A Study on the Performance of B&B Operations Is Conducted in Sustainable Tourism

Abstract

Taiwan’s bed and breakfast (B&B) industry has experienced significant development in its nearly 25-year history, transforming from B&B run by retirees to mature service providers that adopt modern business and Internet technology skills in line with sustainable lodging development. This study explores the basic professional capabilities required for the sustainable development of B&B management, including social-emotional intelligence (EQ) capabilities and their impact on the quality of sustainable tourism services. The study used the K–S Z test to assess the importance of various abilities, including emotional intelligence abilities, financial management abilities, technical skills abilities and marketing abilities. The findings, validated with p-values less than 0.05, confirm the multi-disciplinary nature of sustainable tourism management skills in B&Bs and highlight their importance in sustainable service attitudes and strategic marketing. The identified capabilities are not only crucial for the sustainable development of the B&B industry, but are also crucial for contributing to the B&B’s national diplomacy and sustainable development status in global tourism. This study provides both novice and experienced B&B operators with actionable insights to improve their operational efficiency and achieve sustainable tourism development goals.

1. Introduction

On the issue of sustainable tourism, there is a lack of effective guidance and research direction on the ability assessment of B&B staff. This study is motivated by the need to explore and define the essential professional competencies required by B&B management employees [1] in a changing and competitive environment consistent with sustainable tourism, with a particular focus on four key structures:

Emotional intelligence (EQ) competency: The management of staff emotions is directly related to customer satisfaction.

Technical skills (TS) competency: B&B requires knowledge about various technologies to maintain all equipment within the establishment.

Financial management (FM) skills competency: Introducing local agricultural products and package tours as additional products to enhance the profitability of the B&B, as discussed in [2] about the development of package tours. Our research findings can guide the development of customized travel packages.

Marketing skills (MS) competency: Integrating the strengths of the B&B with nearby attractions, local businesses, food, and transportation to conduct comprehensive marketing.

These key factors are crucial for the sustainability of B&B tourism. By identifying and understanding these competencies, this study aims to provide actionable insights to further professionalize marketing, enhance service quality, and ultimately contribute to the sustainable tourism development and operational performance of the B&B industry. To better explore and supplement the topic of sustainable tourism, and to increase the discussion on the operational performance of B&B staff, this study outlines four factors and perspectives that impact the sustainable tourism operation performance of B&B. This research helps B&B operators strike a balance between “profit maximization” and “sustainable tourism”. A brief conceptual diagram is shown in Figure 1.

The goal of this study is to identify the key aspects of four major indicators of B&B competencies, providing a knowledge reference for those interested in entering the B&B industry.

In order to achieve the research objectives, this study adopted a targeted analysis of skills and abilities of B&B operators and a questionnaire survey of actual B&B operators and expert questionnaires, which is outlined as follows: Skills ability analysis: A seven-point Likert scale was used; in this stage, a small team of five people with rich B&B experience participated in formulating sub-topics, and their task was to define a framework of key capabilities and sub-capabilities necessary for effective B&B operations.

This framework forms the basis for the core competency items and questionnaires:

• Questionnaire survey of actual B&B operators: This study used 43 operators who actually operate B&B and collected 30 valid questionnaires.
• Expert questionnaire method: This study uses 10 selected experts and collects 10 valid questionnaires.

These experts include B&B operators with more than five years of experience, B&B tourism academicians, tourism B&B interior design experts, senior members of B&B associations, government tourism department officials, etc. The approach aims to gather valuable insights into the relevance, reliability, and validity of the identified competencies. Sample size determination and validation, Responses from actual B&B operators and a panel of experts are critical to validating the identified capabilities, ensuring their applicability and effectiveness in improving B&B performance. The adequate number of samples for the actual B&B operator questionnaire survey and expert questionnaire survey was determined using the “small sample technique” method of Krejci and Morgan [3], with the focus being on reliable and effective assessment of the key capabilities of B&B management. This method ensures that the skills required for the development of B&B sustainable tourism are concentrated and inspected by actual B&B operators and expert groups, providing a reasonable methodological basis for improving the operating standards of B&B sustainable tourism.

This study employs a structured methodology to identify and analyze the core functional competencies critical for the business performance of B&B. Initially, a comprehensive review of relevant literature is conducted to gather foundational knowledge. Subsequently, a specialized working group is formed to delve into these insights and utilize a seven-point Likert scale to delineate four core competencies crucial to B&B operations, along with their corresponding abilities. To evaluate the relevance and applicability of these competencies and sub-competencies within the industry, a meticulously developed questionnaire is utilized. The questionnaire targets a select group of experts who bring a wealth of experience and knowledge to the study. These include B&B operators with over five years of experience, educators in B&B tourism, members of B&B associations, and personnel from government tourism bureaus’ B&B counseling offices. We identified four key aspects: (1) Social-emotional quotient (EQ) ability; (2) technical skills (TS) ability; (3) financial management (FM) skills ability; and (4) marketing skills (MS) ability. The survey was administered through Google Forms to efficiently collect and analyze responses from this diverse group of experts. The selection of these experts and the methodical approach to surveying ensured a robust validation of the competencies identified, emphasizing the study’s commitment to enhancing the strategic development and operational success of B&B. This focus on expert insights highlights the importance of industry-specific competencies in driving business performance and sustaining competitive advantage in the dynamic and sustainable tourism sector.

Table 1. Background investigation forms of 10 scholars and experts.

Expert Background	Institution of Employment	Number of Employees
Professor, Department of Tourism, University	Department of Tourism Studies at Jingili University	3000 people
Chairman of the B&B Association	Changhua County B&B Association	180 people
Cadre of the B&B Association	All-China Association of B&B Management	20,000 people
Officials and cadres of the Tourism Bureau	Government Agency, Tourism Department	10,000 people
Architects who have designed B&Bs	Tourism and architectural offices	20 people
Cadre of the local B&B association	Prefectural Guesthouse Associations	800 people
Chairman of the B&B	Luyou Humanities B&B Management	10 people
B&B Interior designer	B&B Guesthouse interior design office	30 people
Chairman of the Tourism Association	Community Cultural and Creative Tourism Association	300 people

shows the background investigation forms of 10 scholars and experts.

The questionnaire collected data using Google Forms and conducted a thorough analysis using several statistical methods. The process began with the utilization of IBM SPSS Statistics 19 to perform the Kolmogorov–Smirnov Z test, which aided in planning and testing the hypotheses related to the four major aspects of the study. Following this, parameter estimation and testing were conducted using SPSS functions to ensure robustness in the findings. Additionally, the analysis involved executing the single-sample Kolmogorov–Smirnov test function to validate the distribution of the data against theoretical distributions. The analysis also included NPar tests to evaluate various parameters within the four key constructs of the study. Descriptive statistics were employed to determine the mean and standard deviation, as well as to assess the normality and uniformity of the distribution parameters. Significance testing was carried out with the Z test, and the asymptotic significance was determined using a two-tailed p-value test. This comprehensive approach ensured that each competency was rigorously assessed, culminating in a detailed performance report for each identified skill, highlighting the strengths and areas for improvement. The research team has agreed upon the content of the core competency issues in Appendix A. After filling in the questionnaires of experts and scholars in Table 1 and B&B operators in

Table 2. Background information table of the members of the B&B vocational competency analysis group.

