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Review

A Taxonomy of Sensors, Calibration and Computational Methods, and Applications of Mobile Mapping Systems: A Comprehensive Review

1
Remote-Sensing and Photogrammetry Department, Visionium Oy, 00940 Helsinki, Finland
2
Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
3
Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry Department, Finnish Geospatial Research Institute (FGI), National Land-Survey of Finland (NLS), 02150 Espoo, Finland
4
Advanced Laser Technology Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei 230000, China
5
Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310027, China
6
Lyles School of Civil and Construction Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2051, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Remote Sens. 2025, 17(9), 1502; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17091502
Submission received: 14 March 2025 / Revised: 17 April 2025 / Accepted: 22 April 2025 / Published: 24 April 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Deep Learning Approaches: UAV Data Analysis)

Abstract

Innovative geospatial solutions are necessary to tackle complex environmental challenges. Mobile mapping systems (MMSs) are such key innovations emerging in this effort. MMSs, with a wide range of applications, significantly impact our increasingly developed data collection technologies by enhancing our understanding of the environment, enabling us to create more detailed models of natural resources, and optimizing the way we live on Earth. In this paper, we present and analyze recent advancements in MMS technologies, focusing on computational and modeling aspects, as well as the latest state-of-the-art sensor, hardware, and software developments. Special attention is given to the trends observed over the past decade, supported by a review of foundational literature. Finally, we outline our vision for the future of MMS, offering insights into the potential for further research and the exciting possibilities that lie ahead in this rapidly evolving field of science and technology.
Keywords: mobile mapping systems; UAV; multi-camera systems; LiDAR; sensor; deep learning mobile mapping systems; UAV; multi-camera systems; LiDAR; sensor; deep learning

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MDPI and ACS Style

Khoramshahi, E.; Nezami, S.; Pellikka, P.; Honkavaara, E.; Chen, Y.; Habib, A. A Taxonomy of Sensors, Calibration and Computational Methods, and Applications of Mobile Mapping Systems: A Comprehensive Review. Remote Sens. 2025, 17, 1502. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17091502

AMA Style

Khoramshahi E, Nezami S, Pellikka P, Honkavaara E, Chen Y, Habib A. A Taxonomy of Sensors, Calibration and Computational Methods, and Applications of Mobile Mapping Systems: A Comprehensive Review. Remote Sensing. 2025; 17(9):1502. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17091502

Chicago/Turabian Style

Khoramshahi, Ehsan, Somayeh Nezami, Petri Pellikka, Eija Honkavaara, Yuwei Chen, and Ayman Habib. 2025. "A Taxonomy of Sensors, Calibration and Computational Methods, and Applications of Mobile Mapping Systems: A Comprehensive Review" Remote Sensing 17, no. 9: 1502. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17091502

APA Style

Khoramshahi, E., Nezami, S., Pellikka, P., Honkavaara, E., Chen, Y., & Habib, A. (2025). A Taxonomy of Sensors, Calibration and Computational Methods, and Applications of Mobile Mapping Systems: A Comprehensive Review. Remote Sensing, 17(9), 1502. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17091502

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