Variable | Year | Mean | Median | Min | Max | Standard Deviation | Coefficient of Variation | Skewness |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
x1 | 2019 | 66.93 | 67.90 | 46.20 | 84.30 | 9.53 | 14.23 | −0.61 |
2020 | 67.96 | 69.20 | 44.30 | 84.50 | 9.41 | 13.84 | −0.77 | |
2021 | 67.73 | 68.50 | 47.90 | 81.70 | 8.50 | 12.55 | −0.89 | |
x2 | 2019 | 2.04 | 1.40 | 0.00 | 5.86 | 1.78 | 87.11 | 0.93 |
2020 | 2.02 | 1.55 | 0.00 | 5.73 | 1.85 | 91.65 | 0.95 | |
2021 | 2.10 | 1.70 | 0.10 | 5.28 | 1.66 | 78.84 | 0.61 | |
x3 | 2019 | 1.92 | 1.26 | 0.42 | 5.60 | 1.69 | 88.00 | 1.27 |
2020 | 1.85 | 1.20 | 0.43 | 5.27 | 1.53 | 82.90 | 1.41 | |
2021 | 1.71 | 1.08 | 0.38 | 5.22 | 1.60 | 93.72 | 1.48 | |
x4 | 2019 | 284.46 | 228.13 | 170.21 | 504.81 | 111.91 | 39.34 | 0.81 |
2020 | 312.81 | 238.96 | 183.26 | 593.20 | 131.83 | 42.14 | 0.86 | |
2021 | 353.95 | 248.53 | 177.48 | 694.80 | 177.68 | 50.20 | 0.82 | |
x5 | 2019 | 1.97 | 1.90 | 0.48 | 3.53 | 0.88 | 44.51 | 0.12 |
2020 | 2.02 | 1.82 | 0.30 | 4.45 | 1.00 | 49.59 | 0.41 | |
2021 | 1.94 | 1.79 | 0.33 | 4.29 | 1.01 | 52.02 | 0.59 | |
x6 | 2019 | 48.45 | 41.00 | 3.00 | 94.30 | 29.35 | 60.58 | 0.17 |
2020 | 47.62 | 36.00 | 1.00 | 105.00 | 33.21 | 69.75 | 0.45 | |
2021 | 54.18 | 41.50 | 3.00 | 112.40 | 36.74 | 67.80 | 0.23 |
EU Country | The Value of the Synthetic Variable | Ranking Position | The Value of the Synthetic Variable | Ranking Position | The Value of the Synthetic Variable | Ranking Position |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2019 | 2020 | 2021 | ||||
The Netherlands | 0.888 | 2 | 0.913 | 1 | 0.888 | 1 |
Sweden | 0.894 | 1 | 0.903 | 2 | 0.879 | 2 |
Luxembourg | 0.803 | 5 | 0.837 | 4 | 0.852 | 3 |
Ireland | 0.851 | 3 | 0.845 | 3 | 0.849 | 4 |
Cyprus | 0.754 | 10 | 0.673 | 13 | 0.805 | 5 |
Belgium | 0.774 | 8 | 0.788 | 8 | 0.793 | 6 |
Denmark | 0.772 | 9 | 0.809 | 5 | 0.791 | 7 |
Germany | 0.786 | 7 | 0.796 | 7 | 0.779 | 8 |
Finland | 0.742 | 11 | 0.737 | 10 | 0.774 | 9 |
Malta | 0.844 | 4 | 0.798 | 6 | 0.757 | 10 |
Spain | 0.794 | 6 | 0.755 | 9 | 0.753 | 11 |
Austria | 0.702 | 12 | 0.736 | 11 | 0.723 | 12 |
France | 0.685 | 13 | 0.696 | 12 | 0.652 | 13 |
Czechia | 0.682 | 14 | 0.666 | 14 | 0.649 | 14 |
Slovenia | 0.675 | 15 | 0.648 | 15 | 0.622 | 15 |
Greece | 0.609 | 17 | 0.619 | 16 | 0.613 | 16 |
Portugal | 0.553 | 18 | 0.536 | 19 | 0.576 | 17 |
Croatia | 0.513 | 19 | 0.507 | 21 | 0.527 | 18 |
Slovakia | 0.626 | 16 | 0.584 | 17 | 0.505 | 19 |
Poland | 0.502 | 21 | 0.541 | 18 | 0.478 | 20 |
Hungary | 0.509 | 20 | 0.533 | 20 | 0.467 | 21 |
