Parameterization of Dust Emissions from Heaps and Excavations Based on Measurement Results and Mathematical Modelling
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- What are the PM emissions from heaps and do they align with the functions from literature sources?
- What are the differences in heap-based emissions between vehicle activity and undisturbed conditions?
- What is the impact of new source functions on emissions modelled on the national scale?
- Is the proposed new methodology for parametrization and calculating emissions from heaps and excavations validated through modelling air quality?
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Measurement Techniques
2.2.1. Ground Station
- A Gill MetConnect meteorological station measuring air pressure, temperature, humidity, and the wind’s direction and speed. It was placed 2 m agl, with the data recorded at a temporal resolution of 1 s.
- A station for measuring the particle size distribution, equipped with an SPS30 sensor for measuring concentrations of suspended particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10). The sensor, positioned 2 m above ground level, recorded data at a temporal resolution of 1 s. Additionally, the station recorded the temperature and relative humidity of the air entering the sensor.
- An ultrasonic anemometer (Anemometer TriSonica), positioned at a height of 10 m agl, measuring three components of wind speed at a temporal resolution of 10 Hz.
2.2.2. Flying Measurement Platform
2.3. Parameterization of Emission Fluxes
2.3.1. Description of the Selected Parameterization Method
2.3.2. Theoretical Foundations
2.3.3. Limitations of the Method
2.3.4. Parameterization Calculations Based on the Measurements
2.4. GEM-AQ Model
3. Results
3.1. Variability in the Meteorological Conditions in the Warsaw Region
3.2. The Vertical Variability of Concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, and BC
3.3. The Variability in PM2.5 and PM10 Concentrations during Vehicle Movements
3.4. Measurement—Conclusions
3.5. Results of Parameterization
3.5.1. Description of the Time Series of Flux
3.5.2. Dependence of Flux on Wind Speed—Parametrization of Dust Emissions
3.6. Calculation of Emissions
- Developed parameterization,
- Average daily wind speed fields from the GEM-AQ model for 2022, and
- Outlines of heaps and workings from BDOT.
- No commotion,
- Commotion for 8 h a day but only on working days (252 working days),
- Commotion for 8 h for 365 days, and
- Continuous commotion
- No commotion
- For PM10:
- For PM2.5:
- Commotion for 8 h a day but only on working days (252 working days)
- For PM10:
- For PM2.5
- Commotion for 8 h for 365 days
- For PM10:
- For PM2.5:
- Continuous commotion
- For PM10:
- For PM2.5:
- In all these formulae,FPM10 = 0.0017 × u − 0.0007FPM2.5 = 0.0017 × u – 0.0007FwPM10 (u > 2.5 m/s) = 0.0272 × u + 0.0038FwPM10 (u < 2.5 m/s) = 0.0049 × u + 0.0582FwPM2.5 = 0.0041 × u − 0.0492
3.7. Modelling Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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ax | bx | |
---|---|---|
FPM10 (u) | 0.0017 | −0.0007 |
FPM2.5 (u) | 0.0017 | −0.0007 |
FwPM10 (u > 2.5 m/s) | 0.0272 | 0.0038 |
FwPM10 (u < 2.5 m/s) | 0.0049 | 0.0582 |
FwPM2.5 (u) | 0.0041 | 0.0492 |
Emission Scenarios | PM10 [kg] | PM2.5 [kg] |
---|---|---|
No commotion | 42,470 | 42,470 |
Commotion for 8 h a day but only on working days (252 working days) | 236,364 | 217,674 |
Commotion for 8 h for 365 days | 399,946 | 297,921 |
Continuous commotion | 886,289 | 803,893 |
CED 2022 | 9,493,354 | 2,283,012 |
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Szymankiewicz, K.; Posyniak, M.; Markuszewski, P.; Durka, P. Parameterization of Dust Emissions from Heaps and Excavations Based on Measurement Results and Mathematical Modelling. Remote Sens. 2024, 16, 2447. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16132447
Szymankiewicz K, Posyniak M, Markuszewski P, Durka P. Parameterization of Dust Emissions from Heaps and Excavations Based on Measurement Results and Mathematical Modelling. Remote Sensing. 2024; 16(13):2447. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16132447
Chicago/Turabian StyleSzymankiewicz, Karol, Michał Posyniak, Piotr Markuszewski, and Paweł Durka. 2024. "Parameterization of Dust Emissions from Heaps and Excavations Based on Measurement Results and Mathematical Modelling" Remote Sensing 16, no. 13: 2447. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16132447