Sustainability

25 pages, 1242 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Adoption of Agricultural Innovations Within the ‘Farm to Fork’ Strategy: A Realistic Review of Barriers, Paradoxes, and Avenues for Change

by Álvaro Forero, Juan Carlos Cruz and Carolina Muñoz

Sustainability 2025, 17(21), 9493; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17219493 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

The transition towards sustainable agri-food systems, as envisioned in the European Union’s Farm to Fork (F2F) Strategy, largely depends on the incorporation of technological innovations. However, existing literature has predominantly adopted confirmatory approaches focused on general benefits and barriers, without systematically addressing the [...] Read more.

The transition towards sustainable agri-food systems, as envisioned in the European Union’s Farm to Fork (F2F) Strategy, largely depends on the incorporation of technological innovations. However, existing literature has predominantly adopted confirmatory approaches focused on general benefits and barriers, without systematically addressing the conceptual and methodological tensions that arise in the implementation of policies of this magnitude. This study seeks to move beyond an incremental review, offering instead a critical and context-specific analysis. A realist review approach was employed to explore outcomes beyond average effects, guided by the central question: what works, for whom, under what conditions, and why? The selection of studies was based on conceptual relevance, including research on technological adoption within the framework of agricultural sustainability policies, even when explicit references to the F2F Strategy were absent. In addition, an epistemological quality scale was applied to weigh the evidence, distinguishing between different levels of methodological robustness, such as case studies and meta-analyses. The analysis shows that technologies such as precision agriculture and digitalization contribute to the objectives of F2F but also generate unforeseen tensions and contradictions during implementation. Conflicts emerge between environmental sustainability goals and short-term economic viability, especially among certain producer profiles. Barriers to adoption are not generic; rather, they vary according to a differentiated typology of small-scale producers, such as family farmers in peripheral EU regions or those transitioning to organic farming. Findings suggest that a strategy focused solely on technological promotion is insufficient. The main contribution of this study lies in the development of a conceptual framework to understand how technological adoption reshapes the tensions among the different pillars of the F2F Strategy, as well as the conditions under which innovation may hinder, rather than facilitate, the agroecological transition. The study concludes with policy recommendations advocating differentiated interventions tailored to the specific contexts of producers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Sustainability and Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

26 pages, 978 KB

Open AccessReview

Comprehensive Review of Recent Trends in the Use of Deep Eutectic Solvents for the Valorization of Secondary Lignocellulosic Biomass

by Akerke Toleugazykyzy, Kairat Bekbayev, Bakytzhan Bolkenov, Duried Alwazeer, Berdikul Rskeldiyev, Kairat Kuterbekov, Kenzhebatyr Bekmyrza, Asset Kabyshev, Marzhan Kubenova and Serikzhan Opakhai

Sustainability 2025, 17(21), 9492; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17219492 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

Conventional solvents remain the most used media for lignocellulosic biomass valorization. However, these solvents exhibit many limitations and have a negative environmental impact. In the last decade, Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) have emerged as a multifaceted tool in biomass valorization, with a promising [...] Read more.

Conventional solvents remain the most used media for lignocellulosic biomass valorization. However, these solvents exhibit many limitations and have a negative environmental impact. In the last decade, Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) have emerged as a multifaceted tool in biomass valorization, with a promising perspective in the application of lignocellulosic biomass valorization. DESs have gained attention in the last decade as an alternative solvent in biomass valorization and biorefinery processes due to their high efficiency; eco-friendliness; low cost; and numerous other advantages, such as recyclability, non-volatility, and stability. This paper discusses the latest research on the potential applications of DESs in the valorization of secondary lignocellulosic biomass. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

26 pages, 1769 KB

Open AccessArticle

Twin Transition: Digital Transformation Pathways for Sustainable Innovation

by Adel Ben Youssef

Sustainability 2025, 17(21), 9491; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17219491 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

This paper examines how organizations and regions integrate digital transformation with environmental sustainability (“twin transition”). Based on 43 semi-structured expert interviews across 27 countries, we identify five empirically grounded insights. First, adoption is propelled by competitive pressure, external shocks, and rising regulatory and [...] Read more.

This paper examines how organizations and regions integrate digital transformation with environmental sustainability (“twin transition”). Based on 43 semi-structured expert interviews across 27 countries, we identify five empirically grounded insights. First, adoption is propelled by competitive pressure, external shocks, and rising regulatory and stakeholder demands. Second, success depends on internal capabilities—clear leadership vision and workforce skills—together with supportive regional innovation ecosystems. Third, deliberate technological synergies—especially digital twins for lifecycle optimization, Artificial Intelligence (AI)/analytics and Internet of Things (IoT) for monitoring, and blockchain for traceability—enable measurable gains in resource efficiency and environmental performance. Fourth, integration strengthens eco-innovation capacity, resilience to disruption, competitive positioning, and regional innovation dynamics. Fifth, persistent barriers remain; organizational silos, key performance indicators (KPIs) misalignment, rebound effects from digital infrastructures, and uneven regional capabilities. By linking enabling conditions, integration mechanisms, and barriers, the study advances theory and offers actionable guidance for managers and policymakers on realizing the twin transition, using descriptive counts to indicate salience within a purposive expert sample rather than to draw statistical inferences. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrating Digital Technologies for Sustainable and Intelligent Supply Chains in Industry 4.0)

18 pages, 1387 KB

Open AccessArticle

Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Carbon Sequestration Potential Across South Korea: A CASA Model-Based Assessment of NPP, Heterotrophic Respiration, and NEP

by Nam-Shin Kim, Jae-Ho Lee and Chang-Seok Lee

Sustainability 2025, 17(21), 9490; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17219490 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

Achieving carbon neutrality requires a comprehensive understanding of terrestrial carbon dynamics, particularly the capacity of ecosystems to act as carbon sinks. This study quantified the temporal and spatial variability of net primary production (NPP) and net ecosystem production (NEP) across South Korea from [...] Read more.

Achieving carbon neutrality requires a comprehensive understanding of terrestrial carbon dynamics, particularly the capacity of ecosystems to act as carbon sinks. This study quantified the temporal and spatial variability of net primary production (NPP) and net ecosystem production (NEP) across South Korea from 2010 to 2024, assessing long-term carbon sink trends and their implications for carbon neutrality and nature-based solutions (NbSs). Using the Carnegie–Ames–Stanford Approach (CASA) model driven by Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite data and climate variables, we estimated ecosystem carbon fluxes at high spatial and temporal resolutions. In 2024, national NPP totaled 78.63 Mt CO₂ yr⁻¹, with a mean value of 1956.63 t CO₂ ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. High productivity was concentrated in upland forests of Gangwon-do, Mt. Jirisan, and northern Gyeongsangbuk-do, where favorable vegetation indices and climatic conditions enhanced photosynthesis. Lower productivity occurred in urbanized areas and intensively farmed lowlands. Heterotrophic respiration (RH) was estimated at 15.35 Mt CO₂ yr⁻¹, with elevated rates in warm, humid lowlands and reduced values in high-elevation forests. The resulting NEP in 2024 was 63.29 Mt CO₂ yr⁻¹, with strong sinks along the Baekdudaegan Range and localized negative NEP pockets in lowlands dominated by urban development or agriculture. From 2010 to 2024, the spatially averaged NPP increased from 1170 to 1543 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹, indicating a general upward trend in ecosystem productivity. However, interannual variability was influenced by climatic fluctuations, land-cover changes, and data masking adjustments. These findings provide critical insights into the spatiotemporal dynamics of terrestrial carbon sinks in South Korea, offering essential baseline data for national greenhouse gas inventories and the strategic integration of NbSs into carbon-neutral policies. Full article

22 pages, 9378 KB

Open AccessArticle

Lightweight Aggregates with Special Microstructure for Use in Rooftop Garden Design

by Agata Stempkowska

Sustainability 2025, 17(21), 9489; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17219489 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

Continuous urban land development is causing environmental changes. The most visible effects are a decline in biodiversity, an increase in urban temperatures, and changes in the water balance. Recently, very intense and sudden rainfall events have been observed, and existing drainage systems are [...] Read more.