Bulgaria | 0.494 | 22 | 0.435 | 23 | 0.424 | 22 |
Estonia | 0.431 | 23 | 0.499 | 22 | 0.417 | 23 |
Lithuania | 0.341 | 24 | 0.321 | 24 | 0.249 | 24 |
Romania | 0.285 | 25 | 0.251 | 26 | 0.240 | 25 |
Latvia | 0.280 | 26 | 0.292 | 25 | 0.166 | 26 |
Max | 0.894 | 0.913 | 0.888 | |||
Min | 0.280 | 0.251 | 0.166 | |||
Range | 0.614 | 0.661 | 0.722 | |||
Average | 0.646 | 0.643 | 0.624 | |||
Coefficient of variation | 27.53947 | 28.12259 | 32.5184 |
EU Country | |||
---|---|---|---|
The Netherlands | 0.025 | −0.024 | 0.001 |
Sweden | 0.009 | −0.023 | −0.015 |
Luxembourg | 0.034 | 0.014 | 0.048 |
Ireland | −0.006 | 0.004 | −0.002 |
Cyprus | −0.081 | 0.133 | 0.052 |
Belgium | 0.014 | 0.005 | 0.019 |
Denmark | 0.036 | −0.018 | 0.018 |
Germany | 0.010 | −0.016 | −0.007 |
Finland | −0.005 | 0.037 | 0.032 |
Malta | −0.046 | −0.041 | −0.087 |
Spain | −0.039 | −0.002 | −0.041 |
Austria | 0.033 | −0.012 | 0.021 |
France | 0.011 | −0.044 | −0.033 |
Czechia | −0.016 | −0.017 | −0.033 |
Slovenia | −0.027 | −0.026 | −0.053 |
Greece | 0.010 | −0.006 | 0.004 |
Portugal | −0.016 | 0.040 | 0.024 |
Croatia | −0.006 | 0.020 | 0.014 |
Slovakia | −0.042 | −0.079 | −0.122 |
Poland | 0.039 | −0.063 | −0.025 |
Hungary | 0.024 | −0.066 | −0.042 |
Bulgaria | −0.059 | −0.011 | −0.069 |
Estonia | 0.068 | −0.082 | −0.013 |
Lithuania | −0.020 | −0.072 | −0.092 |
Romania | −0.033 | −0.012 | −0.045 |
Latvia | 0.012 | −0.125 | −0.114 |
Year | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 |
---|---|---|---|
2019 | 1.00 | 0.89 | 0.86 |
2020 | 0.89 | 1.00 | 0.86 |
2021 | 0.86 | 0.86 | 1.00 |
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Mikuła, A.; Raczkowska, M.; Utzig, M. Implementation of Sustainable Development Goal 3: Good Health and Well-Being in European Union Countries in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Sustainability 2024, 16, 7921. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16187921
Mikuła A, Raczkowska M, Utzig M. Implementation of Sustainable Development Goal 3: Good Health and Well-Being in European Union Countries in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Sustainability. 2024; 16(18):7921. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16187921
Chicago/Turabian StyleMikuła, Aneta, Małgorzata Raczkowska, and Monika Utzig. 2024. "Implementation of Sustainable Development Goal 3: Good Health and Well-Being in European Union Countries in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic" Sustainability 16, no. 18: 7921. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16187921