Polymers

12 pages, 3757 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Over-Stretching Tolerant Conductors on Rubber Films by Inkjet-Printing Silver Nanoparticles for Wearables

by Andreas Albrecht, Marco Bobinger, José F. Salmerón, Markus Becherer, Gordon Cheng, Paolo Lugli and Almudena Rivadeneyra

Polymers 2018, 10(12), 1413; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10121413 - 19 Dec 2018

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4612

Abstract

The necessity to place sensors far away from the processing unit in smart clothes or artificial skins for robots may require conductive wirings on stretchable materials at very low-cost. In this work, we present an easy method to produce wires using only commercially [...] Read more.

The necessity to place sensors far away from the processing unit in smart clothes or artificial skins for robots may require conductive wirings on stretchable materials at very low-cost. In this work, we present an easy method to produce wires using only commercially available materials. A consumer grade inkjet printer was used to print a wire of silver nanoparticles with a sheet resistance below 1 Ω/sq. on a non-pre-strained sheet of elastic silicone. This wire was stretched more than 10,000 times and was still conductive afterwards. The viscoelastic behavior of the substrate results in a temporarily increased resistance that decreases to almost the original value. After over-stretching, the wire is conductive within less than a second. We analyze the swelling of the silicone due to the ink’s solvent and the nanoparticle film on top by microscope and SEM images. Finally, a 60 mm long stretchable conductor was integrated onto wearables, and showed that it can bear strains of up to 300% and recover to a conductivity that allows the operation of an assembled LED assembled at only 1.8 V. These self-healing wires can serve as wiring and binary strain or pressure sensors in sportswear, compression underwear, and in robotic applications. Full article

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

7 pages, 1453 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Synergistic Improvement in Thermal Conductivity of Polyimide Nanocomposite Films Using Boron Nitride Coated Copper Nanoparticles and Nanowires

by Yongcun Zhou, Shihu Yu, Huan Niu and Feng Liu

Polymers 2018, 10(12), 1412; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10121412 - 19 Dec 2018

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 3807

Abstract

Electronic devices are increasingly dense, underscoring the need for effective thermal management. A polyimide (PI) matrix nanocomposite film combining boron nitride (BN)-coated copper nanoparticles (CuNPs@BN) and nanowires (CuNWs@BN) was fabricated by a flexible and fast technique for enhanced thermal conductivity and the dielectric [...] Read more.

Electronic devices are increasingly dense, underscoring the need for effective thermal management. A polyimide (PI) matrix nanocomposite film combining boron nitride (BN)-coated copper nanoparticles (CuNPs@BN) and nanowires (CuNWs@BN) was fabricated by a flexible and fast technique for enhanced thermal conductivity and the dielectric properties of nanocomposite films. The thermal conductivity of (CuNPs-CuNWs)@BN/PI composite comprising 10 wt % filler loading rose to 4.32 W/mK, indicating a nearly 24.1-fold increase relative to the value obtained for pure PI matrix. The relative permittivity and dielectric loss approximated 4.92 and 0.026 at 1 MHz, respectively. The results indicated that the surface modification of CuNPs and CuNWs by introducing a ceramic insulating layer BN effectively promoted the formation of thermal conductive networks of nanofillers in the PI matrix. This study enabled the identification of appropriate modifier fillers for polymer matrix nanocomposites to improve electronic applications. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 10215 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tailoring Performance, Damping, and Surface Properties of Magnetorheological Elastomers via Particle-Grafting Technology

by Martin Cvek, Miroslav Mrlik, Jakub Sevcik and Michal Sedlacik

Polymers 2018, 10(12), 1411; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10121411 - 19 Dec 2018

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 3979

Abstract

A novel concept based on advanced particle-grafting technology to tailor performance, damping, and surface properties of the magnetorheological elastomers (MREs) is introduced. In this work, the carbonyl iron (CI) particles grafted with poly(trimethylsilyloxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMATMS) of two different molecular weights were prepared via [...] Read more.

A novel concept based on advanced particle-grafting technology to tailor performance, damping, and surface properties of the magnetorheological elastomers (MREs) is introduced. In this work, the carbonyl iron (CI) particles grafted with poly(trimethylsilyloxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMATMS) of two different molecular weights were prepared via surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization and the relations between the PHEMATMS chain lengths and the MREs properties were investigated. The results show that the magnetorheological performance and damping capability were remarkably influenced by different interaction between polydimethylsiloxane chains as a matrix and PHEMATMS grafts due to their different length. The MRE containing CI grafted with PHEMATMS of higher molecular weight exhibited a greater plasticizing effect and hence both a higher relative magnetorheological effect and enhanced damping capability were observed. Besides bulk MRE properties, the PHEMATMS modifications influenced also field-induced surface activity of the MRE sheets, which manifested as notable changes in surface roughness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Core-Shell Structured Polymers)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

13 pages, 2485 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic High-Pressure Microfluidization-Treated Pectin under Different Ethanol Concentrations

by Cheng-Mei Liu, Lu Liang, Xi-Xiang Shuai, Rui-Hong Liang and Jun Chen

Polymers 2018, 10(12), 1410; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10121410 - 19 Dec 2018

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4871

Abstract

We previously reported that dynamic high-pressure microfluidization (DHPM) can degrade pectin in aqueous solution. In this study, we further investigated the effect of DHPM on pectin in water-ethanol systems. In the absence of DHPM treatment, it was found that pectin exhibited increased average [...] Read more.

We previously reported that dynamic high-pressure microfluidization (DHPM) can degrade pectin in aqueous solution. In this study, we further investigated the effect of DHPM on pectin in water-ethanol systems. In the absence of DHPM treatment, it was found that pectin exhibited increased average particle size and unchanged average molecular weight, but a decline in reducing-sugar-ends content with the increase of ethanol concentrations (0–10% v/v). These results indicated that the addition of ethanol induced aggregation of pectin. During DHPM treatment, pectin underwent disaggregation and degradation under all measured ethanol concentrations. Disaggregation was enhanced but degradation was weakened with the increase of ethanol concentration. FT-IR and UV spectra indicated that demethylation but no β-elimination occurred in the water-ethanol system during DHPM. Finally, the mechanism of DHPM-induced disaggregation and degradation of pectin under a water-ethanol system was updated. This work may help us to find a suitable condition for reducing the degradation of pectin during the process of homogenization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polysaccharides)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

13 pages, 4680 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Self-Binding Composite Separator Based on Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) Coating for Li-Ion Batteries

by Kaiyue Zhang, Wei Xiao, Jianguo Liu and Chuanwei Yan

Polymers 2018, 10(12), 1409; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10121409 - 19 Dec 2018

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 7222

Abstract

In this study, a novel composite separator based on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) coating layers and a commercial polyethylene (PE) separator is developed for high performance Li-ion batteries. This composite separator is prepared by immersing a PE separator directly into a commercial PTFE suspension to [...] Read more.