No.	Expert Background of the Analysis Team	Institution of Employment	Number of Employees
1.	B&B chairman	Changhua County B&B Association	180 people
2.	Professor, Department of Tourism	Jingili University	3000 people
3.	B&B cadres	Prefectural Guesthouse Associations	20,000 people

, the collected data will be used through the Z test to find key core items with a p-value less than 0.05. The workflow chart is shown in Figure 2. The selection of samples is subject to qualification restrictions. Surveys and studies conducted by experienced actual operators (such as Table 2), or the backgrounds of experts and scholars in the field (such as Table 1), can provide references for people and individuals who want to enter the industry in the future.

2. Literature Review

Currently, universities in various countries are conducting research on the core professional competencies of sustainable tourism, which is related to their national employment rate. Therefore, the focus of this study is to define and emphasize the importance of the core capabilities of B&B sustainable tourism in B&B performance management, which is crucial for the future career development of B&B staff. Through the research results on the development of core capabilities of the B&B industry in Europe, the United States, and Japan, this study provides a comprehensive reference framework. This approach helps outline the professional competencies that are important to enhance individuals in this growing field of sustainable tourism, supporting their long-term career development and adaptability in global B&B sustainable tourism. The development and training of key functions to support B&B sustainable tourism is extremely important. Facilitating enjoyment and social contact [4] is a new factor. It includes five items that reflect the hosts’ communication, organization, and social ability. Here, we value the social EQ capabilities of B&B. The distance traveled to complete these activities has a contingent effect on this. The analysis shows that, for the majority of their daily activities, non-workers do not choose to use public transportation [5]. Therefore, the marketing ability of B&B to vacationers or retired seniors is to provide guidance for self-driving travelers with suitable parking spaces, which is also part of sustainable tourism. Technology developers are seeking to understand and cater to the needs and preferences of Generation Y consumers in South Africa when it comes to utilizing virtual reality glasses for travel destination determination [6]. For new technological capabilities such as VR, VR technology can be used to take photos of a B&B, allowing travelers from other countries to explore the location and make an informed decision about wanting to travel there. This is also one of the purposes of using new technologies to achieve sustainable tourism. Events booking and ticketing, and the provision of meals to travelers as well as tour guides are also areas of interest [7]. For B&B, it is crucial to use a good online booking platform to expand their customer base and achieve marketing purposes. It is also an important aspect of sustainable tourism that makes good use of Internet technology. Students were not marked according to the success of the event but on their reflection on how it went and how they could have improved it [8]. This is just like receiving tourists in a B&B. Due to the disorderly behavior of tourists, the staff’s emotional IQ response and control abilities need to be learned and strengthened. This is a bonus for sustainable tourism. The relevance of emotional solidarity to perceived risk, MES (Multidimensional Ethics Scale), and support for homestays were explored in [9]. During the COVID-19 pandemic, B&B needed to pay more attention to emotional management and skills, which helped improve tourists’ awareness of B&B operators in sustainable tourism. The required MIS course presents natural opportunities to leverage standard course coverage in advanced querying in Microsoft Access and multi-dimensional data analysis using Microsoft Excel to accomplish this objective [10]. MIS is also a new technical knowledge that B&B operators must learn, which helps to improve the integrated management capabilities of B&B and promote the goal of sustainable tourism. This contributes a contextual update of emotional episodes by providing a detailed account of various emotions in the entire disconnecting/reconnecting travel experience [11]. Next, we investigated the emotion and experience of travelers. Travel transitions in different cities should follow the transition of different happy emotions. B&B staff should calm travelers’ anxiety before traveling and communicate in detail about accommodation regulations and explanations of nearby attractions. This is also an important aspect of sustainable tourism. The innovation output is still not high. The main reason is the lack of capital investment and talent investment in R&D personnel and R&D investment [12]. By emphasizing the importance of strategic innovation and continuous investment in financial capabilities, B&B operators should invest in the driving force and innovation of sustainable growth and customer satisfaction for sustainable tourism development. Through hands-on experience, students can apply their learning, develop skills, and start building a professional network. They can gain exposure to real-world scenarios in their industry and understand the various roles and responsibilities they will encounter in their future careers [13]. Part-time job exchange is a popular business method in B&B. It allows students to experience sustainable tourism in B&B early and learn the skills and abilities in the four major aspects. Employing 3D model viewers for virtual tours is simple. The ability to learn various technical courses (TS), including new technologies, such as 3D, VR, and AI is beneficial, as shown in [14]. It is very important to apply VR to the marketing and promotion skills of B&B sustainable tourism. Trends in travelers’ use of the Internet suggest that there is a growing bifurcation between traditional online travelers. Online travel introduction and hotel booking has become a trend [15]. Online introduction to tourist attractions and online booking of B&B have become a trend. Updating traditional methods and continuing to invest in new technologies (TS) and innovation is the spirit of sustainable B&B tourism. The most obvious message from this research is that privately owned public transit, e.g., taxi, continues to dominate urban travel among every segment of the study population in Addis Ababa [16]. Sustainable tourism in B&B must consider whether tourists’ transportation is by taxi, public transportation, or self-driving to the B&B, and explain the itinerary to meet the needs of tourists. Despite a lack of travel skills training during the transition planning process, travelers often lack the order of travel planning [17]. Travelers often have difficulty determining the sequence of travel plans, and this study recommends that B&B operators should constantly update local tourism information and provide travelers with guidance on the best sequence of travel activities. B&B operators can provide tourists with a variety of travel itinerary suggestions, and the explanation of these suggestions is also an important part of sustainable tourism. Digital transformation is reshaping the service industry in profound ways. The integration of technologies such as big data, IoT, blockchain, cloud computing, and AI is driving a fundamental shift in the way service organizations operate and engage with their customers. As highlighted previously, digital transformation is profoundly reshaping the service industry [18]. Smart homes and smart B&B are becoming popular, and integrating technology promotion into B&B sustainable tourism is also a key new technology element. Analyzing the global tourism industry and the local B&B association provides updates to the official tourism information big data Tourism and Travel Competitiveness Index (TTCI) [19], where the latest tourism information and competition data can be obtained. The promotion and development of B&B sustainable tourism can also analyze the regions or countries where marketing tourists are located based on the published number of inbound and outbound tourists. Ethnic minority women and tourism [20]. The authenticity and unique experience of B&B photos significantly affect the trust of the accommodation platform, highlighting the importance of clearly positioning the unique style of B&B. The positioning of the B&B’s characteristic style must be clear, and the actual presentation of real photos, videos, and explanations of the B&B is very important for the sustainable tourism management of the B&B. Among the five types of landscape features, cultural and social landscapes play an important role in enhancing tourist satisfaction as the core factors influencing tourists’ psychological perceptions [21]. B&B needs to integrate the local cultural landscape and learn to introduce it to tourists. This requires strengthening in terms of technical (TS) capabilities and marketing capabilities to achieve sustainable tourism. Our identification of the significant impact of biodiversity protection on altruistic values among tourists raises intriguing questions about the underlying mechanisms driving this relationship [22]. Sustainable tourism management of B&Bs needs to cover guided tours and explanations of mountains, forests, rural areas, animals and plants, and environmental conservation. These training courses are related to the importance of sustainable tourism when considering the extent to which the effects of different independent variables on the dependent variable vary with the spatial scale [23]. For example, promoting tourist accommodation in rural areas to the overcrowded urban population, thereby attracting rural employment, and balancing urban and rural areas is also a part of sustainable tourism development. B&B travelers also know no boundaries [24]. Tourists can come from all over the world, and the promotion of sustainable tourism in B&B will attract more tourists from all over the world to stay and experience it. By taking a holistic approach to managing agritourism, it is possible to maximize its potential benefits while reducing its negative impacts [25]. The promotion of B&B sustainable tourism in rural areas is more in line with the environmentally friendly tourism economy. Tourist expectations of a unique experience are dynamic and influenced by a variety of factors [26]. Travelers have high expectations to experience a stress-relieving leisure life during travel, and sustainable tourism in B&B can provide travelers with local cultural experiences in this regard. The platform incorporates a point-based system through which local residents can obtain points by expressing their views and suggestions on the platform [27]. Travelers can review the B&B where they have stayed through Google Maps to earn points. This is also one of the evaluations that tests the implementation of sustainable tourism in B&B. The CS participants enhance the AI’s identification capabilities through real-time data provision. This parameter captures tourism dimensions related to the role of tourism in developing and uplifting economically poor communities [28,29,30]. According to this document, B&B sustainable tourism uses the ability of big data AI to analyze and prepare in advance the tourist season and provide preferential project planning for economically disadvantaged communities to achieve the key conditions of sustainable tourism to which everyone can travel.