Continuous urban land development is causing environmental changes. The most visible effects are a decline in biodiversity, an increase in urban temperatures, and changes in the water balance. Recently, very intense and sudden rainfall events have been observed, and existing drainage systems are not effective enough. Urban surfaces tend to be impermeable with low retention, so there is no way to respond to both the rainy periods and the drought periods that often follow. A good remedy for these factors is urban greening, which can be achieved through the design of green roofs and living walls. The substrate used for this type of construction should be light, permeable, and retentive. This study aimed to produce artificial aggregate granules with various additives that modify the structure to create open mesopores and facilitate better rainwater management. Through suitable sintering, materials with water absorption of more than 40%, retention in simulated rainfall of over 35% and a bulk density of ~0.70 g/cm³ were obtained. Detailed microstructural analyses were carried out using various microscopic techniques. Strength tests and simple vegetation tests were also carried out. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Sustainable Building Materials)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

33 pages, 1961 KB

Open AccessArticle

Hybrid Hydropower–PV with Mining Flexibility and Heat Recovery: Article 6-Ready Mitigation Pathways in Central Asia

by Seung-Jun Lee, Tae-Yun Kim, Jun-Sik Cho, Ji-Sung Kim and Hong-Sik Yun

Sustainability 2025, 17(21), 9488; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17219488 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

The global transition to renewable energy requires hybrid solutions that address variability while delivering tangible co-benefits and verifiable mitigation outcomes. This study evaluates a novel small hydropower–photovoltaic (SHP–PV) hybrid system in the Kyrgyz Republic that integrates flexible Bitcoin mining loads and waste-heat recovery [...] Read more.

The global transition to renewable energy requires hybrid solutions that address variability while delivering tangible co-benefits and verifiable mitigation outcomes. This study evaluates a novel small hydropower–photovoltaic (SHP–PV) hybrid system in the Kyrgyz Republic that integrates flexible Bitcoin mining loads and waste-heat recovery for greenhouse heating. A techno-economic model was developed for a 10 MW configuration, allocating annual net generation of 57.34 GWh between grid export and on-site mining through a single decision parameter. Mitigation accounting applies a combined margin grid factor of 0.4–0.7 tCO₂/MWh for exported electricity and a diesel factor of 0.26–0.27 tCO₂/MWh_fuel for heat displacement, yielding Article 6–eligible reductions from both electricity and recovered heat. Waste-heat recovery from mining supplies ≈15 MWh_th/year to a 50 m² greenhouse, displacing diesel use and demonstrating visible sustainable development co-benefits. Economic analysis reproduces annual revenues of ≈$1.9 million, with a levelized cost of electricity of $48/MWh and an indicative IRR of ~6%, consistent with positive but modest returns under merchant operation and uplift potential under mixed allocations. This study concludes that componentized accounting—exported electricity credited under grid displacement and diesel displacement credited from recovered heat—ensures Article 6 integrity and positions SHP–PV hybrids as replicable, multi-service renewable models for Central Asia. Unlike prior hybrid studies that treat generation, economics, and mitigation separately, our framework integrates allocation (α), financial outcomes, and Article 6 carbon accounting within a unified structure, while explicitly modeling Bitcoin mining as an endogenous flexible load with thermal recovery—advancing methodological approaches for multi-service renewable systems in climate policy contexts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Sustainability and Applications)

19 pages, 1055 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of Eco-Innovation and Environmental Management Accounting in Fostering Performance Effect by Green Dynamic Capabilities in the Hotel Industry

by Avni Zafer Acar, Pınar Acar, Mustafa Aslan, İpek Yaylalı and Onur Kemal Yılmaz

Sustainability 2025, 17(21), 9487; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17219487 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

Despite growing attention to sustainability in the global tourism industry, empirical evidence explaining how internal organizational capabilities translate into superior environmental performance remains scarce—particularly in emerging markets. This study investigates the performance effects of green dynamic capabilities (GDC) in driving environmental performance in [...] Read more.

Despite growing attention to sustainability in the global tourism industry, empirical evidence explaining how internal organizational capabilities translate into superior environmental performance remains scarce—particularly in emerging markets. This study investigates the performance effects of green dynamic capabilities (GDC) in driving environmental performance in the hotel industry, with a particular focus on the mediating effect of eco-innovation (ECI) and the moderating effect of environmental management accounting (EMA). Although environmental sustainability in tourism has become a global imperative, limited empirical evidence exists on how internal capabilities and accounting practices jointly enhance hotels’ green performance—particularly within emerging economies such as Türkiye. Drawing on dynamic capabilities theory and resource orchestration perspectives, this study addresses this research gap by analyzing survey data collected from 108 managers of Green Key-certified hotels in Türkiye. The developed research framework was tested through Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) using SmartPLS 4. The results reveal that GDCs positively influence environmental performance, and this relationship is significantly mediated by ECI. Moreover, EMA strengthens the positive effect of GDCs on ECI, highlighting its role as an enabling internal infrastructure. These findings suggest that the realization of sustainability outcomes depends not only on the presence of capabilities but also on how these are embedded within innovation processes and internal organizing systems. The study contributes to sustainability and management literature by offering a context-specific understanding of the capability–infrastructure–performance nexus and providing actionable insights for hotel managers in emerging tourism markets. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

35 pages, 4160 KB

Open AccessReview

Re-Engineering of Rolling Stock with DC Motors as a Form of Sustainable Modernisation of Rail Transport in Eastern Europe After Entering EU in 2004—Selected Examples and Problems Observed in Poland and Croatia with Some Perspectives for Ukraine

by Adam Szeląg, Andrzej Chudzikiewicz, Anatolii Nikitenko and Mladen Nikšić

Sustainability 2025, 17(21), 9486; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17219486 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

The introduction of Poland (2004) and Croatia (2013) into the European Union presented the challenge of modernising ageing rail rolling stock equipped with DC traction motors, operating under limited financial and technical resources. In both countries, older and modernised vehicles remain largely equipped [...] Read more.