In this study, a novel composite separator based on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) coating layers and a commercial polyethylene (PE) separator is developed for high performance Li-ion batteries. This composite separator is prepared by immersing a PE separator directly into a commercial PTFE suspension to obtain a self-binding PTFE/PE/PTFE tri-layered structure. Then, the as-prepared composite separator is further treated with a H₂O₂/H₂SO₄ solution to enhance its electrolyte affinity. The results show that the coating layer, consisting of close-packed PTFE particles, possesses a highly ordered nano-porous structure and an excellent electrolyte wettability property, which significantly enhance the ionic conductivity of the composite separator. Due to the presence of the PTFE-based coating layer, the composite separator exhibits better thermal stability compared with the PE separator, reaching the thermal-resistant grade of commercial ceramic-coated separators. By using different separators, CR2032-type unit half-cells composed of a Li anode and a LiFePO₄ cathode were assembled, and their C-rate and cycling performances were evaluated. The cell assembled with the composite separator was proven to have better C-rate capability and cycling capacity retention than the cell with the polyethylene separator. It is expected that the composite separator can be a potential candidate as a coating-type separator for high-performance rechargeable Li-ion batteries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymeric Materials for Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

19 pages, 4406 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nanoforest: Polyaniline Nanotubes Modified with Carbon Nano-Onions as a Nanocomposite Material for Easy-to-Miniaturize High-Performance Solid-State Supercapacitors

by Piotr Olejnik, Marianna Gniadek, Luis Echegoyen and Marta E. Plonska-Brzezinska

Polymers 2018, 10(12), 1408; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10121408 - 19 Dec 2018

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 4998

Abstract

This article describes a facile low-cost synthesis of polyaniline nanotube (PANI_NT)–carbon nano-onion (CNO) composites for solid-state supercapacitors. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analyses indicate a uniform and ordered composition for the conducting polymer nanotubes immobilized on a thin gold film. The obtained [...] Read more.

This article describes a facile low-cost synthesis of polyaniline nanotube (PANI_NT)–carbon nano-onion (CNO) composites for solid-state supercapacitors. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analyses indicate a uniform and ordered composition for the conducting polymer nanotubes immobilized on a thin gold film. The obtained nanocomposites exhibit a brush-like architecture with a specific capacitance of 946 F g⁻¹ at a scan rate of 1 mV s⁻¹. In addition, the nanocomposites offer high conductivity and a porous and well-developed surface area. The PANI_NT–CNO nanocomposites were tested as electrodes with high potential and long-term stability for use in easy-to-miniaturize high-performance supercapacitor devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanostructured Polymers and Nanocomposites)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

31 pages, 726 KiB

Open AccessReview

Biological Activity and Pharmacological Application of Pectic Polysaccharides: A Review

by Salima T. Minzanova, Vladimir F. Mironov, Daria M. Arkhipova, Anna V. Khabibullina, Lubov G. Mironova, Yulia M. Zakirova and Vasili A. Milyukov

Polymers 2018, 10(12), 1407; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10121407 - 19 Dec 2018

Cited by 223 | Viewed by 13465

Abstract

Pectin is a polymer with a core of alternating α-1,4-linked d-galacturonic acid and α-1,2-l-rhamnose units, as well as a variety of neutral sugars such as arabinose, galactose, and lesser amounts of other sugars. Currently, native pectins have been compared [...] Read more.

Pectin is a polymer with a core of alternating α-1,4-linked d-galacturonic acid and α-1,2-l-rhamnose units, as well as a variety of neutral sugars such as arabinose, galactose, and lesser amounts of other sugars. Currently, native pectins have been compared to modified ones due to the development of natural medicines and health products. In this review, the results of a study of the bioactivity of pectic polysaccharides, including its various pharmacological applications, such as its immunoregulatory, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, antibacterial, antioxidant and antitumor activities, have been summarized. The potential of pectins to contribute to the enhancement of drug delivery systems has been observed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polysaccharides)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

10 pages, 2776 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Properties of Waterborne Polyurethane Conductive Coating with Low MWCNTs Content by Electrostatic Spraying

by Fangfang Wang, Lajun Feng and Guangzhao Li

Polymers 2018, 10(12), 1406; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10121406 - 19 Dec 2018

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 4338

Abstract

Because flammable organic solvents are emitted during the construction process, oil-based conductive coatings generally result in potential safety problems. A high content of conductive mediums can also weaken the adhesive and protective abilities of existing conductive coatings. Therefore, an anticorrosive and conductive coating [...] Read more.

Because flammable organic solvents are emitted during the construction process, oil-based conductive coatings generally result in potential safety problems. A high content of conductive mediums can also weaken the adhesive and protective abilities of existing conductive coatings. Therefore, an anticorrosive and conductive coating was prepared on Q235 steel substrate by spraying the multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)/waterborne polyurethane (WPU) dispersion with a low MWCNT content in this work. The effect of the MWCNT content on the electrical conductivity, corrosion resistance, and adhesive strength of the WPU conductive coating was investigated. It was concluded that a spatial network structure of MWCNTs-WPU was formed to make the coating structure more compact. The electrical conductivity, corrosion resistance, and adhesive strength of the WPU conductive coating first increased and then decreased as the MWCNT content increased. When the MWCNT content was only 0.2 wt % (which was far lower than that of the existing conductive coatings at 1 wt %), the coating began to conduct electricity; its resistivity was 12,675.0 Ω·m. The best combination property was the 0.3 wt % MWCNTs/WPU conductive coating. Its adhesive strength was 19.99% higher than that of pure WPU coating. Its corrosion rate was about one order of magnitude lower than that of pure WPU coating after being immersed in 3.5 wt % NaCl solution for 17 days. Full article

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

13 pages, 4333 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Sustained Release Behavior of Drug-Containing Tablet Prepared by CO₂-Assisted Polymer Compression

by Yoshito Wakui and Takafumi Aizawa

Polymers 2018, 10(12), 1405; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10121405 - 18 Dec 2018

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3800

Abstract

A controlled-release system for drug delivery allows the continuous supply of a drug to the target region at a predetermined rate for a specified period of time. Herein, the sustained release behavior of a drug-containing tablet fabricated through CO₂-assisted polymer compression [...] Read more.

