Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs): Advances and Challenges
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Development of Proton Exchange Membranes (PEM)
2.1. Graphene and Carbon Nanotubes
2.2. Metal. Organic Frameworks
2.3. Ionic Liquids
2.4. Nanofibers
3. Electrocatalysts and Electrodes
3.1. Oxygen Reduction Catalysts
3.2. Hydrogen Oxidation Catalysts
4. Membrane–Electrode Assembly (MEA): Preparation and Characterization
5. Performance of Single Monocells—PEMFCs
5.1. PEMFC Performance Using Pt-Based Catalysts
5.2. PEMFC Performance Using Non-PGM Catalysts
6. PEMFC Stack Configuration and Characterization
7. PEMFC Water Management
8. Hydrophobicity of Electrodes and Gas Diffusion Layers
9. Performance Inhibition of PEMFCs by Electrodes Processes
10. PEMFC Technology, Cost, Actual Applications, and Challenges
11. Conclusion and Future Outlook
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Material | Ik (mAcm−2) |
---|---|
Pt | 55 |
Pt-Mn | 15 |
Pt-Pb | 0.93 |
Pt-Sb | 115 |
Pt-Sn | 69 |
Catalyst | Synthesis Method | Size Particle (nm) | io (mAcm−2) | Specific Activity@ 0.1 V (A/gIr) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pd/C | Pulse microwave assisted polyol | 4.3 ± 0.3 | 0.35 | N.R. | [281] |
Pd3Ir/C | 4.5 ± 0.3 | 0.7 | N.R. | ||
PdIr/C | 4.4 ± 0.3 | 1.6 | N.R. | ||
PdIr3/C | 5.3 ± 0.3 | 1 | N.R. | ||
Ir/C | 5.7 ± 0.3 | 0.2 | N.R. | ||
Pd/C | Thermal synthesis (300°C, Ar, 1h) | 4.5 | N.R. | N.R. | [284] |
PdP2 | 5 | N.R. | N.R. | ||
Pd5P2 | 5.5 | N.R. | N.R. | ||
IrFe/C | Solvent vaporization + hydrogen reduction method | 3.8 ± 0.2 | N.R. | 146.9 | [285] |
IrCo/C | 2.6 ± 0.2 | N.R. | 133 | ||
IrNi/C | 3.4 ± 0.2 | N.R. | 152 | ||
Pt | N.R. | N.R. | 16 |
Catalyst | Synthesis Method | Size Particle (nm) | Max. Power Density (mWcm−2) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pd-Co/gCN | Thermal condensation+ polyol reduction | 10 | 290 | [282] |
Pd3Co/PCNT | CCVD+ modified Hummers method+ polyol reduction | N.R. | 327 | [283] |
Pd3Co/CNT | N.R. | |||
IrP2/rGO | Modified Hummers method+ solvothermal method | 10 | N.R. | [286] |
Rh-Rh2O3/C | Polyol method+ thermal treatment | 10-15 | N.R. | [287] |
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Tellez-Cruz, M.M.; Escorihuela, J.; Solorza-Feria, O.; Compañ, V. Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs): Advances and Challenges. Polymers 2021, 13, 3064. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13183064
Tellez-Cruz MM, Escorihuela J, Solorza-Feria O, Compañ V. Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs): Advances and Challenges. Polymers. 2021; 13(18):3064. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13183064
Chicago/Turabian StyleTellez-Cruz, Miriam M., Jorge Escorihuela, Omar Solorza-Feria, and Vicente Compañ. 2021. "Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs): Advances and Challenges" Polymers 13, no. 18: 3064. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13183064
APA StyleTellez-Cruz, M. M., Escorihuela, J., Solorza-Feria, O., & Compañ, V. (2021). Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs): Advances and Challenges. Polymers, 13(18), 3064. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13183064