The introduction of Poland (2004) and Croatia (2013) into the European Union presented the challenge of modernising ageing rail rolling stock equipped with DC traction motors, operating under limited financial and technical resources. In both countries, older and modernised vehicles remain largely equipped with DC traction motors: in Poland, about 86% of electric locomotives, 77% of EMUs, 68% of trams, 29% of metro trains (expected to fall to 0% by 2025), and 8% of trolleybuses use this technology. Although these numbers have declined rapidly over the last decade, DC traction motors have played a crucial transitional role, enabling effective modernisation and extending vehicle life while postponing the costly purchase of new AC-motor rolling stock. In 2022, Ukraine became an EU candidate country and faced similar challenges in aligning its transport sector with European standards. This review analyses the re-engineering strategies adopted in Poland and Croatia, focusing on the technical, organisational, and policy measures that supported sustainable fleet renewal. Using a comparative method based on documentation, case studies, and reports (2004–2024), this study shows that re-engineering can extend service life by 15–25 years, reduce energy use by up to 20%, and improve reliability by 30–40%. Recommendations are outlined for Ukraine’s future modernisation strategy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inter-urban Zero-Emission Rail Technology: Analyses of Emerging Passenger and Freight Transportation System Retrofits)

23 pages, 17165 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sponge City+ Toolkit: Parametric Approaches for Sustainable Water Management and Urban Design

by Ke Xu, Xiangyu Yu, Hanxiang Weng, Shanglin Wu, Ruicong Huang and Wei Mo

Sustainability 2025, 17(21), 9485; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17219485 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

This study proposes the Sponge City+ parametric design toolkit, which integrates low-impact development (LID) measures into urban design to support compliance checking, runoff risk analysis, and optimization of design alternatives. Compliance is evaluated using the annual runoff volume capture ratio (AVCR) calculated via [...] Read more.

This study proposes the Sponge City+ parametric design toolkit, which integrates low-impact development (LID) measures into urban design to support compliance checking, runoff risk analysis, and optimization of design alternatives. Compliance is evaluated using the annual runoff volume capture ratio (AVCR) calculated via the Volume Method, which is the core criterion in sponge city standards. The toolkit combines a measures database, runoff volume control functions, and runoff simulation functions to evaluate and compare design alternatives. Its applicability was tested through case studies of three university campuses in China. These cases were used to: (1) conduct a sensitivity analysis of the toolkit’s response to different LID strategies, ranking three typical LID measures (sunken green spaces > permeable pavements > green roofs) in terms of their contribution to runoff control; (2) perform multi-objective optimization considering cost, runoff control, and peak reduction, which, under ordinary PC computational capacity, efficiently identified 27 qualified solutions out of more than 5000 samples, thereby providing a broader set of design choices while ensuring compliance with runoff control requirements; and (3) demonstrate a design optimization process based on runoff visualization, where human–computer interaction helped avoid potential flood risks during the early design stage. This study demonstrates the potential of a parametric workflow to bridge disciplinary boundaries and support the achievement of global sustainability goals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)

16 pages, 1308 KB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial Differentiation and Driving Mechanisms of Revolutionary Cultural Tourism Resources in Xinjiang

by Runchun Guo and Yanmei Xu

Sustainability 2025, 17(21), 9484; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17219484 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

As a multi-ethnic border region of China, Xinjiang hosts revolutionary cultural tourism resources (RCTRs) that embody historical memory and the spirit of frontier reclamation, while also playing a strategic role in strengthening national identity and maintaining regional stability. Yet, their spatial distribution is [...] Read more.

As a multi-ethnic border region of China, Xinjiang hosts revolutionary cultural tourism resources (RCTRs) that embody historical memory and the spirit of frontier reclamation, while also playing a strategic role in strengthening national identity and maintaining regional stability. Yet, their spatial distribution is highly uneven due to geographical, historical, and socio-economic constraints. This study analyzes 135 representative sites using a dual framework of spatial pattern analysis and driving mechanism quantification. Nearest neighbor index, imbalance index, Lorenz curve, geographic concentration index, kernel density estimation, and hotspot analysis results reveal a clustered “multi-core–peripheral attenuation” pattern with pronounced regional disparities. GIS-based overlay analysis identifies natural thresholds of moderate elevation (834–2865 m) and gentle slopes (0–8.65°), while socio-economic factors such as transportation corridors and population density amplify clustering effects. Geographic Detector results confirm road network density (q = 0.85, p < 0.01) and historical site density (q = 0.79, p < 0.01) as dominant drivers, with interactions between natural and social factors enhancing explanatory power above 0.90. These findings highlight the coupled influence of topographic suitability and socio-economic accessibility. Policy recommendations include optimizing road network layouts, adopting tiered heritage protection, and fostering cross-regional cooperation. The study provides scientific evidence for balanced development and sustainable conservation of RCTRs, contributing to the achievement of sustainable development goals (SDGs) related to cultural heritage, regional equity, and inclusive growth Full article

18 pages, 6833 KB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis of Zirconium Catalysts Supported on Activated Carbon for Catalytic Oxidative Desulfurization of Dibenzothiophene from N-Octane

by Caixia Yang, Lin Zhang, Shaocui Feng, Yan Chen, Jianmei Zou, Huijun He and Qing Zhang

Sustainability 2025, 17(21), 9483; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17219483 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

The growing emphasis on controlling sulfur-containing compounds in fuel oils has driven the development of numerous desulfurization technologies. Among these, catalytic oxidative desulfurization (CODS) has garnered considerable research interest due to its exceptional capability to efficiently remove refractory sulfur compounds, particularly dibenzothiophene (DBT), [...] Read more.

The growing emphasis on controlling sulfur-containing compounds in fuel oils has driven the development of numerous desulfurization technologies. Among these, catalytic oxidative desulfurization (CODS) has garnered considerable research interest due to its exceptional capability to efficiently remove refractory sulfur compounds, particularly dibenzothiophene (DBT), under relatively mild reaction conditions. However, the widespread application of CODS has been hindered by the high cost and complex preparation processes of the catalysts. To enhance the practical potential of CODS, in this study, a novel Zr@AC catalyst was developed by a facile “solution impregnation + high-temperature calcination” strategy, where zirconium species were effectively supported on activated carbon. Experimental results demonstrated that under optimized conditions of 0.1 g catalyst dosage, 2.0 O/S ratio, reaction temperature 100 °C and reaction time 50 min, the Zr@AC-mediated CODS system achieved a remarkable desulfurization efficiency of 97.24% for DBT removal. The removal efficiency of DBT increased by 9.0% compared with non-catalytic systems. The characterization techniques revealed that the Zr@AC catalyst possesses a hierarchically rough surface morphology, high specific surface area, abundant active sites, and distinctive Zr-O functional groups. Kinetic analysis indicated that the oxidation process follows second-order reaction kinetics. Furthermore, the catalyst maintained over 95% desulfurization efficiency after five consecutive regeneration cycles, confirming that the prepared catalyst has the exceptional recyclability and operational stability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pollution Prevention, Mitigation and Sustainability)

21 pages, 309 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing Psychological Well-Being Among Adolescents: A New Multidimensional Instrument for Chilean School Students

by Mónica Bravo-Sanzana, Oscar Terán-Mendoza, Rafael Miranda, Xavier Oriol, Jorge Varela and Manuel Mieres-Chacaltana

Sustainability 2025, 17(21), 9482; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17219482 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

Adolescent psychological well-being is a key component of social and educational sustainability. Strengthening well-being during the school years supports healthy development, academic engagement, and resilience to contemporary challenges. Within the framework of the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, fostering mental health [...] Read more.