A controlled-release system for drug delivery allows the continuous supply of a drug to the target region at a predetermined rate for a specified period of time. Herein, the sustained release behavior of a drug-containing tablet fabricated through CO₂-assisted polymer compression (CAPC) was investigated. CAPC involves placing the drug in the center of a nonwoven fabric, sandwiching this fabric between an integer number of nonwoven fabrics, and applying pressure bonding. An elution test, in which the drug-carrying tablet was immersed in water, showed that sustained-release performance can be controlled by the number of nonwoven fabrics covering the top and bottom of the drug-loaded fabric and compression conditions. A model of sustained drug release was formulated to estimate the effective diffusion coefficient in the porous material. Comparative analysis of the bulk diffusion coefficient revealed that the change in diffusion volume due to change in porosity predominates. The tortuosity of the diffusion path was 3–4, and tended to remain almost constant or increase only slightly when the compression rate was increased. These findings show that sustained drug release can be controlled by incorporating the drug into a nonwoven fabric and using the same raw material to encapsulate it. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microporous Organic Polymers: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

11 pages, 2501 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Naturally-Derived Amphiphilic Polystyrenes Prepared by Aqueous Controlled/Living Cationic Polymerization and Copolymerization of Vinylguaiacol with R–OH/BF₃·OEt₂

by Hisaaki Takeshima, Kotaro Satoh and Masami Kamigaito

Polymers 2018, 10(12), 1404; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10121404 - 18 Dec 2018

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5534

Abstract

In this study, we investigated direct-controlled/living cationic polymerization and copolymerization of 4-vinylguaiacol (4VG), i.e., 4-hydroxy-3-methoxystyrene, which can be derived from naturally-occurring ferulic acid, to develop novel bio-based amphiphilic polystyrenes with phenol functions. The controlled/living cationic polymerization of 4VG was achieved using the R–OH/BF [...] Read more.

In this study, we investigated direct-controlled/living cationic polymerization and copolymerization of 4-vinylguaiacol (4VG), i.e., 4-hydroxy-3-methoxystyrene, which can be derived from naturally-occurring ferulic acid, to develop novel bio-based amphiphilic polystyrenes with phenol functions. The controlled/living cationic polymerization of 4VG was achieved using the R–OH/BF₃·OEt₂ initiating system, which is effective for the controlled/living polymerization of petroleum-derived 4-vinylphenol in the presence of a large amount of water via reversible activation of terminal C–OH bond catalyzed by BF₃·OEt₂, to result in the polymers with controlled molecular weights and narrow molecular weight distributions. The random or block copolymerization of 4VG was also examined using p-methoxystyrene (pMOS) as a comonomer with an aqueous initiating system to tune the amphiphilic nature of the 4VG-derived phenolic polymers. The obtained polymer can be expected not only to be used as a novel styrenic bio-based polymer but also as a material with amphiphilic nature for some applications. Full article

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

16 pages, 608 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quantifying Mg²⁺ Binding to ssDNA Oligomers: A Self-Consistent Field Theory Study at Varying Ionic Strengths and Grafting Densities

by Merina Jahan and Mark J. Uline

Polymers 2018, 10(12), 1403; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10121403 - 18 Dec 2018

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4206

Abstract

The performance of aptamer-based biosensors is crucially impacted by their interactions with physiological metal ions, which can alter their structures and chemical properties. Therefore, elucidating the nature of these interactions carries the utmost importance in the robust design of highly efficient biosensors. We [...] Read more.

The performance of aptamer-based biosensors is crucially impacted by their interactions with physiological metal ions, which can alter their structures and chemical properties. Therefore, elucidating the nature of these interactions carries the utmost importance in the robust design of highly efficient biosensors. We investigated Mg

^{2 +}

binding to varying sequences of polymers to capture the effects of ionic strength and grafting density on ion binding and molecular reorganization of the polymer layer. The polymers are modeled as ssDNA aptamers using a self-consistent field theory, which accounts for non-covalent ion binding by integrating experimentally-derived binding constants. Our model captures the typical polyelectrolyte behavior of chain collapse with increased ionic strength for the ssDNA chains at low grafting density and exhibits the well-known re-entrant phenomena of stretched chains with increased ionic strength at high grafting density. The binding results suggest that electrostatic attraction between the monomers and Mg

^{2 +}

plays the dominant role in defining the ion cloud around the ssDNA chains and generates a nearly-uniform ion distribution along the chains containing varying monomer sequences. These findings are in qualitative agreement with recent experimental results for Mg

^{2 +}

binding to surface-bound ssDNA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multiscale Modeling of Polymers)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

13 pages, 5608 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Inkjet Printable and Self-Curable Disperse Dyes/P(St-BA-MAA) Nanosphere Inks for Both Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Fabrics

by Yawei Song, Kuanjun Fang, Yanfei Ren, Zhiyuan Tang, Rongqing Wang, Weichao Chen, Ruyi Xie, Zhen Shi and Longyun Hao

Polymers 2018, 10(12), 1402; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10121402 - 18 Dec 2018

Cited by 41 | Viewed by 5140

Abstract

Low-water-soluble disperse dyes possess a broad color gamut and good durability, but they need chemical or physical modification before being used in inks and can only be applied to several kinds of hydrophobic fabrics. In this work, disperse dyes/P(St-BA-MAA) nanospheres (known as DPN) [...] Read more.

Low-water-soluble disperse dyes possess a broad color gamut and good durability, but they need chemical or physical modification before being used in inks and can only be applied to several kinds of hydrophobic fabrics. In this work, disperse dyes/P(St-BA-MAA) nanospheres (known as DPN) absorbed by sodium nitrilotriacetate (known as NTA@DPN) were prepared and applied into ink formulations, which exhibited high dye fixation, long-term stability and self-curable ability without addition of any binder. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images showed the nanospheres have homogeneous core-shell spherical shape and the average diameter increased by 20.6 nm after coloration. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements illustrated the interaction between dyes and nanospheres and indicated that the colored nanospheres contained both dye molecules and crystalline dyes. The Zeta potential and particle size measurements demonstrated that the dispersion stability was improved when sodium nitrilotriacetate (NTA) was absorbed onto DPN. The rheological behavior of the NTA@DPN inks was Newtonian and desired droplet formation was achieved at the viscosity of 4.23 mPa·s. Both hydrophilic cotton and hydrophobic polyester fabrics were cationic modified before used, which had an excellent image quality and desired rubbing fastness after inkjet printing. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images showed NTA@DPN formed stable deposits on the surface of modified fibers and could self-cure to form continuous film coating on the fiber surface after being baked at 150 °C without addition of any binder. Full article