The core competitiveness of employment in the B&B sustainable tourism industry includes the following: (1) social-emotional (EQ) capabilities, (2) technological (TS) innovation capabilities, (3) financial planning capabilities (FS), and especially (4) marketing capabilities (MK). These four aspects are the key professional core competencies for the sustainable tourism development of B&B. The importance of these core competencies and the development of B&B professional skills are also key aspects of tourism education. In an era driven by artificial intelligence, sustainable tourism development is about countries around the world strengthening their industries by integrating new technologies. This turnaround not only provides a new core direction for B&B staff, in line with the spirit of sustainable tourism but also increases the demand for a labor market with modern skills in line with world trends. Therefore, B&B operators must update existing service standards and professional core skills to keep up with the technological advancement of sustainable tourism and changing market demands to achieve a sustainable B&B tourism industry. By adopting the four innovative core capabilities identified in this study, B&B operators can upgrade their management to adapt to advanced sustainable tourism technologies and changing market dynamics. The content perspective of the above literature strongly supports the importance of core competencies in this study. These key factors are crucial to the practice of sustainable tourism in B&B.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. Study Methods

We established an expert research group, conducted discussions based on the literature, held meetings and discussed our findings, identified the 40 key aspects and 40 sub-topics related to B&B sustainable tourism (

Table A1. Questionnaires.

A Study on the Performance of B&B Operations is Conducted in Sustainable Tourism (Questionnaire)
Domain 1.	Social-Emotional Quotient (EQ) Ability
1-1.	Tenants who leave false negative reviews online should not be outraged and fight back
1-2.	Passengers who booked online could not contact anyone and did not pay. Even if they did not come to check in, the B&B did not reserve their rooms and they were angry and reprimanded for this behavior.
1-3.	In a B&B that does not accept pets, if a guest secretly brings a pet, causing dirt and damage, and the guest fails to compensate and writes a false negative review afterwards, he should be sued in court angrily.
1-4.	The guest’s child had diarrhea on the bed and the room was damaged and could not be cleaned. The guest was unwilling to compensate and gave a negative review.
1-5.	You are a staff member who is resilient enough to tolerate irrational behavior and guide travelers to protect the environment.
1-6.	If the guest exceeds the latest check-in time of the day, the reception desk staff will continue to wait for the guest, and the customer-first system will be infinitely tolerant.
1-7.	When you encounter an irrational guest, your mood can immediately change from anger to a happy mood to receive the next guest without being affected.
1-8.	The guest’s request to use the kitchen barbecue meat and the large refrigerator should not be accepted if the B&B’s regulations do not allow barbecue. If the guest cannot accept it, the guest should be refused to stay.
1-9.	B&Bs should proactively contact guests before check-in to communicate and inform guests of the check-in rules. If guests do not comply with check-in policies, you can be patient and proactive in communicating without getting angry.
1-10.	You will encourage your employees to proactively address travelers’ legitimate needs and services and improve their reviews
Domain 2.	Technical Skills (TS) Ability
2-1.	B&Bs should provide breakfast to guests to improve quality and enhance the sustainable tourism experience.
2-2.	B&B operators should learn to obtain a local environmental tour guide license and understand local literature and history to prepare for sustainable tourism.
2-3.	B&B operators should take plumbing courses and learn about maintaining infrastructure.
2-4.	B&B operators should take gardening courses to learn layout and maintenance skills to add local sustainable tourism features.
2-5.	B&B operators take simple carpentry courses to learn how to use tools and strengthen the maintenance of environmental facilities.
2-6.	B&B operators should learn housekeeping courses so that B&Bs can have a good sustainable tourism environment.
2-7.	Learn the interpersonal communication and coordination skills and life experience sharing to communicate with tourists from all over the world about the importance of sustainable tourism.
2-8.	You must learn to reset your enthusiasm and start over, stay curious about new things, and learn again.
2-9.	Take a space design course to find out the characteristics of the B&B space and add color to sustainable tourism.
2-10.	To manage reservations for the correct number of rooms to prevent over-selling.
Domain 3.	Financial Management (FM) Skills Ability
3-1.	Reasonably plan B&B housing prices to ensure reasonable accommodation costs for tourists and achieve the goal of sustainable tourism.
3-2.	Combined with vacant rooms in nearby B&Bs, they are sold together to increase tourists’ experience of sustainable tourism.
3-3.	The rationalization of various promotional offers in house prices is combined with the pricing plan of small travel packages from local merchants.
3-4.	Attend a B&B tax cost accounting refresher course.
3-5.	B&Bs need to apply for international tourist visa cards/China Unicom/invoices to facilitate tourist companies to reimburse accounts and collect payments, in line with the legitimacy of sustainable tourism.
3-6.	Buying a house or renting a house to operate a B&B requires (financial planning, cost, profit and loss, rationality) to achieve sustainable tourism.
3-7.	If guests request early check-in, additional fees will be charged to make up for the reasonableness of the charges.
3-8.	The price fluctuation design of each booking website rationalizes the pricing planning for weekdays and holidays.
3-9.	Guests should not receive discounts for repeated stays, but should improve the quality of the accommodation environment by improving the quality of the accommodation environment. Do not use price reductions to attract regular and high-quality guests to come back. This is the policy of sustainable tourism.
3-10.	Participate in financial planning courses and provide innovative service support to achieve the goal of sustainable tourism.
Domain 4.	Marketing Skills (MS) Ability
4-1.	Actively participate in Changhua County B&B social gatherings and exchange activities to keep abreast of new tourism information and increase the interactivity of sustainable tourism.
4-2.	Participate in tourism promotion activities to increase the exposure of B&B operators and promote sustainable tourism B&Bs.
4-3.	The rationalization of various promotional discounts on house prices is combined with the sustainable tourism promotion plan of small travel packages from local merchants.
4-4.	Producing B&B virtual reality shooting VR and AI to operate FB, LINE and other communities will gain more exposure than setting up intersection signs.
4-5.	Establish an official VR image website for your own B&B and update it with sufficient information and activities.
4-6.	Combined with local food and agricultural education, we plan small travel itineraries for local literary and artistic works, combine with B&B space art and culture joint exhibitions, joint marketing activities, and packaged sales to create a win-win situation and add points to sustainable tourism.
4-7.	Promote the characteristics of sustainable tourism B&B through major domestic and foreign booking websites and sales platforms.
4-8.	Through internet celebrity photography, specific print magazine ads, community yearbook ads, and joint marketing with travel agencies, we convey the image of sustainable tourism B&B.
4-9.	Make mascots with the logo of the B&B and give them to guests to increase the number of repeat visitors and deepen the impression of a sustainable tourism B&B.
4-10.	Actively contact the welfare committees of major companies and associations to provide accommodation package discounts and sustainable tourism promotion plans.

), and formed the professional core competencies required for B&B sustainable tourism.

The criteria for selecting participants were as follows:

• Individuals who express a willingness to contribute to an expert research group.
• Professionals who have been actively engaged in their respective fields for more than three years to ensure deep understanding and experience.
• Group members must be able to spare at least two hours of their time to attend two group meetings to facilitate adequate discussion and analysis.

Table 2 outlines the composition and background details of the group, providing a clear overview of the expertise and diversity within the group. This structured approach ensures a comprehensive and informed analysis of the necessary capabilities for the B&B sustainable tourism industry.

This study carefully selected 43 B&B operators to fill in the questionnaires, of which 30 were valid questionnaires. At the same time, 10 experts with professional knowledge in the fields of B&B management and tourism education were carefully selected. The participants included leading members of the County B&B Association and civil servants involved in government tourism management affairs. There were 10 valid questionnaires for the experts. A skill competency analysis utilizing a seven-point Likert scale was used to assess and validate identified competencies

3.2. Research Tools

This study uses a questionnaire (as shown in Table A1) compiled by an expert research team to collect experts’ opinions on the appropriateness of the four major aspects of Taiwan’s vocational skills and abilities, specifically used to study the sustainable tourism business performance capabilities of B&Bs. The K–S Z test was used to analyze the questionnaire data collected using Google Forms. The steps involved in this process include distributing the questionnaire via Google Forms, collecting responses, and then applying the K–S Z test directly to the collected data to ensure its reliability and validity. This approach allowed for a thorough analysis of the questionnaire responses and supported the research conclusions regarding the basic capabilities of B&B sustainable tourism operations. In order to assess the relevance and practicality of the four core competencies outlined in this study, we conducted an extensive questionnaire survey, including 43 carefully selected B&B operators, 30 valid questionnaires, and a group of ten experts. Members of the expert group include senior executives of B&B enterprises that have been operating for more than three years, well-known scholars in the field of B&B tourism education, well-known members of the county B&B association, and senior professionals from the guidance department of the government tourism bureau. The selection of these ten experts was guided by strategies suggested by Krejci and Morgan, ensuring a comprehensive and representative assessment of capabilities. The survey was efficiently administered via Google Forms to facilitate streamlined data collection and analysis. Table 1 provides detailed professional backgrounds of these experts, providing transparency and adding depth to the insights they contribute. In addition, Figure 2 visually describes the methodological process and sequential steps of this study, presenting a clear flow chart of the research method. This structured approach significantly increased the clarity and systematic exploration of the essential skills required for effective B&B management, thus enhancing the validity and applicability of the study to real-world settings.

4. Results

Statistical analysis was performed based on the collected questionnaires. The statistics of the two sets of questionnaires (the questionnaire method for B&B operators and expert questionnaire survey method, shown in

Table 3. The core aspects of 30 valid questionnaires.

Indicator Label	Mean	SD	Z Value	p Value		Mean of Domains	Rank of Domains
1-1	5.17	1.931	2.191	0.000	**	4.379	4
1-2	2.93	2.288	1.304	0.067
1-3	3.33	2.426	0.913	0.375
1-4	2.47	1.943	1.852	0.002	**
1-5	3.5	2.224	0.626	0.828
1-6	2.73	2.132	1.226	0.099
1-7	5.7	1.765	3.182	0.000	**
1-8	5.93	1.837	3.469	0.000	**
1-9	5.6	2.044	3.052	0.000	**
1-10	6.43	1.04	3.834	0.000	**
2-1	4.57	2.501	2.008	0.001	**	5.404	3
2-2	4.1	1.423	3.286	0.000	**
2-3	5.17	1.84	2.582	0.000	**
2-4	4.2	0.925	2.739	0.000	**
2-5	5.4	1.754	2.634	0.000	**
2-6	6.07	1.388	3.286	0.000	**
2-7	6.43	1.223	3.834	0.000	**
2-8	5.83	1.949	3.599	0.000	**
2-9	5.6	1.793	2.765	0.000	**
2-10	6.67	0.606	4.017	0.000	**
3-1	6.77	0.626	4.564	0.000	**	5.717	1
3-2	6.47	1.008	4.017	0.000	**
3-3	6.27	0.907	2.921	0.000	**
3-4	6.33	0.758	2.739	0.000	**
3-5	3.83	1.683	2.921	0.000	**
3-6	6.4	0.968	3.469	0.000	**
3-7	3.93	2.288	1.122	0.162
3-8	6.5	0.82	3.925	0.000	**
3-9	4.4	2.444	1.904	0.001	**
3-10	6.27	0.907	2.739	0.000	**
4-1	6.57	1.135	4.382	0.000	**	5.624	2
4-2	6.57	0.971	4.199	0.000	**
4-3	2.07	2.599	2.686	0.000	**
4-4	5.67	2.073	3.417	0.000	**
4-5	6.23	1.547	3.834	0.000	**
4-6	6.5	1.225	4.199	0.000	**
4-7	6.33	0.959	3.195	0.000	**
4-8	5.5	1.358	2.008	0.001	**
4-9	5.03	1.732	1.826	0.003	**
4-10	5.77	1.223	2.739	0.000	**

** p < 0.01.

and

Table 4. The core aspects of 10 valid expert questionnaires.

Indicator Label	Mean	SD	Z Value	p Value		Mean of Domains	Rank of Domains
1-1	5.000	2.055	1.265	0.082		4.410	4
1-2	4.300	2.003	1.039	0.230
1-3	5.500	1.716	1.265	0.082
1-4	1.700	1.494	0.949	0.329
1-5	1.800	1.751	1.107	0.172
1-6	1.800	2.201	1.491	0.023	*
1-7	6.300	1.059	1.897	0.001	**
1-8	5.800	1.989	1.897	0.001	**
1-9	5.400	1.578	1.265	0.082
1-10	6.500	0.707	1.897	0.001	**
2-1	3.700	2.312	0.632	0.819		5.240	2
2-2	3.800	1.317	1.265	0.082
2-3	5.000	2.000	1.054	0.216
2-4	3.600	1.578	1.265	0.082
2-5	4.800	2.098	0.949	0.329
2-6	6.200	1.619	2.214	0.000	**
2-7	6.600	0.966	2.530	0.000	**
2-8	6.200	1.135	1.897	0.001	**
2-9	5.800	1.476	1.581	0.013	*
2-10	6.700	0.483	2.214	0.000	**
3-1	6.600	0.699	2.214	0.000	**	5.590	1
3-2	5.900	1.524	1.897	0.001	**
3-3	6.000	0.667	0.949	0.329
3-4	5.900	0.876	1.265	0.082
3-5	4.300	0.949	1.897	0.001	**
3-6	6.500	0.707	1.897	0.001	**
3-7	4.600	1.838	1.160	0.136
3-8	6.100	0.738	0.949	0.329
3-9	4.000	2.494	0.813	0.523
3-10	6.000	1.054	1.265	0.082
4-1	6.100	1.449	2.214	0.000	**	5.100	3
4-2	6.500	0.850	2.214	0.000	**
4-3	1.400	2.221	1.762	0.004	**
4-4	4.700	2.541	1.446	0.031	*
4-5	6.300	0.823	1.581	0.013	*
4-6	6.600	0.699	2.214	0.000	**
4-7	4.800	1.476	0.949	0.329
4-8	4.700	1.829	0.632	0.819
4-9	4.700	1.567	1.581	0.013	*
4-10	5.200	1.135	1.265	0.082

* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01.

) are as follows. The significant analysis results are described below.

4.1. Questionnaire Method for B&B Operators

The core aspects of 30 valid questionnaires are shown in Table 3.

It can be seen from Table 3 that the rankings of the four main aspects of B&B operators are organized according to the average scores analyzed using the SPSS K–S Z value test (Kolmogorov–Smirnov Z). The order is as follows: Domain 3 --> Domain 4 --> Domain 2 --> Domain 1. Similarly, the performance ranking was conducted [31], where a p value < 0.01(**) is very significant and p value < 0.05(*) is significant.

In Domain 3, B&B operators attach great importance to the financial planning and management capabilities of this aspect and believe that these projects are the key factors to ensure sustainable tourism in B&B. In B&B operations, good financial planning capabilities reward and support employees’ innovation and sustainable management capabilities, which is the key to ensuring the sustainable development of the tourism industry. The following is a detailed explanation of some (**)(*) very significant key items:

Reasonable housing price planning can ensure the sustainable operation of B&B and make tourists feel value for money. Pricing should take into account market demand, competition, and operating costs to ensure that it neither loses money nor maintains a stable long-term income. Cooperating with neighboring B&B to jointly sell vacant rooms can improve room utilization, reduce resource waste, and provide tourists with more choices. Such cooperation can promote the common development of the local tourism industry and achieve the goal of sustainable tourism. Combining room rate promotions with small travel packages from local businesses will not only attract more tourists but also boost the local economy. Such joint pricing solutions can improve the overall traveler experience and promote sustainable tourism. Mastering taxation and cost accounting knowledge can better manage the financial status of B&B and reduce operational risks. Participating in relevant courses can improve the financial management capabilities of operators and ensure the long-term and stable operation of B&Bs. Such measures can enhance the competitiveness of homestays and promote the development of sustainable tourism. Before deciding to buy a house or rent a house as a B&B, one must conduct detailed financial planning and evaluate costs, expected benefits, and feasibility. Ensuring the rationality of investment decisions can reduce risks and ensure the sustainable operation of B&B. A reasonably designed housing price floating mechanism, adjusted according to changes in demand during seasons, weekdays, and holidays, can maximize returns while meeting the needs of different customer groups. This flexible pricing strategy helps achieve the goal of sustainable tourism. We should focus on improving the quality of the accommodation environment and services rather than relying on price cuts to attract guests. This builds a loyal customer base, improves overall guest satisfaction, and contributes to long-term sustainability. Participating in financial planning courses can improve operators’ capabilities in financial management, help them better respond to market changes, and provide innovative services. This will help enhance the competitiveness of homestays and promote sustainable tourism. Through these financial planning and management measures, B&B operators can effectively improve the operating efficiency of B&B, ensure operational stability, and promote the development of sustainable tourism.

In Domain 4, B&B operators attach great importance to the marketing and promotion capabilities of this aspect and believe that these projects are the key factors to ensure sustainable tourism in B&B. In B&B operations, the marketing and promotional capabilities are very important cornerstones in ensuring the sustainable development of the tourism industry. The following is a detailed explanation of some (**)(*) very significant key items.

By participating in local B&B social gatherings and exchange activities, operators can obtain the latest tourism information and trends, interact and learn from peers, and improve their management level. These activities can also promote cooperation between B&B and promote the development of sustainable tourism. Actively participating in various tourism promotion activities can increase the popularity and exposure of B&B. Our findings indicate that neither the federation staff nor the training institutes were aware of the selection criteria and current process of the Training of Trainers (ToT) [32]. Through these activities, operators can promote the sustainable tourism features of B&B to tourists and attract more tourists who are interested in environmental protection and culture. Combining room rate promotions with small travel packages from local businesses can attract more tourists while boosting the local economy. Such joint promotional programs can enhance the overall tourist experience and promote sustainable tourism. Using VR and AI technology to create a virtual reality display of the B&B and promoting it through social media platforms such as Facebook and LINE can increase the exposure of the B&B and attract more young and technology-savvy customers. People who had never used human telemedicine and did not wish to try the services were less fearful [33]. Establishing an official website with VR function and regularly updating the information and activities of the B&B can provide tourists with a more intuitive experience and enhance the attraction. The current study investigates rather less explored factors and posits that the hotels are more likely to adopt digital technologies when their digital maturity is achieved [34]. Actual photos are linked using the strongest associative words in non-VR and VR sessions [35]. This helps to enhance the brand image and promote sustainable tourism. Planning small travel itineraries related to local food, agricultural education, and literary and artistic works, and combining the space of the B&B with art and culture exhibitions can enrich tourists’ experiences, enhance the cultural value of the B&B, and promote sustainable tourism. Using major domestic and foreign booking websites and sales platforms to promote the sustainable tourism features of homestays can attract more tourists from different regions, increase room bookings, and expand market influence. Cooperating with internet celebrities to shoot promotional videos and placing advertisements in specific print magazines and social media can increase the exposure and influence of the homestay. Joint marketing with travel agencies can increase the source of tourists and improve market coverage. Making a mascot with the B&B logo and giving it to guests can not only increase the return rate of tourists but also deepen their impression of the B&B, promote word-of-mouth communication, and promote sustainable tourism. Actively contacting major companies and association welfare committees to provide preferential accommodation packages and sustainable tourism promotion plans can attract more group travelers, increase the occupancy rate of B&B, and promote the development of sustainable tourism. Through these marketing and promotion measures, B&B operators can effectively enhance the popularity and attractiveness of B&B and promote the development of sustainable tourism.

In Domain 2, B&B operators attach great importance to the technical capabilities of this aspect and believe that sustainable B&B tourism projects are key factors. In B&B operations, technical capabilities represent an important cornerstone for ensuring sustainable tourism. The following is a detailed explanation of some (**)(*) very significant key items.

Providing breakfast can not only enhance guests’ stay experience but also showcase local food culture and further promote sustainable tourism. Breakfast can use local organic ingredients to reduce the carbon footprint of food and support local agriculture. Obtaining an environmental tour license and gaining a deeper understanding of local culture and history can provide guests with a more in-depth travel experience. This not only helps to enhance guests’ travel experience, but also promotes the protection and inheritance of local culture. It can also provide the quality of service (QoS) needed by applications [36]. Mastering basic water and electricity knowledge and skills can ensure that the facilities in the B&B operate well and reduce the impact of emergencies. Regular maintenance of facilities helps conserve resources, reduce operating costs, and improve guest comfort. Gardening skills can be used to beautify the B&B environment and create comfortable leisure areas. Planting native plants not only enhances the aesthetics but also contributes to biodiversity and environmental protection, adding to the character of sustainable tourism. Carpentry skills contribute to the daily maintenance and innovation of the B&B. Operators can repair furniture or make some small facilities by themselves, which can save costs and add unique and personalized elements to the B&B. Maintaining high standards of housekeeping not only increases guest satisfaction but also ensures environmental hygiene and health. Learning to use environmentally friendly cleaning products can help reduce environmental pollution and embody the concept of sustainable tourism. Good interpersonal communication skills can promote the interaction between operators and guests and provide more considerate services. Sharing the importance of sustainable tourism with tourists around the world will help increase guests’ environmental awareness and promote the development of sustainable tourism. Operators need to constantly learn and adapt to new things to cope with market changes and challenges. Maintaining curiosity and an open attitude will help innovation and progress and enhance the competitiveness of B&Bs. Mastering space design skills can effectively utilize every inch of space in a B&B to create a comfortable and unique accommodation environment. Reasonable design can not only enhance the guest experience, but also promote efficient use of resources and reflect the value of sustainable tourism. By managing your room reservations properly, you can avoid overselling and guest dissatisfaction. At the same time, ensuring appropriate occupancy rates helps protect facilities, improve service quality, and lay a solid foundation for sustainable development. Through the cultivation of these technical capabilities, B&B operators can improve the service quality of B&B, enhance their competitiveness, and promote the development of sustainable tourism.

In Domain 1, B&B operators attach great importance to the social-emotional (EQ) management ability, and believe that these projects are the key factors in doing a good job in sustainable B&B tourism. In B&B operations, good emotional management ability is an important cornerstone for ensuring sustainable tourism. The following is a detailed explanation of some (**) very significant key items.

When encountering false negative reviews, operators should remain calm and avoid getting angry and fighting back. You can respond to comments politely, express that you value customer feedback, and offer solutions or clarify facts. This not only demonstrates a professional and responsible attitude but also avoids further conflicts and helps improve the image of the B&B. Suppose the guest’s child had diarrhea on the bed, the room was damaged by bedding and could not be cleaned, and the guest was unwilling to compensate and gave a negative review. Faced with this situation, the operator needs to remain calm and empathetic. First, reassure the guest, then explain to them the impact of the damaged bedding on the property, and try to negotiate a solution. If a consensus cannot be reached, remain professional and do not let emotions affect the next guest. When you encounter the last irrational guest, your mood can immediately change from anger to a happy mood to receive the next guest without being affected. This requires high EQ support. Operators should learn to quickly adjust their emotions, such as taking deep breaths or taking a short break to restore calm, to ensure that they welcome every new guest in a happy mood and maintain a high level of service quality. The guest’s request to use the kitchen barbecue meat and the large refrigerator should not be accepted if the B&B’s regulations do not allow barbecue. If the guest cannot accept it, the guest should be refused to stay. When the guest makes a request that does not comply with the B&B’s regulations, the operator should refuse firmly but politely and explain why. This helps to maintain the standards of the B&B and the rights of other guests. If this is not acceptable to the guest, they should be advised to find other more suitable accommodation options. Taking the initiative to contact guests and communicate the check-in rules before they check in can prevent many problems. When guests do not follow the rules, operators should patiently explain the importance of the rules, take proactive actions to solve the problem, remain calm and professional, and ensure service quality. Operators should encourage employees to proactively meet guests’ legitimate needs and services, which will not only increase guest satisfaction but also promote positive reviews. A positive service attitude and professional performance can establish a good reputation for B&B and promote sustainable tourism. Through these social-emotional management measures, B&B operators can effectively improve service quality, enhance guest satisfaction, and promote the sustainable development of B&B.

In B&B operations, the success of sustainable tourism relies on multi-faceted capabilities and management. First of all, a high level of social and emotional management skills (EQ) can help operators calmly handle various challenges and customer complaints, maintain a professional and friendly service attitude, and improve customer satisfaction. Secondly, marketing and promotion capabilities can increase the exposure and attractiveness of homestays through effective publicity and cooperation and attract more customers who value sustainable tourism. Technical capabilities ensure the reliability of the B&B’s service quality and infrastructure, and enhance guests’ accommodation experience. In addition, financial planning and management capabilities ensure the operational stability of the B&B, and achieve long-term sustainable development through reasonable fund management and cost control.

4.2. Expert Questionnaire Survey Method

We used the K–S test to conduct a questionnaire analysis on the core competencies of the B&B sustainable tourism profession. After sending the expert questionnaire to 10 experts for responses, the collected data were organized and analyzed using the SPSS K–S Z value test (Kolmogorov–Smirnov). The core contents of the 10 valid questionnaires are shown in Table 4.

It can be seen from Table 4 that the rankings of the four main aspects of the expert questionnaire response statistics are organized according to the average scores analyzed using the SPSS K–S Z value test (Kolmogorov–Smirnov Z). The order is: Domain 3 --> Domain 2 --> Domain 4 --> Domain 1, where a p value < 0.01(**) is very significant, and a p value < 0.05(*) is significant. Whether the distribution of responses deviates significantly from the normal distribution, the method helps understand consensus or differences among expert responses.

In Domain 3, experts attach great importance to the financial planning and management capabilities in this aspect and believe that they are key factors in doing a good job in sustainable tourism projects such as homestays. Experts believe that financial planning to support innovative management capabilities is an important cornerstone to ensure sustainable tourism. The following is a detailed explanation of some (**) (*) very significant key items.

Reasonable housing price planning is the basis for ensuring the sustainable operation of B&Bs. Room rates should be dynamically adjusted based on market demand, seasonal changes, and operating costs to ensure that they not only attract tourists but also cover operating costs and achieve appropriate profits. Such a pricing strategy can help attract more guests who care about sustainable tourism and promote the long-term development of homestays. Cooperating with neighboring B&B to jointly sell vacant rooms can improve room utilization, reduce resource waste, and provide tourists with more choices. This cooperation model can not only increase revenue, but also promote the common development of the local tourism industry and enhance the overall sustainable tourism experience. In order to facilitate international tourists, B&B should provide services such as international tourist visa cards, China Unicom, and invoices, which can make reimbursement and payment more convenient for guests. Financial socialization agents partially had a significant impact on financial management behavior at a productive age in Bandung City [37]. These measures not only improve guest convenience and satisfaction, but also reflect the operator’s emphasis on the legitimacy and transparency of sustainable tourism. Before deciding to buy or rent a house for B&B operation, detailed financial planning must be carried out to evaluate costs, expected benefits, and risks. This includes a thorough analysis of the cost of buying or renting, renovation expenses, day-to-day operating costs, and expected revenue. Only by ensuring that every step is carefully calculated and evaluated can the operation of the B&B be sustainable and economically beneficial. Risk management is especially important for the survival of small businesses [38]. Experts believe that financial planning and management capabilities are key factors in ensuring the success of B&B sustainable tourism. By reasonably planning housing prices, cooperating with neighboring B&Bs, providing convenient payment and reimbursement services, they can earn some income to cover their operation cost [39] and conducting detailed financial assessment and planning, B&B operators can effectively enhance the competitiveness and sustainability of B&B and promote the development of sustainable tourism. Financial education courses and counseling programs should be organized for teachers to enhance their financial literacy [40]. These measures not only contribute to the long-term stable operation of B&B but also provide a high-quality tourism experience and promote the sustainable development of the entire tourism industry.

In Domain 2, experts attach great importance to the technical learning (SK) ability in this aspect and believe that it is a key factor in doing a good job in sustainable tourism projects such as homestays. Experts believe that technical learning ability is an important cornerstone to ensure sustainable tourism. The following is a detailed explanation of some (**) very significant key items.

Taking a housekeeping course can help operators and employees master effective cleaning techniques and standard operating procedures to ensure the hygiene and tidiness of B&Bs. Using environmentally friendly cleaning products and methods can not only enhance guests’ stay experience, but also reduce negative impacts on the environment, in line with the concept of sustainable tourism. Excellent interpersonal communication and coordination skills are crucial for B&B operators. This not only improves the quality of interactions with guests but also promotes cross-cultural exchanges and makes guests feel sincere and enthusiastic. By sharing the concepts and experiences of sustainable tourism, operators can enhance guests’ environmental awareness and promote the development of sustainable tourism. In the rapidly changing tourism industry, operators need to maintain a passion for learning and curiosity about new things. This attitude helps them constantly update their knowledge and skills, adapt to market needs, and innovate their business models. In this way, B&B can continue to attract new guests and remain competitive. By mastering the knowledge and skills of space design, operators can better utilize every inch of space in a B&B to create a distinctive and attractive environment. This not only improves the guest’s stay experience but also reflects the unique style of the B&B, attracting more travelers who pay attention to environmental aesthetics. Correct reservation management is a basic skill for B&B management. Operators should learn how to utilize modern reservation systems to ensure proper room allocation and avoid over-selling and guest dissatisfaction. This not only improves operational efficiency but also maintains guest trust and loyalty. Technical learning ability is an important cornerstone of ensuring the success of sustainable tourism in B&B. By learning key skills such as housekeeping, interpersonal communication, and space design and maintaining enthusiasm and curiosity for new things, B&B operators can continuously improve service quality and innovative business models and promote the development of sustainable tourism. The mastery and application of these skills can not only improve the competitiveness of homestays, but also provide guests with a better and more environmentally friendly travel experience and promote the sustainable development of the entire tourism industry.

In Domain 4, experts attach great importance to the marketing and promotion capabilities of this aspect, and believe that the key factors are to carry out sustainable tourism projects such as homestays. Experts believe that marketing and promotion capabilities are an important cornerstone for ensuring sustainable tourism. The following is a detailed explanation of some (**) very significant key items.

By participating in local B&B social gatherings and exchange activities, operators can obtain the latest tourism information and industry trends, exchange experiences and insights with peers, and enhance cooperation. This helps enhance the vision and capabilities of operators and promotes the interaction and development of sustainable tourism. Actively participating in various tourism promotion activities can increase the exposure of the homestay and attract more potential guests. By promoting the sustainable tourism features of B&B, operators can attract tourists who are interested in environmental protection and sustainable development and enhance their brand image and popularity. The current situation sees nations worldwide focusing on sustainable tourism projects and practices [41]. Combining room rate promotions with small travel packages from local merchants can provide more attractive packages that increase tourist interest and satisfaction. This kind of cooperation can promote local economic development while promoting the concept of sustainable tourism, achieving a win-win situation. Using VR and AI technology to produce virtual reality shots and promoting them through social media platforms such as Facebook and LINE can effectively increase the exposure and appeal of the B&B. These authors have made contributions in areas related to the security of blockchain technology and the future of blockchain technology in accommodation tourism or the application of blockchain technology to smart tourism [42]. This modern marketing method is more attractive to the younger generation of tourists than traditional intersection signs. Establishing an official website with a VR function and regularly updating the information and activities of the B&B can provide tourists with a more intuitive experience and enhance the attraction. A virtual geometry lab application with a van Hiele theory approach that is valid and feasible could be used as one of the online learning media solutions [43]. This helps enhance brand image, increase bookings, and drive sustainable travel. Planning small travel itineraries related to local food, agricultural education and literary and artistic works, and combining the B&B space with art and cultural exhibitions can enrich tourists’ experience, enhance the cultural value of the B&B, and promote sustainable tourism development. Avoiding tourism reduces the island’s capacity for local food production, impacting the rural economy and food sustainability [44]. Making a mascot with the B&B logo and giving it to guests can not only increase the return rate of tourists, but also deepen their impression of the B&B. This marketing strategy can promote word-of-mouth and attract more guests who value sustainable tourism. The significance of this research is primarily related to the analysis of the influence of sociodemographic factors of gastronomic tourists on the development of an agro-tourism destination, as well as other factors [45]. Destination cuisine influences travelers’ decisions to visit. Experts believe that marketing and promotion capabilities are an important cornerstone for ensuring the success of B&B sustainable tourism. By actively participating in exchange activities, formulating reasonable promotion plans, utilizing modern marketing techniques, integrating local cultural resources and providing unique customer experiences, B&B operators can effectively enhance brand awareness and attract more guests interested in sustainable tourism. Promoting the sustainable development of B&B is also a noteworthy topic. For example, a B&B could place high-quality gifts, such as sustainable travel gifts, in the guest rooms in advance before the guests check-in, making the guests feel honored. These can only be achieved through strong financial and marketing support, and also allow tourists to attach greater importance to the advantages of sustainable tourism.

In Domain 1, experts attach great importance to the social-emotional (EQ) management ability of this aspect and believe that it is the key factor in doing a good job in sustainable tourism projects such as homestays. Experts believe that social-emotional (EQ) management capabilities are an important cornerstone of the sustainable development of the tourism industry. The following is a detailed explanation of some (**) very significant key items.

Experts believe that in B&B operations, good social-emotional (EQ) management capabilities are crucial to achieving the goal of sustainable tourism. The following is a detailed explanation of several specific situations, showing how to apply high EQ to improve customer service and cope with challenges: 1. Treat late guests: If the guest exceeds the booked latest check-in time, the counter staff should still wait patiently and show infinite tolerance and understanding. This customer-first attitude not only improves guest satisfaction but also shows the B&B’s commitment to service quality. This approach helps to alleviate the discomfort that guests may have due to travel fatigue or unexpected situations, and also strengthens the brand image of the B&B. Tourism-related VR activities may contribute to positive moods and relieve negative moods [46] AI may be designed to imitate human behavior. Providing convenient payment and reimbursement services can improve tourist satisfaction and increase the international appeal of B&B. 2. Dealing with irrational guests: After facing an emotional or irrational guest, being able to quickly change your emotions from anger or frustration to positivity and joy is very important for receiving the next guest. This requires not only personal emotional regulation capabilities but also corporate culture’s support for employees’ emotional health. This rapid emotional recovery ensures that service quality is not affected by a previous unpleasant interaction. 3. Rules for use of facilities: When guests request to use facilities that do not comply with B&B rules, such as barbecue, employees should clearly and firmly communicate these rules. If a guest cannot accept and insist on these rules, employees should politely but firmly refuse such requests. This approach not only protects the B&B’s operating standards but also demonstrates its commitment to fair treatment of all guests. Social networks help in building greater employee engagement [47]. Many farmers indicated enthusiasm [48]. The B&B industry also needs enthusiastic investment. 4. Proactively meet reasonable needs: Encourage employees to proactively discover and meet the reasonable needs of passengers. This is not limited to responding to guests’ requests, but also includes anticipating services that guests may not have stated but really need. This proactive service attitude can significantly improve customer satisfaction. Visitor comfort and the long-term sustainability of the area [49] enhance the B&B’s reputation and attract more customers through positive customer reviews. The items discussed in this study are the primary sustainability issues faced by B&B operators. For example, emotions must be reset to zero when welcoming the next tourist. These situations also promote the prospects of sustainable tourism development.

Experts believe that through the implementation of these core strategies, the multi-indicator evaluation system can be used to identify the demand preferences of tourists [50]; staff service levels, and overall customer satisfaction can be effectively improved, thereby supporting the sustainable tourism development goals of B&B.

5. Discussion

This study identified 35 competencies identified by B&B operators and 20 competencies identified by experts, divided into 15 highly recognized items and 5 generally recognized items, these key factors are the vital professional core capabilities of the B&B sustainable tourism industry. They include the four main aspects required to comprehensively understand the B&B sustainable tourism industry.

This impact is reflected in both short-term and long-term business management in the tourism industry [51] and this study recommends that B&B operators should constantly update local tourism information and provide travelers with guidance on the best sequence of travel activities. This list of core competencies for the B&B sustainable tourism industry is an important resource for various stakeholders, including government tourism bureaus, local tourism bureaus, existing B&B operators, and those aspiring to enter the industry. This list provides a modern perspective of observation and practice, vital for anyone considering a career in the B&B industry, and encompasses more than just people-related factors. The findings also lay a solid foundation for future research, especially in the development of automation driven by artificial intelligence in the bed and breakfast industry, pointing out key areas for technology integration and service delivery improvements to enhance passenger satisfaction. Such connections enable B&B to customize marketing strategies based on comprehensive data analysis, ensuring alignment with technological advancements and customer satisfaction. B&B provides tourists with free gifts and mood management game items to surprise them [52]. The practical application of these capabilities has been tested and verified at Luyou Humanities B&B in Lugang Town, Changhua County, demonstrating its spirit of sustainable tourism. These abilities help B&B staff quickly adapt to the four core skills, thereby improving service quality and operational efficiency. The research further revealed that the characteristic B&B originated from specialized technical courses and interactive exchanges, verifying the uniqueness and importance of the four main aspects explored in this study. This practical application highlights the key role these capabilities play in improving service quality and operational efficiency in the B&B industry. The recognition by experts and B&B operators highlights the core aspects they value when managing B&B facilities. According to the survey results, experts and B&B operators highly agree on the following aspects: Social-emotional (EQ) management: Operators generally recognize the importance of remaining calm and professional in the face of false negative reviews and unreasonable customer behavior. They emphasize being able to quickly transfer emotions, greet the next guest with a positive attitude, and emphasize the importance of emotional management. Professional technical skills: The operator believes that providing breakfast, obtaining a local tour guide license, understanding facility maintenance, learning gardening and basic carpentry skills are crucial to improving service quality and management efficiency. They emphasized the importance of continuous learning of housekeeping, cleaning, and storage techniques, as well as interpersonal communication and coordination skills, which can help improve customer service quality and satisfaction and strengthen sustainable tourism practices. Financial planning and management: Business owners strongly agree on the need to plan housing prices reasonably, ensure cost calculations, and cooperate with neighboring B&B to jointly sell and set prices. They believe this financial management strategy can improve profitability and market competitiveness. Innovation and learning: Operators emphasize maintaining curiosity about new things and enthusiasm for re-learning, which will help continuous innovation and improve the competitiveness of B&B. They recognize that learning space design can help create unique and attractive accommodation environments that enhance the guest experience. Overall, the recognition from experts and B&B owners reflects their emphasis on emotional management, technical skills, financial planning, and continuous learning and innovation, all of which are key factors in running a successful B&B.

6. Conclusions

This research provides valuable insights into sustainable tourism and management of bed and breakfasts (B&B), providing an important reference for individuals entering the industry, including retirees exploring new career paths. We discuss here several limitations of this study [53], key factors in these four aspects of sustainable tourism efforts, and the small number of judges for the B&B Sustainable Tourism National Championship [54]. It emphasizes strategic guidance for tourism promoters and emphasizes the importance of business acumen and benefit analysis in training programs designed for B&B sustainable tourism managers. This targeted approach aims to promote the progressive development of sustainable B&B tourism. In addition, the study advocates incorporating professional vocational training into sustainable tourism education projects to meet the growing demand for skilled talents in the homestay industry. This comprehensive strategy not only equips aspiring B&B operators with the necessary skills but also ensures they obtain the necessary operating licenses and develop extensive sustainable tourism management capabilities, giving them a solid foundation for success in the industry.

This study demonstrates that while entering the B&B sustainable tourism management industry may seem daunting, akin to climbing a mountain, with the right skills and knowledge, it becomes less daunting. It provides retirees and newcomers with a detailed roadmap to success, facilitating a smoother transition into a profitable B&B sustainable tourism business. Going forward, this study paves the way for further research on the integration of interdisciplinary skills in sustainable tourism management in B&B. It encourages deeper engagement with local culture and hospitality practices, allowing B&B operators to enhance the overall sustainable tourism experience and contribute to national diplomacy by showcasing their local historical and architectural heritage to a global audience. We used non-random sampling to select 10 experts who specialize in learning methods and the evaluation of B&B sustainable tourism, business administration (management) teaching, and the role of technology in business marketing [55]. The findings highlight the strategic importance of acquiring cross-cutting skills in the B&B sustainable tourism industry and highlight the need for a comprehensive marketing strategy, financial expertise, and a strong service orientation. Social network analysis considers “relationships” [56] linking social-emotional associations (EQ). Future research should explore how to effectively combine these different skills to improve the sustainability and profitability of B&B sustainable tourism operations. By cultivating such a broad range of expertise, the B&B sustainable tourism industry is not only able to meet current market demands but also adapt to future industry challenges and opportunities, reaffirming its key role in the global tourism and B&B sustainable tourism sectors. In the discussion, more attention should be paid to the potential application of these findings to artificial intelligence-driven automation in B&B operations. AI is currently being used in “smart” entertainment systems in homes [57]. Artificial intelligence technology can streamline operations, enhance customer service, and optimize pricing and occupancy through predictive analytics. These methods aim to analyze the impact of scientific and technological progress on various aspects of sustainable tourism development [58]. The integration of technologies such as big data, the Internet of Things, blockchain, cloud computing, and artificial intelligence is driving fundamental changes in the way service organizations operate sustainable tourism and interact with customers. Based on the four main structural aspects of this study, further understanding of digital transformation is needed in the future to achieve sustainable B&B tourism. While a p-value of less than 0.05 is a common threshold for statistical significance, this study also considered effect sizes and other aspects of study design that are critical to fully understanding the results. This holistic approach ensures that the research results are robust and practically applicable to the rapidly growing B&B sustainable tourism industry. In future research, various environmental variables and the number of research samples should be added, which will further enrich the multi-faceted content of B&B sustainable tourism research. This study is currently conducting data survey research in Taiwan only. If there is an opportunity in the future, it can be expanded to different countries’ geographical environments to conduct related research and propose more innovative sustainable tourism perspectives and conclusions.