Land Transformations in Irpinia (Southern Italy): A Tale on the Socio-Economic Dynamics Acting in a Marginal Area of the Mediterranean Europe
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- A significant distance from major service centers offering essential services, including education, health and mobility pillars;
- Considerable endowment in terms of natural capital (water, forests, natural areas and anthropic landscapes) and cultural resources (archeological and monumental assets, historical settlements, churches and museums);
- Extreme heterogeneity of the land systems, resulting from the interweaving of complex natural systems, millennial anthropization and climate dynamics.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data
- CORINE Land Cover maps—CLC relative to land use/land cover in the years 1990 and 2018 (https://land.copernicus.eu/en/products/corine-land-cover, accessed on 20 August 2024);
- Demographic data of Irpinia (source ISTAT: years 1990 and 2018, see https://demo.istat.it/?l=en, accessed on 20 August 2024);
- Shapefile of the administrative boundaries of the province of Avellino (https://www.istat.it/notizia/confini-delle-unita-amministrative-a-fini-statistici-al-1-gennaio-2018-2/, accessed on 20 August 2024).
- Nomenclature with three hierarchical levels and 44 classes;
- A minimum mappable unit of 25 hectares;
- Geometric accuracy of 100 m.
2.3. Methodology
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Year | Inhabitants | Foreign Population * |
---|---|---|
1990 | 437,131 | |
2001 | 430,344 | |
2011 | 428,855 | 11,257 |
2018 | 414,109 | 14,590 |
CLC Categories—III Level of Detail | CLC Reclassification |
---|---|
Continuous urban fabric (111) Discontinuous urban fabric (112) Industrial or commercial units (121) Road and rail networks and associated land (122) Mineral extraction sites (131) Dump sites (132) Construction sites (133) | Artificial surfaces (1) |
Non-irrigated arable land (211) | Agricultural areas (2) |
Vineyards (221) | |
Fruit trees and berry plantations (222) | |
Olive groves (223) | |
Pastures (231) | |
Annual crops associated with permanent crops (241) Complex cultivation patterns (242) | Land principally occupied by heterogeneous agricultural areas (3) |
Land principally occupied by agriculture, with significant areas of natural vegetation (243) | |
Agro-forestry areas (244) | |
Broad-leaved forest (311) Coniferous forest (312) Mixed forest (313) | Forests (4) |
Natural grassland (321) | Natural grasslands (5) |
Sclerophyllous vegetation (323) Transitional woodland/shrub (324) | Shrublands (6) |
Beaches, dunes, sands (331) Sparsely vegetated areas (333) | Open spaces with little or no vegetation (7) |
Burnt areas (334) | Burnt areas (8) |
Inland marshes (411) Water Bodies (512) | Water bodies (9) |
Artificial Surfaces | Agricultural Areas | Land Principally Occupied by Agriculture | Forests | Natural Grasslands | Shrubs | Open Spaces with Little Vegetation | Burnt Areas | Water/ Wetland | Total 2018 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Artificial surfaces | 84.07 | 19.98 | 18.37 | 0.88 | 0 | 0.48 | 0.46 | 0 | 0 | 124.24 |
Agricultural areas | 0.18 | 1069.55 | 16.96 | 3.71 | 9.36 | 6.85 | 0.28 | 0 | 0 | 1106.89 |
Land principally occupied by agriculture | 0.75 | 69.51 | 543.09 | 4.88 | 5.28 | 20.94 | 0.28 | 0 | 0 | 644.73 |
Forests | 0.17 | 3.36 | 8.56 | 729.85 | 2.55 | 15.2 | 0.18 | 0 | 0 | 759.87 |
Natural grasslands | 0 | 0.09 | 0 | 0.02 | 19.1 | 0.96 | 0.14 | 0 | 0 | 20.31 |
Shrubs | 0.15 | 3.48 | 1.54 | 5.91 | 1.79 | 95.75 | 0.43 | 0 | 0 | 109.05 |
Open spaces with little vegetation | 0 | 0 | 0.46 | 1.42 | 7.99 | 0.96 | 1.64 | 0 | 0 | 12.47 |
Burnt areas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.53 | 0 | 1.7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3.23 |
Water/Wetland | 0 | 0.85 | 0 | 0.23 | 0 | 0 | 0.25 | 0 | 3.55 | 4.88 |
Total 1990 | 85.32 | 1166.82 | 588.98 | 748.43 | 46.07 | 142.84 | 3.66 | 0 | 3.55 | 2785.67 |
Demographic Trend vs. Artificial Areas | Demographic Trend vs. Agricultural Areas | Demographic Trend vs. Natural Areas |
---|---|---|
−0.02 | −0.36 * | 0.27 |
Group | Range | Number | % |
---|---|---|---|
C1 | 0% | 14 | 11.9 |
C2 | 0–2% | 39 | 33.1 |
C3 | 2–10% | 60 | 50.8 |
C4 | >10% | 5 | 4.2 |
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Ragosta, M.; Daniele, G.; Imbrenda, V.; Coluzzi, R.; D’Emilio, M.; Lanfredi, M.; Matarazzo, N. Land Transformations in Irpinia (Southern Italy): A Tale on the Socio-Economic Dynamics Acting in a Marginal Area of the Mediterranean Europe. Sustainability 2024, 16, 8724. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16198724
Ragosta M, Daniele G, Imbrenda V, Coluzzi R, D’Emilio M, Lanfredi M, Matarazzo N. Land Transformations in Irpinia (Southern Italy): A Tale on the Socio-Economic Dynamics Acting in a Marginal Area of the Mediterranean Europe. Sustainability. 2024; 16(19):8724. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16198724
Chicago/Turabian StyleRagosta, Maria, Giada Daniele, Vito Imbrenda, Rosa Coluzzi, Mariagrazia D’Emilio, Maria Lanfredi, and Nadia Matarazzo. 2024. "Land Transformations in Irpinia (Southern Italy): A Tale on the Socio-Economic Dynamics Acting in a Marginal Area of the Mediterranean Europe" Sustainability 16, no. 19: 8724. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16198724