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

15 pages, 6761 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Facile Fabrication of High Toughness Poly(lactic Acid) via Reactive Extrusion with Poly(butylene Succinate) and Ethylene-Methyl Acrylate-Glycidyl Methacrylate

by Bin Xue, Hezhi He, Zhiwen Zhu, Jiqian Li, Zhaoxia Huang, Guozhen Wang, Ming Chen and Zhiming Zhan

Polymers 2018, 10(12), 1401; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10121401 - 17 Dec 2018

Cited by 39 | Viewed by 5369

Abstract

As is an excellent bio-based polymer material, poly(lactic acid) (PLA)’s brittle nature greatly restricts its extensive applications. Herein, poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) was introduced to toughening PLA by melt blending using a self-made triple screw extruder through in situ reactive with ethylene-methyl acrylate-glycidyl methacrylate [...] Read more.

As is an excellent bio-based polymer material, poly(lactic acid) (PLA)’s brittle nature greatly restricts its extensive applications. Herein, poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) was introduced to toughening PLA by melt blending using a self-made triple screw extruder through in situ reactive with ethylene-methyl acrylate-glycidyl methacrylate (EGMA). The effect of EGMA concentrations on the mechanical properties, morphology, interfacial compatibility of PLA/PBS blends were studied. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) results demonstrated that the epoxy group of EGMA reacts with the hydroxyl groups of PLA and PBS, which proved the occurrence of interfacial reactions among the tri-component. The significantly improved compatibility between PLA and PBS after EGMA incorporation was made evident by scanning electron microscope (SEM) characterization results. Meanwhile, the contact angle test predicted that the EGMA was selectively localized at the interface between PLA and PBS, and the result was verified by morphological analysis of cryofracture and etched samples. The EGMA improves the compatibility of PLA/PBS blends, and consequently leads to a significantly increased toughness with the elongation at break occurring 83 times more when 10 wt % EGMA was introduced than neat PLA, while impact strength also enhanced by twentyfold. Ultimately, the toughening mechanism of PLA based polymers was established based on the above analysis, exploring a new way for the extensive application for degradable material. Full article

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

17 pages, 5490 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improved Physicochemical Stability and High Ion Transportation of Poly(Arylene Ether Sulfone) Blocks Containing a Fluorinated Hydrophobic Part for Anion Exchange Membrane Applications

by Ji Young Chu, Kyu Ha Lee, Ae Rhan Kim and Dong Jin Yoo

Polymers 2018, 10(12), 1400; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10121400 - 17 Dec 2018

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 4213

Abstract

A series of anion exchange membranes composed of partially fluorinated poly(arylene ether sulfone)s (PAESs) multiblock copolymers bearing quaternary ammonium groups were synthesized with controlled lengths of the hydrophilic precursor and hydrophobic oligomer via direct polycondensation. The chloromethylation and quaternization proceeded well by optimizing [...] Read more.

A series of anion exchange membranes composed of partially fluorinated poly(arylene ether sulfone)s (PAESs) multiblock copolymers bearing quaternary ammonium groups were synthesized with controlled lengths of the hydrophilic precursor and hydrophobic oligomer via direct polycondensation. The chloromethylation and quaternization proceeded well by optimizing the reaction conditions to improve hydroxide conductivity and physical stability, and the fabricated membranes were very flexible and transparent. Atomic force microscope images of quaternized PAES (QN-PAES) membranes showed excellent hydrophilic/hydrophobic phase separation and distinct ion transition channels. An extended architecture of phase separation was observed by increasing the hydrophilic oligomer length, which resulted in significant improvements in the water uptake, ion exchange capacity, and hydroxide conductivity. Furthermore, the open circuit voltage (OCV) of QN-PAES X10Y23 and X10Y13 was found to be above 0.9 V, and the maximum power density of QN-PAES X10Y13 was 131.7 mW cm⁻² at 60 °C under 100% RH. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymeric Materials for Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 3952 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Exfoliated Graphite to Graphene in Polyamide 66 Using Novel High Shear Elongational Flow

by Justin W. Hendrix, Ryan Szeto, Thomas Nosker, Jennifer Lynch-Branzoi and Thomas J. Emge

Polymers 2018, 10(12), 1399; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10121399 - 17 Dec 2018

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5281

Abstract

Graphene has been publicized as the game changing material of this millennium. To this day, scalable production leading to exceptional material properties has been difficult to attain. Most methods require harsh chemicals, which result in destroying the graphene surface. A method was developed, [...] Read more.

Graphene has been publicized as the game changing material of this millennium. To this day, scalable production leading to exceptional material properties has been difficult to attain. Most methods require harsh chemicals, which result in destroying the graphene surface. A method was developed, exploiting high speed elongational flow in a novel designed batch mixer; creating a distribution of pristine few to many layer graphene flakes. The method focuses on exfoliating in a molten polyamide 66 (PA66) matrix, creating a graphene reinforced polymer matrix composite (G-PMC). The process revealed that high speed elongational flow was able to create few layer graphene. Graphite exfoliation was found driven in part by diffusion, leading to intercalation of PA66 in graphite. The intercalated structure lead to increases in the hydrogen bonding domain, creating anisotropic crystal domains. The thermal stability of the G-PMC was found to be dependent to the degree of exfoliation, PA66 crystal structure and composite morphology. The aim of this research is to characterize uniquely produced graphene containing polymer matrix composites using a newly created elongational flow field. Using elongational flow, graphite will be directly exfoliated into graphene within a molten polymer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Graphene-Polymer Composites II)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

13 pages, 3236 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Paddlewheel SBU based Zn MOFs: Syntheses, Structural Diversity, and CO₂ Adsorption Properties

by Ting-Ru Lin, Cheng-Hua Lee, Yi-Chen Lan, Shruti Mendiratta, Long-Li Lai, Jing-Yun Wu, Kai-Ming Chi and Kuang-Lieh Lu

Polymers 2018, 10(12), 1398; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10121398 - 17 Dec 2018

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 5637

Abstract

Four Zn metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), {[Zn₂(2,6-ndc)₂(2-Pn)]·DMF}_n (1), {[Zn₂(cca)₂(2-Pn)]·DMF}_n (2), {[Zn₂(thdc)₂(2-Pn)]·3DMF}_n (3), and {[Zn₂(1,4-ndc)₂(2-Pn)]·1.5DMF}_n (4), were [...] Read more.

Four Zn metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), {[Zn₂(2,6-ndc)₂(2-Pn)]·DMF}_n (1), {[Zn₂(cca)₂(2-Pn)]·DMF}_n (2), {[Zn₂(thdc)₂(2-Pn)]·3DMF}_n (3), and {[Zn₂(1,4-ndc)₂(2-Pn)]·1.5DMF}_n (4), were synthesized from zinc nitrate and N,N′-bis(pyridin-2-yl)benzene-1,4-diamine (2-Pn) with naphthalene-2,6-dicarboxylic acid (2,6-H₂ndc), 4-carboxycinnamic acid (H₂cca), 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid (H₂thdc), and naphthalene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid (1,4-H₂ndc), respectively. MOFs 1–4 were all constructed from similar dinuclear paddlewheel {Zn₂(COO)₄} clusters and resulted in the formation of three kinds of uninodal 6-connected non-interpenetrated frameworks. MOFs 1 and 2 suit a topologic 4⁸·6⁷-net with 17.6% and 16.8% extra-framework voids, respectively, 3 adopts a pillared-layer open framework of 4⁸·6⁶·8-topology with sufficient free voids of 39.9%, and 4 features a pcu-type pillared-layer framework of 4¹²·6³-topology with sufficient free voids of 30.9%. CO₂ sorption studies exhibited typical reversible type I isotherms with CO₂ uptakes of 55.1, 84.6, and 64.3 cm³ g⁻¹ at 195 K and P/P₀ =1 for the activated materials 1′, 2′, and 4′, respectively. The coverage-dependent isosteric heat of CO₂ adsorption (Q_st) gave commonly decreased Q_st traces with increasing CO₂ uptake for all the three materials and showed an adsorption enthalpy of 32.5 kJ mol⁻¹ for 1′, 38.3 kJ mol⁻¹ for 2′, and 23.5 kJ mol⁻¹ for 4′ at zero coverage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Coordination Polymers)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

12 pages, 1311 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recent Advance on Polyaniline or Polypyrrole-Derived Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction

by Zhankun Jiang, Jiemei Yu, Taizhong Huang and Min Sun

Polymers 2018, 10(12), 1397; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10121397 - 17 Dec 2018

Cited by 35 | Viewed by 5613

Abstract

The fuel cell, as one of the most promising electrochemical devices, is sustainable, clean, and environmentally benign. The sluggish oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is an important fuel cell cathodic reaction that decides the efficiency of the overall energy conversion. In order to improve [...] Read more.

The fuel cell, as one of the most promising electrochemical devices, is sustainable, clean, and environmentally benign. The sluggish oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is an important fuel cell cathodic reaction that decides the efficiency of the overall energy conversion. In order to improve ORR efficiency, many efficient catalysts have been developed, in which the N-doped material is most popular. Polyaniline and polypyrrole as common aromatic polymers containing nitrogen were widely applied in the N-doped material. The shape-controlled N-doped carbon material can be prepared from the pyrolysis of the polyaniline or polypyrrole, which is effective to catalyze the ORR. This review is focused on the recent advance of polyaniline or polypyrrole-based ORR electrocatalysts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aromatic Polymers)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

11 pages, 1699 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Chemical Compatibility and Adhesion of Energetic Materials with Several Polymers and Binders: An Experimental Study

by Trung Toan Nguyen, Duc Nhan Phan, Duy Chinh Nguyen, Van Thom Do and Long Giang Bach

Polymers 2018, 10(12), 1396; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10121396 - 16 Dec 2018

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 5220

Abstract

The chemical compatibility and the adhesion of energetic materials and additive materials exert a strong influence on the sensitivity, safety and performance of a polymer-bonded explosive (PBX). In this study, the chemical compatibility of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) with several polymers were [...] Read more.

The chemical compatibility and the adhesion of energetic materials and additive materials exert a strong influence on the sensitivity, safety and performance of a polymer-bonded explosive (PBX). In this study, the chemical compatibility of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) with several polymers were evaluated using the vacuum stability test (VST) and the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC); while the adhesion between RDX or PETN and each binder based on these polymers was determined through interfacial characteristics using contact angle measurement. The experimental results demonstrate that RDX and PETN are compatible with polystyrene (PS), nitrocellulose (NC) and fluoroelastomer (FKM) according to the STANAG 4147. Therefore the two polymers can be used as adhesives in PBX composition. Moreover, based on interfacial characteristics such as interfacial tension and work of adhesion, the adhesion between RDX and each binder was predicted to be better than that of PETN. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

8 pages, 1659 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Fast Screening of Diol Impurities in Methoxy Poly(Ethylene Glycol)s (mPEG)s by Liquid Chromatography on Monolithic Silica Rods

by Michaela Brunzel, Tobias C. Majdanski, Jürgen Vitz, Ivo Nischang and Ulrich S. Schubert

Polymers 2018, 10(12), 1395; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10121395 - 16 Dec 2018

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5405

Abstract

The determination of diol impurities in methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)s (mPEG)s is of high importance, e.g., in the area of pharmaceutical applications, since mPEGs are considered the gold standard—based on properties of biocompatibility, stealth effect against the immune system, and well-established procedures used in [...] Read more.

The determination of diol impurities in methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)s (mPEG)s is of high importance, e.g., in the area of pharmaceutical applications, since mPEGs are considered the gold standard—based on properties of biocompatibility, stealth effect against the immune system, and well-established procedures used in PEGylation reactions. Herein, we communicate a straightforward and fast approach for the resolution of the PEGdiol impurities in mPEG products by liquid chromatography on reversed-phase monolithic silica-rods. Thus, we utilize fine, in-house prepared and narrow dispersity mPEGs (Ð ≤ 1.1) and commercial PEGdiol standards as a reference. Most efficient analysis of diol impurities becomes possible with reversed-phase liquid chromatography that results in selective elution of the PEGdiol from mPEG macromolecule populations in partition/adsorption mode. We do this by a minimum selectivity of the population of macromolecules characterizing the narrow molar mass distributions of mPEG. Control experiments with intentionally added water at the start of the well-controlled mPEG synthesis via the living anionic ring opening polymerization of ethylene oxide clearly reconciled the existence of PEGdiol impurity in chromatographed samples. The here-demonstrated methodology allows for the resolution of diol impurities of less than one percent in elution times of only a few minutes, confirmed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) of the collected elution fractions. The unique combination of the open flow-through pore structure of the monolithic silica rods and resultant varying accessibility of C18-derivatized pore surfaces indicates beneficial properties for robust and end-group-specific adsorption/partition liquid chromatography of synthetic macromolecules. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrophilic Polymers)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

25 pages, 9224 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Confined Polymers as Self-Avoiding Random Walks on Restricted Lattices

by Javier Benito, Nikos Ch. Karayiannis and Manuel Laso

Polymers 2018, 10(12), 1394; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10121394 - 15 Dec 2018

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4631

Abstract

Polymers in highly confined geometries can display complex morphologies including ordered phases. A basic component of a theoretical analysis of their phase behavior in confined geometries is the knowledge of the number of possible single-chain conformations compatible with the geometrical restrictions and the [...] Read more.

Polymers in highly confined geometries can display complex morphologies including ordered phases. A basic component of a theoretical analysis of their phase behavior in confined geometries is the knowledge of the number of possible single-chain conformations compatible with the geometrical restrictions and the established crystalline morphology. While the statistical properties of unrestricted self-avoiding random walks (SAWs) both on and off-lattice are very well known, the same is not true for SAWs in confined geometries. The purpose of this contribution is (a) to enumerate the number of SAWs on the simple cubic (SC) and face-centered cubic (FCC) lattices under confinement for moderate SAW lengths, and (b) to obtain an approximate expression for their behavior as a function of chain length, type of lattice, and degree of confinement. This information is an essential requirement for the understanding and prediction of entropy-driven phase transitions of model polymer chains under confinement. In addition, a simple geometric argument is presented that explains, to first order, the dependence of the number of restricted SAWs on the type of SAW origin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Simulations of Polymers)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

15 pages, 5332 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Novel Polymer Material for Efficiently Removing Methylene Blue, Cu(II) and Emulsified Oil Droplets from Water Simultaneously

by Jie Cao, Jianbei Zhang, Yuejun Zhu, Shanshan Wang, Xiujun Wang and Kaihe Lv

Polymers 2018, 10(12), 1393; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10121393 - 15 Dec 2018

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4949

Abstract

The pollution of water resources has become a worldwide concern. The primary pollutants including insoluble oil, toxic dyes, and heavy metal ions. Herein, we report a polymer adsorbent, named SPCT, to remove the above three contaminants from water simultaneously. The preparation process of [...] Read more.

The pollution of water resources has become a worldwide concern. The primary pollutants including insoluble oil, toxic dyes, and heavy metal ions. Herein, we report a polymer adsorbent, named SPCT, to remove the above three contaminants from water simultaneously. The preparation process of SPCT contains two steps. Firstly, a hydrogel composed of sulfonated phenolic resin (SMP) and polyethyleneimine (PEI) was synthesized using glutaraldehyde (GA) as the crosslinking agent, and the product was named SPG. Then SPCT was prepared by the reaction between SPG and citric acid (CA) at 170

^{\circ}

C. SPCT exhibited an excellent performance for the removal of methylene blue (MB) and Cu(II) from aqueous solution. For a solution with a pollutant concentration of 50 mg L⁻¹, a removal efficiency of above 90% could be obtained with a SPCT dosage of 0.2 g L⁻¹ for MB, or a SPCT dosage of 0.5 g L⁻¹ for Cu(II), respectively. SPCT also presented an interesting wettability. In air, it was both superhydrophilic and superoleophilic, and it was superoleophobic underwater. Therefore, SPCT could successfully separate oil-in-water emulsion with high separation efficiency and resistance to oil fouling. Additionally, SPCT was easily regenerated by using dilute HCl solution as an eluent. The outstanding performance of SPCT and the efficient, cost-effective preparation process highlight its potential for practical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer for Separation)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

13 pages, 2745 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Self-Healing Cellulose Nanocrystals-Containing Gels via Reshuffling of Thiuram Disulfide Bonds

by Wenyan Li, Shengchang Lu, Mengchan Zhao, Xinxing Lin, Min Zhang, He Xiao, Kai Liu, Liulian Huang, Lihui Chen, Xinhua Ouyang, Yonghao Ni and Hui Wu

Polymers 2018, 10(12), 1392; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10121392 - 15 Dec 2018

Cited by 43 | Viewed by 5666

Abstract

Self-healing gels based on reshuffling disulfide bonds have attracted great attention due to their ability to restore structure and mechanical properties after damage. In this work, self-healing gels with different cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) contents were prepared by embedding the thiuram disulfide bonds into [...] Read more.

Self-healing gels based on reshuffling disulfide bonds have attracted great attention due to their ability to restore structure and mechanical properties after damage. In this work, self-healing gels with different cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) contents were prepared by embedding the thiuram disulfide bonds into gels via polyaddition. By the reshuffling of thiuram disulfide bonds, the CNC-containing gels repair the crack and recover mechanical properties rapidly under visible light in air. The thiuram disulfide-functionalized gels with a CNC content of 2.2% are highly stretchable and can be stretched approximately 42.6 times of their original length. Our results provide useful approaches for the preparation of dynamic CNC-containing gels with implications in many related engineering applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart and Functional Elastomers, Hydrogels, and Ionogels)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

13 pages, 21122 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Chemical Modification on Mechanical Properties of Wood-Plastic Composite Injection-Molded Parts

by Joo Seong Sohn and Sung Woon Cha

Polymers 2018, 10(12), 1391; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10121391 - 15 Dec 2018

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 8110

Abstract

Wood chips from furniture-manufacturing byproducts, which do not include adhesive or paint in the waste wood, were used for the flouring process and chemical modification of wood flour (WF). After chemical modification, the WF was mixed with polypropylene through extrusion compounding and injection-molding [...] Read more.

Wood chips from furniture-manufacturing byproducts, which do not include adhesive or paint in the waste wood, were used for the flouring process and chemical modification of wood flour (WF). After chemical modification, the WF was mixed with polypropylene through extrusion compounding and injection-molding to prepare wood-plastic composite (WPC) injection-molded specimens for the American Society for Testing and Materials. Static contact angle measurements and stereomicroscope observations were performed. In this study, it was confirmed that the impact strength was improved by up to 55.8% and the tensile strength by up to 33.8%. The flexural modulus decreased marginally. As a result of WF chemical modification, the measured contact angle of WPC increased, which means that the wettability of the WPC specimen surface decreased. In addition, it was observed through stereomicroscopy that the whitening of the surface of the WPC specimen improved. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modification of Natural Fibres to Improve Biocomposites Performances)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 4981 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microdrilling of Through-Holes in Flexible Printed Circuits Using Picosecond Ultrashort Pulse Laser

by Wanqin Zhao and Lingzhi Wang

Polymers 2018, 10(12), 1390; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10121390 - 14 Dec 2018

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 6650

Abstract

High density and high quality interconnects are necessary for the preparation of miniaturized and lightweight electronic products. Therefore, small-diameter and high-density through-holes in FPCs (Flexible Printed Circuits) are required. However, the current processing methods cannot further decrease the diameters and improve the quality [...] Read more.

High density and high quality interconnects are necessary for the preparation of miniaturized and lightweight electronic products. Therefore, small-diameter and high-density through-holes in FPCs (Flexible Printed Circuits) are required. However, the current processing methods cannot further decrease the diameters and improve the quality of through-holes. Comparatively, ultrashort pulse laser is a good choice. In this paper, the processing technology for the microdrilling of through-holes in FPCs using a 10 ps pulse laser was systematically studied. The effects of laser parameters, including the wavelength, energy, pulses and polarization, on the drilling of through-holes were investigated. The various processing parameters were optimized and the plausible reasons were discussed. Finally, the desired small-diameter and high-density through-holes in FPCs were obtained. The experimental results showed that, through-holes with diameters of less than 10 µm and inlet interconnection pitches of 0~2 µm could be successfully drilled in FPCs using ultrashort pulse laser. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Laser processing in polymer research)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 2195 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis and Characterization of a Molecularly Imprinted Polymer of Spermidine and the Exploration of Its Molecular Recognition Properties

by Yu-Jie Huang, Rui Chang and Qiu-Jin Zhu

Polymers 2018, 10(12), 1389; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10121389 - 14 Dec 2018

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 5011

Abstract

Spermidine is a functional ingredient that can extend the lifespan of many foods and indicate meat safety. However, its synthesis and enrichment is expensive and complex. To develop an effective separation material that can offer highly selective recognition of spermidine, we first applied [...] Read more.

Spermidine is a functional ingredient that can extend the lifespan of many foods and indicate meat safety. However, its synthesis and enrichment is expensive and complex. To develop an effective separation material that can offer highly selective recognition of spermidine, we first applied non-covalent molecular imprinting technology using methacrylic acid as a functional monomer, azobisisobutyronitrile as an initiator, and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as a cross-linker. The adsorption properties of the polymers were analyzed using the Scatchard equation, the Lagergren kinetic equation, and the static distribution coefficient. The optimal polymerization molar ratio of the template molecule spermidine to the functional monomer was 1:4, the maximum adsorption amount was 97.75 μmol/g, and the adsorption equilibrium time was 300 min. The selective experiment showed that the interfering substances tyramine and histamine had selectivity factor α values of 2.01 and 1.78, respectively, indicating that the prepared polymer had good spermidine recognition ability. The density function theory calculations showed that the hydrogen bond strength, steric effect, and product energy caused adsorption and separation differences among the different imprinted polymer complexes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomimicry through Molecular Imprinting: From Polymer Design to Devices)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 5540 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation of Pt-Catalyst by Poly(p-phenylenediamine) Nanocomposites Assisted by Microwave Radiation for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell

by Yen-Zen Wang, Tsung-Han Ko, Wen-Yao Huang, Tar-Hwa Hsieh, Ko-Shan Ho, Yi-Yin Chen and Siang-Jhih Hsieh

Polymers 2018, 10(12), 1388; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10121388 - 14 Dec 2018

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4808

Abstract

The Pt elements are prepared via the redox reaction with microwave (MW) irradiation in the presence of poly(p-phenylenediamine) (PpPD) which is polymerized on XC72 carbon matrix (PpPD/XC72), behaving as reducing agent. The free primary amines of PpPD are actually converted (oxidized) to secondary [...] Read more.

The Pt elements are prepared via the redox reaction with microwave (MW) irradiation in the presence of poly(p-phenylenediamine) (PpPD) which is polymerized on XC72 carbon matrix (PpPD/XC72), behaving as reducing agent. The free primary amines of PpPD are actually converted (oxidized) to secondary ones (5,10-dihydrophenazine) after MW irradiation. Transmission electronic microscopy (TEM) micrographs reveal the prepared Pt nanoparticles are well-dispersed on the carbon matrix like commercial Pt-implanted carbon nanocomposite (Pt/C). From the residue weights of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) thermograms of Pt-loaded PpPD/XC72 (PpPD/XC72-Pt-MW), more Pt (18.49 wt %) nanoparticles are implanted on PpPD/XC72 composite. The Pt-implanted wt % on PpPD/XC72 matrix is just slightly lower than that of commercial Pt/C (22.30 wt %). The Pt-catalyst supports of PpPD/XC72-Pt-MW illustrate typical cyclic voltammograms (C-V) of Pt-catalyst, including significant Pt–H oxidation and Pt–O reduction peaks. The electrochemical active surface area of PpPD/XC72-Pt-MW is found to be as high as 60.1 m² g⁻¹. Max. number of electron transfer during oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) approaches 3.83 for PpPD/XC72-Pt-MW, higher than that of commercial Pt/C (3.62). Single cell based on PpPD/XC72-Pt-MW demonstrates much higher specific max. power density to be 34.6 mW cm⁻² Pt, higher than that single cell prepared with commercial Pt/C electrode (30.6 mW cm⁻² Pt). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymeric Materials for Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

14 pages, 2200 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electrospun Polycaprolactone Nanofibers as a Reaction Membrane for Lateral Flow Assay

by Chee Hong Takahiro Yew, Pedram Azari, Jane Ru Choi, Farina Muhamad and Belinda Pingguan-Murphy

Polymers 2018, 10(12), 1387; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10121387 - 14 Dec 2018

Cited by 68 | Viewed by 7744

Abstract

Electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofibers have emerged as a promising material in diverse biomedical applications due to their various favorable features. However, their application in the field of biosensors such as point-of-care lateral flow assays (LFA) has not been investigated. The present study demonstrates [...] Read more.

Electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofibers have emerged as a promising material in diverse biomedical applications due to their various favorable features. However, their application in the field of biosensors such as point-of-care lateral flow assays (LFA) has not been investigated. The present study demonstrates the use of electrospun PCL nanofibers as a reaction membrane for LFA. Electrospun PCL nanofibers were treated with NaOH solution for different concentrations and durations to achieve a desirable flow rate and optimum detection sensitivity in nucleic acid-based LFA. It was observed that the concentration of NaOH does not affect the physical properties of nanofibers, including average fiber diameter, average pore size and porosity. However, interestingly, a significant reduction of the water contact angle was observed due to the generation of hydroxyl and carboxyl groups on the nanofibers, which increased their hydrophilicity. The optimally treated nanofibers were able to detect synthetic Zika viral DNA (as a model analyte) sensitively with a detection limit of 0.5 nM. Collectively, the benefits such as low-cost of fabrication, ease of modification, porous nanofibrous structures and tunability of flow rate make PCL nanofibers a versatile alternative to nitrocellulose membrane in LFA applications. This material offers tremendous potential for a broad range of point-of-care applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanotechnology of Polymers and Biomaterials)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

8 pages, 3058 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Process Evaluation of the Metal-Organic Frameworks for the Application of Personal Protective Equipment with Filtration Function

by Yan Hong, Chunyu Liu, Xuechun Cao, Yu Chen, Chen Chen, Yan Chen and Zhijuan Pan

Polymers 2018, 10(12), 1386; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10121386 - 14 Dec 2018

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3786

Abstract

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been regarded as an ideal material for the development of functional textiles with filtration function. Such functional textiles with filtration function can be further used to develop personal protective equipment, such as protective masks. This paper focuses on the [...] Read more.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been regarded as an ideal material for the development of functional textiles with filtration function. Such functional textiles with filtration function can be further used to develop personal protective equipment, such as protective masks. This paper focuses on the comparisons of different processes when applying MOFs to conventional textiles. Two different processes existing in the literature, namely the electrospinning method and hot-pressing method, are discussed in this paper. Materials loaded with MOFs developed with these two processes are evaluated and compared, regarding the adsorption of dyes in water and the removal of pollutants. Experiment results indicate that the hot-pressing method is more advantageous when applying MOF to textiles, in terms of adsorption and removal efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Processing for Enhancing Textile Application)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

15 pages, 3791 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Facile Fabrication of Multi-Structured SiO₂@PVDF-HFP Nanofibrous Membranes for Enhanced Copper Ions Adsorption

by Haohong Pi, Rui Wang, Baona Ren, Xiuqin Zhang and Jing Wu

Polymers 2018, 10(12), 1385; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10121385 - 13 Dec 2018

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4958

Abstract

The low-cost, heavy metal ion (Cu(II)) adsorptive multi-structured nanofibrous membranes of silicon oxide naonoparticles in-situ anchored polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene (SiO₂@PVDF-HFP) fibers were fabricated by the facile electrospinning technique combined with sol–gel strategy. To explore the benefits of the structure-related Cu(II) adsorption capacity, [...] Read more.

The low-cost, heavy metal ion (Cu(II)) adsorptive multi-structured nanofibrous membranes of silicon oxide naonoparticles in-situ anchored polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene (SiO₂@PVDF-HFP) fibers were fabricated by the facile electrospinning technique combined with sol–gel strategy. To explore the benefits of the structure-related Cu(II) adsorption capacity, the fiber diameters of SiO₂@PVDF-HFP nanofibrous membranes were changed which also resulted in the change of their porosity. Taking advantage of the constructed multi-structures and efficient fiber morphology regulation which not only changed the PVDF-HFP nanofibrous membrane from hydrophobic to superhydrophilic but also increased the porosity of the membrane, the SiO₂@PVDF-HFP nanofibrous membrane with a smaller diameter and a larger porosity exhibits higher Cu(II) adsorption capacity. The adsorption amount was approximate to 21.9 mg per gram of the membrane, which was higher than that of membranes with larger fiber diameter (smaller porosity) and the smooth one. Furthermore, the model isotherms of Freundlich and Langmuir, as well as the kinetic models of pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order were preferred to analyze the adsorption equilibrium data. The Freundlich model and the pseudo-first-order were well fitted to the adsorption experimental data. It not only uncovers the structure-related-property of multi-structured nanofibrous membranes, but also provides an efficient and facile way to design heavy metal ion adsorption materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multi-functional Polymer Composites and Structures)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

15 pages, 3548 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Single Local Injection of Epigallocatechin Gallate-Modified Gelatin Attenuates Bone Resorption and Orthodontic Tooth Movement in Mice

by Yuta Katsumata, Hiroyuki Kanzaki, Yoshitomo Honda, Tomonari Tanaka, Yuuki Yamaguchi, Kanako Itohiya, Sari Fukaya, Yutaka Miyamoto, Tsuyoshi Narimiya, Satoshi Wada and Yoshiki Nakamura

Polymers 2018, 10(12), 1384; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10121384 - 13 Dec 2018

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3880

Abstract

Osteoclastic bone resorption enables orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) in orthodontic treatment. Previously, we demonstrated that local epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) injection successfully slowed the rate of OTM; however, repeat injections were required. In the present study, we produced a liquid form of EGCG-modified gelatin [...] Read more.

Osteoclastic bone resorption enables orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) in orthodontic treatment. Previously, we demonstrated that local epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) injection successfully slowed the rate of OTM; however, repeat injections were required. In the present study, we produced a liquid form of EGCG-modified gelatin (EGCG-GL) and examined the properties of EGCG-GL with respect to prolonging EGCG release, NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activation, osteoclastogenesis inhibition, bone destruction, and OTM. We found EGCG-GL both prolonged the release of EGCG and induced the expression of antioxidant enzyme genes, such as heme oxygenase 1 (Hmox1) and glutamate-cysteine ligase (Gclc), in the mouse macrophage cell line, RAW264.7. EGCG-GL attenuated intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were induced by the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB ligand (RANKL) and inhibited RANKL-mediated osteoclastogenesis in vitro. An animal model of bone destruction, induced by repeat Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-injections into the calvaria of male BALB/c mice, revealed that a single injection of EGCG-GL on day-1 could successfully inhibit LPS-mediated bone destruction. Additionally, experimental OTM of maxillary first molars in male mice was attenuated by a single EGCG-GL injection on day-1. In conclusion, EGCG-GL prolongs the release of EGCG and inhibits osteoclastogenesis via the attenuation of intracellular ROS signaling through the increased expression of antioxidant enzymes. These results indicate EGCG-GL would be a beneficial therapeutic approach both in destructive bone disease and in controlling alveolar bone metabolism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Application of Conjugated Polymers)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Polymers, Volume 10, Issue 12 (December 2018) – 121 articles

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI