Influence of Surface Treatment and Protracted Ageing on the Shear Bond Strength of Orthodontic Brackets to Two Digitally Fabricated (Milled and 3D-Printed) Polymethacrylate-Based Provisional Crowns

Hassan, Nisreen Nabiel; Mattoo, Khurshid; Khawaji, Atheer; Najmi, Hanan; Sadeli, Almaha; Alshahrani, Ahid Amer; Qahtani, Abeer Ali; Alshehri, Abdullah Hasan; Almarzouki, Mai; Sayed, Mohammed E.

doi:10.3390/polym17050699

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Surface Treatment and Protracted Ageing on the Shear Bond Strength of Orthodontic Brackets to Two Digitally Fabricated (Milled and 3D-Printed) Polymethacrylate-Based Provisional Crowns

by

Nisreen Nabiel Hassan

¹,

Khurshid Mattoo

²

,

Atheer Khawaji

³,

Hanan Najmi

³

,

Almaha Sadeli

³,

Ahid Amer Alshahrani

⁴

,

Abeer Ali Qahtani

⁵

,

Abdullah Hasan Alshehri

⁶

,

Mai Almarzouki

⁷

and

Mohammed E. Sayed

^2,*

¹

Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Madinah 41477, Saudi Arabia

²

Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia

³

Intern Clinic, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia

⁴

Department of Dental Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia

⁵

Department of Restorative Dental Science, Taif University, Taif 26571, Saudi Arabia

⁶

Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia

⁷

Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia

^*

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Polymers 2025, 17(5), 699; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17050699

Submission received: 14 February 2025 / Revised: 28 February 2025 / Accepted: 4 March 2025 / Published: 6 March 2025

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Polymeric Materials for Dental and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Applications)

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Abstract

This study determined the influence of surface treatment and protracted ageing on the shear bond strength (SBS) of orthodontic brackets bonded to CADCAM (milled) and 3D-printed polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) provisional crowns (PCs). Eighty disc-shaped specimens [forty milled (CopraTemp WhitePeaks) [group (Gp) M] and forty printed (Asiga DentaTooth) (Gp P)] were divided into eight subgroups (Gp) based on surface treatment [no treatment (control) (Gp MC and Gp PC), coarse diamond (Gp MCD and Gp PCD), fine diamond (Gp MFD, and GP PFD) and sandblast (Gp MSB and Gp PSB)]. Orthodontic brackets were bonded (Assure Plus, Transbond XT), thermocycled (2200 cycles), and tested for SBS and failure (Adhesive Remnant Index) (ARI). Statistical tests included analysis of variance (ANOVA); Kruskal–Wallis (ARI ranks); and post hoc (Tukey, Dunn, and Bonferroni) for determining group differences at predetermined probability p-values less than 0.05. SBS was significantly increased in Gp MSB (15.51 Mpa) and Gp PSB (14.11 Mpa), while the coarse diamond subgroups yielded the lowest mean SBS values [Gp MCD (11.28 Mpa) and Gp PCD (11.62 Mpa)]. The SBS of subgroups MFD, MSB, PCD, and PSB showed significant differences from those of their respective controls (Gp MC and Gp PC). Low ARI scores were observed in Gp MC (0.40) and Gp MSB (0.80), while higher scores were observed in Gp PCD (2.10). Both milled and printed PCs fulfil the clinical criteria of the minimum SBS for orthodontic brackets for long-term use. However, milled PC has better SBS and low ARI scores, which make it more clinically feasible for orthodontic treatments.

Keywords: three-dimensional printing; computer-aided design; computer-aided manufacturing; orthodontic bracket; temporary dental restoration; dental crowns; tetrahydrofurfuryl methacrylate

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MDPI and ACS Style

Hassan, N.N.; Mattoo, K.; Khawaji, A.; Najmi, H.; Sadeli, A.; Alshahrani, A.A.; Qahtani, A.A.; Alshehri, A.H.; Almarzouki, M.; Sayed, M.E. Influence of Surface Treatment and Protracted Ageing on the Shear Bond Strength of Orthodontic Brackets to Two Digitally Fabricated (Milled and 3D-Printed) Polymethacrylate-Based Provisional Crowns. Polymers 2025, 17, 699. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17050699

AMA Style

Hassan NN, Mattoo K, Khawaji A, Najmi H, Sadeli A, Alshahrani AA, Qahtani AA, Alshehri AH, Almarzouki M, Sayed ME. Influence of Surface Treatment and Protracted Ageing on the Shear Bond Strength of Orthodontic Brackets to Two Digitally Fabricated (Milled and 3D-Printed) Polymethacrylate-Based Provisional Crowns. Polymers. 2025; 17(5):699. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17050699

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hassan, Nisreen Nabiel, Khurshid Mattoo, Atheer Khawaji, Hanan Najmi, Almaha Sadeli, Ahid Amer Alshahrani, Abeer Ali Qahtani, Abdullah Hasan Alshehri, Mai Almarzouki, and Mohammed E. Sayed. 2025. "Influence of Surface Treatment and Protracted Ageing on the Shear Bond Strength of Orthodontic Brackets to Two Digitally Fabricated (Milled and 3D-Printed) Polymethacrylate-Based Provisional Crowns" Polymers 17, no. 5: 699. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17050699

APA Style

Hassan, N. N., Mattoo, K., Khawaji, A., Najmi, H., Sadeli, A., Alshahrani, A. A., Qahtani, A. A., Alshehri, A. H., Almarzouki, M., & Sayed, M. E. (2025). Influence of Surface Treatment and Protracted Ageing on the Shear Bond Strength of Orthodontic Brackets to Two Digitally Fabricated (Milled and 3D-Printed) Polymethacrylate-Based Provisional Crowns. Polymers, 17(5), 699. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17050699

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Influence of Surface Treatment and Protracted Ageing on the Shear Bond Strength of Orthodontic Brackets to Two Digitally Fabricated (Milled and 3D-Printed) Polymethacrylate-Based Provisional Crowns

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