Adolescent psychological well-being is a key component of social and educational sustainability. Strengthening well-being during the school years supports healthy development, academic engagement, and resilience to contemporary challenges. Within the framework of the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, fostering mental health and equity in education contributes to more inclusive, cohesive, and peaceful communities. This study aimed to develop and validate the Psychological Well-Being Scale for Adolescents in a Chilean school population. Drawing on Ryff’s multidimensional model, the scale included 32 items and was administered to 8638 high school students from all sixteen regions of Chile. Exploratory Factor Analysis identified a seven-factor structure in which self-acceptance was divided into two dimensions: one associated with self-esteem and achievement, and another with self-appreciation and body image. Confirmatory Factor Analysis demonstrated that the seven-factor model achieved the best fit. The scale showed high internal consistency, adequate convergent validity, and measurement invariance. The Psychological Well-Being Scale for Adolescents is a psychometrically sound and culturally adapted instrument validated with Chilean adolescents in school contexts. Current evidence supports its use for research and applied assessment within Chilean educational settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Quantitative Analysis and Interdisciplinary Approach to the Sustainable Development Goals)

18 pages, 4661 KB

Open AccessArticle

Complementary Agriculture (AgriCom): A Low-Cost Strategy to Improve Profitability and Sustainability in Rural Communities in Semi-Arid Regions

by Fernanda Díaz-Sánchez, Jorge Cadena-Iñiguez, Víctor Manuel Ruiz-Vera, Héctor Silos-Espino, Brenda I. Trejo-Téllez, Alberto García-Reyes, José Luis Yagüe-Blanco and Julio Sánchez-Escudero

Sustainability 2025, 17(21), 9481; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17219481 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

The rural population in semi-arid areas of Mexico suffers from poverty levels that hinder a dignified life, leading to migration and abandonment of their resources. This is exacerbated by climate change (droughts and high temperatures), which negatively impacts crops. While farmers attempt to [...] Read more.

The rural population in semi-arid areas of Mexico suffers from poverty levels that hinder a dignified life, leading to migration and abandonment of their resources. This is exacerbated by climate change (droughts and high temperatures), which negatively impacts crops. While farmers attempt to adapt, their strategies are insufficient. A low-cost Complementary Agriculture (AgriCom) model was designed, using local resources to produce prickly pear (Opuntia ficus-indica Mill.) and corn (Zea mays L.), while simultaneously conserving regional germplasm of Opuntia spp. A randomized block design with three replications was used. Each block included seven varieties, with 125 plants per variety. Corn was grown as a monocrop in the same experimental site. Graphical analysis, analysis of variance with mean comparison test in RStudio, a profitability analysis, and a Land Equivalent (ELU) analysis were performed. The varieties Verdura, Atlixco, and Rojo Liso showed higher yield, internal rate of return, and net present value; their benefit–cost ratios were 7.97, 6.35, and 6.82, respectively. The ELU was greater than 1.0 when combining the prickly pear varieties. Agroclimatic conditions did not allow the corn to complete its phenological cycle, and its ELU was zero. Seventy prickly pear genotypes, with three replicates each, representing eight Opuntia species, were collected and integrated into the periphery of the production unit. This model was accepted by the Climate Action Platform for Agriculture in Latin America and the Caribbean (PLACA) for implementation in other communities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Agriculture)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

19 pages, 543 KB

Open AccessReview

Macro–Meso–Micro: An Integrative Framework for Evolutionary Economics and Sustainable Transitions

by Dimos Chatzinikolaou and Renata Kubus

Sustainability 2025, 17(21), 9480; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17219480 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

This integrative review examines the persistent analytical divide in economics by advancing the macro–meso–micro framework as a comprehensive approach for understanding complex socioeconomic ecosystems and sustainability transitions. Drawing on empirical evidence from European energy systems, particularly Greece and the Region of Eastern Macedonia [...] Read more.

This integrative review examines the persistent analytical divide in economics by advancing the macro–meso–micro framework as a comprehensive approach for understanding complex socioeconomic ecosystems and sustainability transitions. Drawing on empirical evidence from European energy systems, particularly Greece and the Region of Eastern Macedonia and Thrace, we demonstrate that conventional economic analysis has systematically overlooked the crucial meso-level where evolutionary processes are most visible and transformative. This conceptual “myopia” has led to fragmented policy interventions that work at cross-purposes across different analytical levels. By reconceptualizing economic systems as evolving rule populations operating simultaneously at three distinct but interconnected levels, this view offers diagnostic potential for effective adaptation to sustainability transitions. The framework’s greatest contribution lies in its theoretical thoroughness and, most importantly, in its practical capacity to generate more coherent interventions that harness evolutionary dynamics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue International Economy, Business Ecosystems, and Entrepreneurship: Implications for Sustainable Energy Development)

19 pages, 2098 KB

Open AccessArticle

Unraveling Spatial–Temporal and Interactive Impact of Built Environment on Metro Ridership: A Case Study in Shanghai, China

by Qingwen Xue, Lingzhi Cheng, Zhichao Li, Yingying Xing, Hongwei Wang, Hongwei Li and Yichuan Peng

Sustainability 2025, 17(21), 9479; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17219479 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

Urban rail transit, as a green, environmentally friendly, safe, and efficient mode of transportation, plays a crucial role in urban sustainable development. However, the influencing mechanism of build environment factors on rail transit ridership still needs to be further investigated. Also, the interaction [...] Read more.

Urban rail transit, as a green, environmentally friendly, safe, and efficient mode of transportation, plays a crucial role in urban sustainable development. However, the influencing mechanism of build environment factors on rail transit ridership still needs to be further investigated. Also, the interaction effects between these factors have not been considered. This study aims to explore the relationship and impact of built environmental factors on metro ridership. The research employs the Multiscale Geographically Weighted Regression (MGWR) model to analyze the temporal and spatial effects of built environmental factors on the rail transit ridership. The GeoDetector model is utilized to investigate the interactive effects of these factors on rail transit ridership. The Shanghai Metro ridership data and built environment data are applied to validate the model. Based on data analysis results, we found that Food & Beverages and Accommodation services, respectively, have the greatest impact on metro ridership on weekdays and weekends. Furthermore, the interaction effects between other variable and Land use diversity significantly enhance rail transit ridership, validating the promoting effect of land use diversity on metro ridership. By proposing recommendations for relevant urban planning and policy formulation, we can foster the sustainable development of urban rail transit. Full article

18 pages, 1905 KB

Open AccessArticle

Flexible Copper Mesh Electrodes with One-Step Ball-Milled TiO₂ for High-Performance Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

by Adnan Alashkar, Taleb Ibrahim and Abdul Hai Alami

Sustainability 2025, 17(21), 9478; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17219478 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

Advancements in flexible, low-cost, and recyclable alternatives to transparent conductive oxides (TCOs) are critical challenges in the sustainability of third-generation solar cells. This work introduces a copper mesh-based transparent electrode for dye-sensitized solar cells, replacing conventional fluorine doped-tin oxide (FTO)-coated glass to simultaneously [...] Read more.

Advancements in flexible, low-cost, and recyclable alternatives to transparent conductive oxides (TCOs) are critical challenges in the sustainability of third-generation solar cells. This work introduces a copper mesh-based transparent electrode for dye-sensitized solar cells, replacing conventional fluorine doped-tin oxide (FTO)-coated glass to simultaneously reduce spectral reflection losses, enhance mechanical flexibility, and enable material recyclability. Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) photoanodes were synthesized and directly deposited onto the mesh via a single-step, low-energy ball milling process, which eliminates TiO₂ paste preparation and high-temperature annealing while reducing fabrication time from over three hours to 30 min. Structural and surface analyses confirmed the deposition of high-purity anatase-phase TiO₂ with strong adhesion to the mesh branches, enabling improved dye loading and electron injection pathways. Optical studies revealed higher visible light absorption for the copper mesh compared to FTO in the visible range, further enhanced upon TiO₂ and Ru-based dye deposition. Electrochemical measurements showed that TiO₂/Cu mesh electrodes exhibited significantly higher photocurrent densities and faster photo response rates than bare Cu mesh, with dye-sensitized Cu mesh achieving the lowest charge transfer resistance in impedance analysis. Techno–economic and sustainability assessments revealed a decrease of 7.8% in cost and 82% in CO₂ emissions associated with the fabrication of electrodes as compared to conventional TCO electrodes. The synergy between high conductivity, transparency, mechanical durability, and a scalable, recyclable fabrication route positions this architecture as a strong candidate for next-generation dye-sensitized solar modules that are both flexible and sustainable. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Photovoltaic Technologies and Sustainable Energy Solutions)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 1745 KB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Dimensional Risks and Eco-Environmental Responses of Check Dam Systems: Evidence from a Typical Watershed in China’s Loess Plateau

by Yujie Yang, Shengdong Cheng, Penglei Hang, Zhanbin Li, Heng Wu, Ganggang Ke, Xingyue Guo and Yunzhe Zhen

Sustainability 2025, 17(21), 9477; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17219477 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

Deteriorating check dams pose significant threats to human safety and property, while impeding eco-environmental restoration in soil–water conservation systems in vulnerable watersheds like the Jiuyuangou Basin on China’s Loess Plateau. This study aimed to develop a comprehensive risk assessment framework for the check [...] Read more.

Deteriorating check dams pose significant threats to human safety and property, while impeding eco-environmental restoration in soil–water conservation systems in vulnerable watersheds like the Jiuyuangou Basin on China’s Loess Plateau. This study aimed to develop a comprehensive risk assessment framework for the check dam system in the Jiuyuangou Basin, China, to mitigate its threats to safety and eco-environmental restoration. A multi-index and multilevel risk evaluation system was established for check dam systems in the Jiuyuangou Basin, utilizing data gathering, hydrological statistics, numerical computation, and various methodologies. The index weights were determined via the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process with an integrated modeling framework for key parameters. Finally, the risk level of the check dam system in the Jiuyuangou Basin was assessed based on the comprehensive score. The results show that (1) nearly half of the check dams are at mild risk, approximately 25% are at moderate risk, and a few are basically safe. (2) Among various types of risk, the distribution of engineering risk is relatively uniform, environmental risk is generally high, loss risk is relatively concentrated, and management risk is particularly prominent. This research provides a scientific foundation for optimizing check dam governance, enhancing sediment control, and strengthening ecological service functions in vulnerable watersheds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecological Water Engineering and Ecological Environment Restoration)

26 pages, 358 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Food Consumption and the Attitude–Behavior Gap: Factor Analysis and Recommendations for Marketing Communication

by Anna Szeląg-Sikora, Aneta Oleksy-Gębczyk, Paulina Rydwańska, Katarzyna Kowalska-Jarnot, Anna Kochanek and Agnieszka Generowicz

Sustainability 2025, 17(21), 9476; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17219476 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

Sustainable protein consumption is a key element in the transition toward more environmentally responsible food systems. Poultry, due to its relatively low carbon footprint and favorable health profile, holds significant potential to become an important component of the so-called “protein transition.” The aim [...] Read more.

Sustainable protein consumption is a key element in the transition toward more environmentally responsible food systems. Poultry, due to its relatively low carbon footprint and favorable health profile, holds significant potential to become an important component of the so-called “protein transition.” The aim of this article is to identify cognitive factors influencing consumer purchasing decisions regarding poultry and to formulate recommendations for marketing communication strategies that position poultry as a choice aligned with sustainability goals. This study is based on an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) conducted on a nationally representative sample of Polish consumers (AgriFood 2024). The results revealed three dominant decision-making determinants—taste, health, and convenience—collectively forming the original THC (Taste–Health–Convenience) model. This model provides a novel interpretive framework, showing how sustainability issues can be communicated through immediate, personally relevant consumer benefits, and subsequently expanded to include environmental and ethical aspects. The findings indicate that effective communication should emphasize tangible, everyday consumer benefits while also leveraging poultry’s lower climate impact compared to red meat. This article makes an original contribution to the debate on sustainable diets by presenting the THC model both as a tool for explaining the mechanisms of the attitude–behavior gap and as a practical instrument for designing campaigns that support the implementation of SDG 3 and SDG 12. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agricultural Economics, Policies, and Rural Development for Sustainability)

21 pages, 3266 KB

Open AccessArticle

Hydrogen Strategies Under Uncertainty: Risk-Averse Choices for Green Hydrogen Pathways

by Sara Khodaparasti, Antonio Cosma, Anna Pinnarelli and Maria Elena Bruni

Sustainability 2025, 17(21), 9475; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17219475 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

The last decade has been characterized by a growing environmental awareness and the rise of climate change concerns. Continuous advancement of renewable energy technologies in this context has taken a central stage on the global agenda, leading to a diverse array of innovations, [...] Read more.

The last decade has been characterized by a growing environmental awareness and the rise of climate change concerns. Continuous advancement of renewable energy technologies in this context has taken a central stage on the global agenda, leading to a diverse array of innovations, ranging from cutting-edge green energy production technologies to advanced energy storage solutions. In this evolving context, ensuring the sustainability of energy systems—through the reduction of carbon emissions, enhancement of energy resilience, and responsible resource integration—has become a primary objective of modern energy planning. The integration of hydrogen technologies for power-to-gas (P2G) and power-to-power (P2P) and energy storage systems is one of the areas where the most remarkable progress is being made. However, real case implementations are lagging behind expectations due to large-scale investments needed, which, under high energy price uncertainty, act as a barrier to widespread adoption. This study proposes a risk-averse approach for sizing an Integrated Hybrid Energy System considering the uncertainty of electricity and gas prices. The problem is formulated as a mixed-integer program and tested on a real-world case study. The analysis sheds light on the value of synergies and innovative solutions that hold the promise of a cleaner, more sustainable future for generations to come. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Sustainability)

21 pages, 496 KB

Open AccessArticle

Green Finance-Driven and Low-Carbon Energy Transition: A Tripartite Game-Theoretic and Spatial Econometric Analysis Based on Evidence from 30 Chinese Provinces

by Xiuqing Zou, Shaojun Liu and Linyin Yang

Sustainability 2025, 17(21), 9474; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17219474 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

Addressing climate change and achieving carbon neutrality are urgent global responsibilities, with China’s “dual carbon” goals presenting a significant challenge and opportunity for its energy sector. Green finance, as a pivotal driver for fostering low-carbon and high-quality development in the energy industry, significantly [...] Read more.

Addressing climate change and achieving carbon neutrality are urgent global responsibilities, with China’s “dual carbon” goals presenting a significant challenge and opportunity for its energy sector. Green finance, as a pivotal driver for fostering low-carbon and high-quality development in the energy industry, significantly accelerates its green transition. Employing an integrated micro-macro framework, this study first develops a tripartite evolutionary game model involving government, local energy enterprises, and external energy enterprises to analyze the micro-mechanisms of corporate low-carbon decision-making under green finance policies. Subsequently, utilizing panel data from 30 Chinese provinces (2013–2021), it empirically examines the macro impact of green finance on the industry’s low-carbon, high-quality development using a spatial Durbin model (SDM). Key findings include the following: (1) Game analysis reveals that local enterprises’ low-carbon transition propensity and emission reduction returns increase with R&D investment but are negatively moderated by the tax rate level within green finance policies. (2) Spatial econometric results demonstrate that green finance significantly facilitates local energy industry low-carbon transition via technological progress, confirming a significant negative spatial spillover effect on neighboring regions, with notable regional heterogeneity. (3) The effectiveness of green finance policy exhibits significant regional disparity, being markedly stronger in eastern China compared to central and western regions. The findings provide a theoretical and practical foundation for improving market mechanisms and regional coordination in China’s green finance policies, offering a valuable reference for the design of green finance systems in other major emerging and developing economies. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 2693 KB

Open AccessArticle

Benefits and Support of Urban Horticulture, Its Relationship with the Environment, and Needs and Trends in Studies in Cities of Šibenik and Split (Croatia), Mostar (Bosnia and Herzegovina), and Skopje (North Macedonia)

by Boris Dorbić, Esved Kajtaz, Zvezda Bogevska, Margarita Davitkovska, Damir Mihanović, Željko Španjol, Esmera Kajtaz, Jasna Hasanbegović Sejfić, Mario Bjeliš, Pavao Gančević and Josip Gugić

Sustainability 2025, 17(21), 9473; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17219473 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

Urban horticulture as a segment of urban agriculture can take various forms: home gardens, allotment farming, community gardens, community-supported agriculture, vertical farming, etc. After the COVID-19 pandemic in Croatia and neighboring countries, growing horticultural plants in urban and suburban areas became increasingly popular. [...] Read more.

Urban horticulture as a segment of urban agriculture can take various forms: home gardens, allotment farming, community gardens, community-supported agriculture, vertical farming, etc. After the COVID-19 pandemic in Croatia and neighboring countries, growing horticultural plants in urban and suburban areas became increasingly popular. The aim of the study was to investigate citizens’ attitudes towards the benefits and support of urban horticulture, its relationship to the environment, and needs and relevance in studies in the cities of Šibenik, Split, Mostar and Skopje. The research methods used for the purpose of this study were theoretical analysis method, survey and analytical descriptive and statistical method. The research was conducted online during the first half of 2024 on a sample of 506 respondents. The main goal of the paper was to examine the views of citizens on urban horticulture. With specific objectives, the views of citizens were examined on the benefits of urban horticulture, the relationship between urban horticulture and the environment, urban horticulture and plant protection, support for urban horticulture, and the needs and trends of urban horticulture. and plant protection, support for urban horticulture, needs and trends of urban horticulture. The results showed that citizens are mostly positive towards growing horticultural plants in urban and suburban areas without pollution. In urban horticulture, respondents prefer using ecological principles and products. Female respondents expressed more positive attitudes towards the fashionability and need for urban horticulture. Respondents from Skopje showed the most positive attitudes towards the benefits of urban horticulture and its relationship to the environment. Also, there is no statistically significant difference in attitudes towards urban horticulture with regard to the location of residence. The research contributes to the trend of development and promotion of urban horticulture with a special emphasis on the importance of environmental preservation. It also contributes to the development of an interdisciplinary method that connects natural and social sciences, and develops an empirical approach that can improve urban culture with the aim of preserving the environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Social Ecology and Sustainability)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

19 pages, 1718 KB

Open AccessArticle

Carbon-Aware Dispatch of Industrial Park Energy Systems with Demand Response and Ladder-Type Carbon Trading

by Chao Yan, Jianyun Xu, Chunrui Li, Qilin Han, Hongwei Li and Jun Wang

Sustainability 2025, 17(21), 9472; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17219472 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

The transition to sustainable energy systems is essential for attaining global carbon neutrality targets. Demand-side flexibility for carbon mitigation is investigated, and a low-carbon operational strategy tailored for industrial park energy systems is proposed. Demand response (DR) is classified into price-based and alternative [...] Read more.

The transition to sustainable energy systems is essential for attaining global carbon neutrality targets. Demand-side flexibility for carbon mitigation is investigated, and a low-carbon operational strategy tailored for industrial park energy systems is proposed. Demand response (DR) is classified into price-based and alternative categories, with respective models developed utilizing a price elasticity matrix and accounting for electricity-to-heat conversion. Integrated energy system (IES) involvement in the carbon trading market is incorporated through a stepped carbon pricing mechanism to regulate emissions. A mixed-integer linear programming model is constructed to characterize IES operations under ladder-type carbon pricing and DR frameworks. The model is resolved via the off-the-shelf commercial solver, facilitating effective optimization of dispatch over multiple time intervals and complex market interactions. Case study findings indicate that implementing stepped carbon pricing alongside DR strategies yields a 44.45% reduction in carbon emission costs, a 9.85% decrease in actual carbon emissions, and a 10.62% reduction in total system costs. These results offer a viable approach toward sustainable development of IES, achieving coordinated improvements in economic efficiency and low-carbon performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards Sustainable Energy: Renewable Energy Utilization and Near-Zero Carbon Regulation Technologies in Modern Industrial Parks)

41 pages, 4867 KB

Open AccessArticle

Acidic Gas Prediction Modeling Based on Shared Features and Inverted Transformer of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Processes

by Zenan Li, Wei Wang, Jian Tang, Yicong Wu and Jian Rong

Sustainability 2025, 17(21), 9471; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17219471 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

Effective management of municipal solid waste is crucial for achieving sustainable development and maintaining a healthy ecological environment. Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) processes are highly nonlinear and exhibit strong coupling characteristics, which makes long-term stable control challenging. Accurate prediction of the various [...] Read more.

Effective management of municipal solid waste is crucial for achieving sustainable development and maintaining a healthy ecological environment. Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) processes are highly nonlinear and exhibit strong coupling characteristics, which makes long-term stable control challenging. Accurate prediction of the various toxic and harmful acidic gases that will be generated during this process is crucial for supporting optimization and control research. This study proposes a predictive model for acidic gases using Random Forest (RF) and Inverted Transformer (ITransformer). First, the RF algorithm is used to identify feature variables that strongly correlate with the target variables, thereby facilitating the shared feature selection process for multiple acidic gases. These selected features are then fed into a multi-output ITransformer model, which predicts the target variables and generates multiple evaluation metrics. Finally, the model’s hyperparameters are optimized based on these metrics and the threshold ranges of the acidic gases. The experimental results using real data from a specific incineration plant show that 13 features remain after the shared feature selection process. Compared to other models, the proposed approach uses the fewest shared features while reducing computational costs. Moreover, the R² values for NOx, SO₂, and HCl are 0.9791, 0.9793, and 0.9838, respectively. Full article

22 pages, 3242 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Presence of Microplastics in Wastewater Treatment Plants: Development and Verification of Strategies for Their Quantification and Removal in Aqueous Streams

by Ana Belén Lozano Avilés, Ginés Morales Méndez and Francisco del Cerro Velázquez

Sustainability 2025, 17(21), 9470; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17219470 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

Water is an essential resource whose quality is threatened by emerging pollutants, including microplastics (MP), whose persistence, bioaccumulation capacity and ecotoxic potential pose a growing risk to ecosystems and human health. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have been identified as one of the main [...] Read more.

Water is an essential resource whose quality is threatened by emerging pollutants, including microplastics (MP), whose persistence, bioaccumulation capacity and ecotoxic potential pose a growing risk to ecosystems and human health. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have been identified as one of the main sources of these pollutants, as conventional treatments are insufficient to remove them completely. In response to this problem and with the aim of finding more efficient and sustainable solutions, a study has been carried out at WWTP with a pilot MP capture plant capable of detecting, quantifying and removing these particles from different wastewater sources with high precision and sustainability. This proposal represents a significant advance in the mitigation of invisible pollution, contributing to the protection of the environment and public health, achieving an efficiency of over 80% in the removal of plastic particles. This system not only addresses the challenge of environmental protection but also represents an unavoidable commitment to a healthier, more equitable, and sustainable development model for current and future generations, directly contributing to strategic action to advance the fulfillment of several Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) promoted by the UN (SDG 3, SDG 6, SDG 12, SDG 14 and SDG 15). Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Water Management)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

25 pages, 519 KB

Open AccessArticle

Restoring European Coastal Wetlands for Climate and Biodiversity: Do EU Policies and International Agreements Support Restoration?

by Eleftheria Kampa, Evgeniya Elkina, Benedict Bueb and María del Mar Otero Villanueva

Sustainability 2025, 17(21), 9469; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17219469 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

Coastal wetlands provide crucial ecosystem services, including habitats for wildlife, carbon storage, greenhouse gas emission reduction, storm surge and flood protection, water purification, recreation, and nature-based tourism. Their protection and restoration are therefore of growing importance to conservationists, scientists, local communities, and policymakers. [...] Read more.

Coastal wetlands provide crucial ecosystem services, including habitats for wildlife, carbon storage, greenhouse gas emission reduction, storm surge and flood protection, water purification, recreation, and nature-based tourism. Their protection and restoration are therefore of growing importance to conservationists, scientists, local communities, and policymakers. This paper analyses the European Union’s (EU) policy framework, alongside international and regional agreements relevant to wetland conservation and restoration, focusing on coastal ecosystems. Drawing on policy content analysis, it assesses how 36 EU policies and multilateral agreements support or limit coastal wetland restoration and conservation efforts in Europe. The findings reveal two key gaps: first, an absence of a consistent definition of coastal wetlands within the EU policy framework; and second, the limited number of explicit policy references to these ecosystems. These shortcomings restrict opportunities for their effective inclusion in action plans and undermine coordinated conservation and restoration efforts. Most binding targets and objectives addressing coastal wetlands stem from EU policies and multilateral agreements on nature conservation, including regional sea conventions. This reliance risks overlooking opportunities within other policy sectors. While EU climate policies increasingly recognise the importance of wetland restoration, they often do so through non-binding provisions and voluntary action. To unlock the full potential of coastal wetlands for biodiversity and climate benefits, it is essential to embed coastal wetlands more explicitly within policy targets and to leverage emerging opportunities within the EU policy framework to further upscale coastal wetland restoration. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 910 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Development and Environmental Harmony: An Investigation of the Elements Affecting Carbon Emissions Risk

by Mahfod Aldoseri and Aarif Mohammad Khan

Sustainability 2025, 17(21), 9468; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17219468 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

Sustainable development requires integrating economic growth with environmental protection; however, rising carbon emissions pose a substantial threat to ecological balance. The conclusions of this study regarding the determinants of carbon emissions risk within the broader sustainability framework—coal and oil consumption, foreign direct investment [...] Read more.

Sustainable development requires integrating economic growth with environmental protection; however, rising carbon emissions pose a substantial threat to ecological balance. The conclusions of this study regarding the determinants of carbon emissions risk within the broader sustainability framework—coal and oil consumption, foreign direct investment (FDI), and economic growth—are critically significant. The application of ARDL and Dynamic ARDL estimate methods indicates that coal and oil consumption, along with foreign direct investment (FDI), exert a considerable and favourable influence on carbon emissions. The Toda–Yamamoto causality study indicates a bidirectional influence between coal usage and carbon emissions. Conversely, oil consumption and foreign direct investment influence carbon emissions solely via coal consumption. These findings underscore the need to develop efficient emission control strategies rapidly. Policy recommendations include accelerating economic restructuring, reducing dependence on fossil fuels, and promoting the adoption of clean, renewable energy sources. By analyzing these factors, the study offers significant insights into achieving simultaneous economic growth and environmental sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Fuel, Carbon Emission and Sustainable Green Energy)

36 pages, 8326 KB

Open AccessArticle

Active and Healthy Case Della Comunità: Model Research for Spatial Requirements of Waiting Spaces

by Elena Bellini, Nicoletta Setola, Lorena Rossi and Vera Stara

Sustainability 2025, 17(21), 9467; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17219467 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

The built environment is one of the determinants of health as it acts as a promoter of healthy lifestyles. This research deals with design solutions to promote healthy and active ageing in socio–healthcare facilities for primary care in Italy. This three-year research study [...] Read more.

The built environment is one of the determinants of health as it acts as a promoter of healthy lifestyles. This research deals with design solutions to promote healthy and active ageing in socio–healthcare facilities for primary care in Italy. This three-year research study aims to develop Design Guidelines for waiting spaces in Casa della Comunità (CdC: House of the Community, a new model of primary care facility in Italy) to promote good health and well-being in sustainable cities and communities. In accordance with these goals, the study applied different research methods in three main phases: Background research, starting from three fundamental groups of theories derived from the scientific literature to define a Theoretical Framework; data collection and field research, dealing with technical analysis of international best practices, as well as perceptive analysis through interviews and questionnaires conducted with the staff, patients, and caregivers of the socio–healthcare facilities, in order to define spatial requirements for waiting spaces; and finally, the results phase, involving the development of tools and design solutions of health-promoting waiting spaces according to the Sustainable Development Goals (the Design Guidelines were applied in two experimental pilots: a VR-based pilot and a physical pilot conducted at an existing CdC in Florence, Italy). In this contribution, we focus on the background and field research phases, describing the process leading to the outcomes of the second phase: spatial requirements for CdC waiting spaces. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Interior Design Towards the Sustainable Environment: People, Environment, Design, Technology)

17 pages, 5004 KB

Open AccessArticle

Valorization of Agro-Industry-Rejected Common Bean Grains for Starch Film Development: Advancing Sustainable and Comprehensive Resource Utilization

by Victoria Guadalupe Graciano-de la Cruz, Blanca Elizabeth Morales-Contreras, Lucila Concepción Núñez-Bretón, Heidi Andrea Fonseca-Florido, Juliana Morales-Castro, José Alberto Gallegos-Infante and Walfred Rosas-Flores

Sustainability 2025, 17(21), 9466; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17219466 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

This study examines the potential use of rejected and discarded grains from the common bean industry as a starch source for producing plasticized films with glycerol. The observed morphological characteristics of starch granules from discarded grains were diverse, with round, oval, and kidney-like [...] Read more.

This study examines the potential use of rejected and discarded grains from the common bean industry as a starch source for producing plasticized films with glycerol. The observed morphological characteristics of starch granules from discarded grains were diverse, with round, oval, and kidney-like shapes and sizes ranging from 7 to 34 µm. We determined the pasting profile: the pasting temperature (GT) fell between 72 °C and 74 °C, while the peak viscosity (P_v) demonstrated a significant rise at 10% and 15% starch concentrations. To better understand pasting behavior, mathematical modeling was employed to predict P_v behavior, with an R² value of 0.98. All film formulations were successful, yielding transparent, homogeneous, odorless, flexible films with smooth surfaces. Scanning electron microscopy analysis of the films revealed a flawless surface devoid of fissures, cracks, and pores, displaying a rough texture with a consistent structure and some starch granules resembling empty sacks due to amylose and amylopectin leaching. The highest tensile strength was observed with 6% starch and 1.5 mL of glycerol and the lowest with 4.5% starch and 3.9 mL of glycerol. The findings suggest that starch derived from discarded grains from the bean industry has unique characteristics and properties, making it a promising alternative source for intelligent packaging development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Waste and Recycling)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

26 pages, 5636 KB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Regional Disparities and Determinants of Carbon Emission Efficiency: A Case Study of Hubei Province, China

by Ming Lei, Xu Han, Ming Yi, Juan Zhang, Wei Zhang and Mengke Huang

Sustainability 2025, 17(21), 9465; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17219465 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

Effective carbon emission control at the provincial level is essential for advancing the high-quality development of the national economy under the “dual carbon” targets. Although Hubei Province is endowed with abundant natural resources and significant potential for sustainable growth, it still faces considerable [...] Read more.

Effective carbon emission control at the provincial level is essential for advancing the high-quality development of the national economy under the “dual carbon” targets. Although Hubei Province is endowed with abundant natural resources and significant potential for sustainable growth, it still faces considerable challenges in industrial and energy restructuring. Therefore, improving carbon emission efficiency (CEE) is imperative. This study thoroughly analyzes the spatial and temporal characteristics of CEE in Hubei Province. Furthermore, the spatial Durbin model (SDM) and geographically and temporally weighted regression (GTWR) were applied to analyze the determinants of changes in CEE. The results indicate that significant disparities in CEE exist across Hubei Province, with the eastern region exhibiting the highest efficiency and the central region the lowest. The year 2016 represented a turning point, as Moran’s I increased from −0.0006 in 2016 to 0.5134 in 2017, indicating a shift in the spatial pattern of CEE from a weak and insignificant spatial autocorrelation to a strong positive spatial autocorrelation. In addition, the CEE in Hubei Province demonstrated a “siphon effect” and exhibited pronounced polarization. Based on these findings, region-specific policies are proposed. The eastern region should optimize its industrial structure and strengthen urban governance. The western region should leverage its clean energy advantage and enhance carbon sink capacity. The central region should advance low-carbon industrial transformation and coordinated governance to prevent core cities from transferring resources and pollution to surrounding areas. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

28 pages, 3508 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Digital: A Catalyst for Accelerating the Quality Improvement and Sustainable Development of China’s Marine Industry

by Gang Zhou, Li Zhang, Yao Xu, Lewei Hong and Yi Zhang

Sustainability 2025, 17(21), 9464; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17219464 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

The sustainable development of the marine industry is a vital pillar for achieving global ecological balance and economic prosperity. As a crucial repository of resources and a vital regulator of climate, the ocean plays an irreplaceable role in supporting humanity’s long-term development. Against [...] Read more.

The sustainable development of the marine industry is a vital pillar for achieving global ecological balance and economic prosperity. As a crucial repository of resources and a vital regulator of climate, the ocean plays an irreplaceable role in supporting humanity’s long-term development. Against this backdrop, digital technology drives modern development, supporting decision-making and resource allocation while profoundly transforming industrial models. The resulting digital economy has become one of the core drivers of sustainable global economic growth. Given the close connection between the marine industry and the digital economy, attention has been drawn to whether a correlation exists between their respective growth rates. This study employs a Panel Vector Autoregression (PVAR) model based on panel data from China’s coastal provinces between 2012 and 2023. The empirical analysis reveals: (1) After a certain period, the growth rates of the digital economy and the quality development of the marine industry exhibit a mutually reinforcing trend. Furthermore, the innovation coupling coordination rate and the upgrading rate within the marine industry also strengthen each other, injecting endogenous momentum into the sustainable development of the marine sector. (2) When simulating external shocks through local government expenditure, it was found that while local government spending positively impacts the growth rate of the digital economy, its effect on the quality development rate of marine industries is limited, exhibiting a “single-helix” upward trend. This suggests the need to optimize the precision of policy support to better balance the coordinated sustainable development of the digital economy and marine industries. (3) The growth rate of the digital economy exerts a dual threshold effect on the quality development of marine industries. That is, there are two thresholds: 0.0099 and 0.0725. Initially, the promotion effect is relatively small with a positive and significant coefficient of 0.120. When exceeding the first threshold, the coefficient becomes 0.416, which is positively significant. When exceeding the second threshold, the promotion effect disappears. This necessitates differentiated strategies tailored to distinct developmental stages to propel marine industries toward high-quality, sustainable development empowered by the digital economy. Based on these findings, this study focuses on the relationship between the growth rates of the digital economy and marine industries, offering actionable recommendations for marine nations like China to advance high-level sustainable industrial development. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Sustainability, Volume 17, Issue 21 (November-1 2025) – 136 articles

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI