Integrating Tillage and Mulching Practices as an Avenue to Promote Soil Water Storage, Growth, Production, and Water Productivity of Wheat under Deficit Irrigation in Arid Countries
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Site and Conditions
2.2. Treatments, Experimental Design, and Field Management
2.3. Irrigation Treatments
2.4. Calculation and Measurement
2.4.1. Evapotranspiration (ET) Estimation
2.4.2. Evaluation of Soil Water Storage
2.4.3. Measurements of Traits Related to Wheat Growth and Production
2.4.4. Estimation of WP and IWUE
2.4.5. Evaluation of Yield Response Factor
2.4.6. Determination of Yield–ET and WUE–Yield Relationships
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Response of Soil Water Storage to Tillage and Mulching Practices
3.2. Variation in Different Traits Related to Growth, Production, and Water Use Efficiency under Tillage and Mulching Practices
3.3. Evaluation of Tillage and Mulching Practices under LM Regime Using Yield Response Factor
3.4. Evaluation of the Relationships between PDW, GY, IWUE, WP, and ET
3.5. Relationship of SWS with PDW, GY, IWUE, and WP
4. Discussion
4.1. Effects of Tillage and Mulching Practices on SWS
4.2. Effects of Tillage and Mulching Practices on Different Wheat Traits
4.3. Optimal Combinations between Tillage and Mulching Practices for Enhanced Growth, Production, and WP under DI Conditions
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Months | Temperature (°C) | Precipitation (mm) | Relative Humidity (%) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Minimum | Maximum | Average | ||||||||
S1 | S2 | S1 | S2 | S1 | S2 | S1 | S2 | S1 | S2 | |
December | 10.40 | 9.83 | 23.94 | 23.07 | 17.17 | 16.45 | 0.37 | 1.14 | 44.32 | 48.17 |
January | 6.97 | 8.31 | 21.27 | 22.34 | 14.12 | 15.32 | 1.44 | 3.66 | 38.97 | 41.96 |
February | 10.02 | 10.08 | 25.75 | 24.14 | 17.88 | 17.11 | 0.00 | 1.47 | 27.84 | 40.59 |
March | 13.42 | 14.95 | 29.37 | 32.30 | 21.40 | 23.63 | 0.02 | 0.32 | 24.65 | 20.23 |
April | 19.50 | 19.95 | 34.06 | 35.52 | 26.78 | 27.74 | 6.25 | 1.72 | 32.16 | 16.65 |
Source | df | GLA | PDW | RWC | GNPS | TGW |
2019–2020 | ||||||
Tillage (T) | 1 | 6.18 ns | 0.531 ns | 3.69 ns | 25.62 * | 2.78 ns |
Irrigation (I) | 1 | 635.45 *** | 6933.9 *** | 5249.7 *** | 369.8 *** | 2917.7 *** |
I × T | 1 | 26.71 ** | 118.96 *** | 523.73 *** | 27.27 ** | 282.44 * |
Mulch (M) | 4 | 23.40 *** | 16.33 *** | 13.65 *** | 24.67 *** | 47.86 *** |
M × T | 4 | 0.444 ns | 0.350 ns | 0.190 ns | 0.693 ns | 0.318 ns |
M × I | 4 | 9.17 *** | 4.72 ** | 5.81 ** | 10.62 *** | 0.563 ** |
M × I × T | 4 | 0.853 ns | 0.252 ns | 0.263 ns | 0.170 ns | 0.718 ns |
2020–2021 | ||||||
Tillage (T) | 1 | 15.19 ns | 7.66 ns | 12.89 ns | 22.88 * | 3.06 ns |
Irrigation (I) | 1 | 454.27 *** | 901.1 *** | 356.85 *** | 298.34 *** | 2589.9 *** |
I × T | 1 | 9.45 * | 23.84 ** | 37.71 ** | 30.68 ** | 236.35 *** |
Mulch (M) | 4 | 27.48 *** | 24.94 *** | 10.48 *** | 20.52 *** | 18.17 *** |
M × T | 4 | 1.43 ns | 0.607 ns | 0.399 ns | 0.099 ns | 0.977 ns |
M × I | 4 | 10.66 *** | 10.76 *** | 4.25 ** | 6.10 *** | 2.93 * |
M × I × T | 4 | 0.470 ns | 0.183 ns | 0.368 ns | 0.50 ns | 0.464 ns |
Source | df | GY | BY | HI | IWUE | WP |
2019–2020 | ||||||
Tillage (T) | 1 | 69.28 * | 48.44 * | 0.006 ns | 228.46 ** | 233.02 ** |
Irrigation (I) | 1 | 911.25 *** | 1211.7 *** | 23.21ns | 124.93 *** | 3.61 ns |
I × T | 1 | 9.51 * | 12.01 * | 0.248 ns | 26.05 ** | 31.60 ** |
Mulch (M) | 4 | 28.48 *** | 23.27 *** | 5.06 ** | 33.54 *** | 39.85 *** |
M × T | 4 | 0.204 ns | 0.186 ns | 0.440 ns | 0.192 ns | 0.384 ns |
M × I | 4 | 3.45 * | 0.828 *** | 9.65 *** | 12.49 *** | 14.67 *** |
M × I × T | 4 | 0.070 ns | 0.511 ns | 0.608 ns | 0.080 ns | 0.396 ns |
2020–2021 | ||||||
Tillage (T) | 1 | 50.24 * | 1113.26 *** | 3.82 ns | 87.03 * | 76.67 * |
Irrigation (I) | 1 | 2947.8 *** | 1854.3 *** | 1.31 ns | 368.6 *** | 0.770 ns |
I × T | 1 | 25.11 ** | 12.34 * | 2.32 ns | 110.68 *** | 84.60 *** |
Mulch (M) | 4 | 34.74 *** | 19.35 *** | 16.66 *** | 47.01 *** | 50.39 *** |
M × T | 4 | 0.375 ns | 0.080 ns | 0.386 ns | 0.303 ns | 0.504 ns |
M × I | 4 | 5.25 ** | 4.61 ** | 21.68 *** | 19.01 *** | 19.32 *** |
M × I × T | 4 | 0.181 ns | 0.322 ns | 0.122 ns | 0.118 ns | 0.411 ns |
Treatments | GLA | PDW | RWC | GNPS | TGW | GY | BY | HI | IWUE | WP |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2019/2020 | ||||||||||
NM | 146.9 c | 6.92 c | 78.15 c | 38.57 d | 40.83 d | 6.15 d | 18.73 c | 32.72 b | 12.23 d | 10.90 d |
PFM | 173.7 ab | 8.07 a | 83.57 a | 43.52 c | 42.73 c | 6.89 c | 20.47 b | 33.19 b | 14.04 c | 13.37 c |
WSM | 168.4 b | 7.64 b | 80.55 b | 45.16 c | 44.64 b | 7.28 b | 20.65 b | 35.70 a | 15.05 b | 13.67 bc |
PRM | 182.7 a | 8.19 a | 81.96 b | 50.04 a | 47.84 a | 7.69 a | 22.04a | 35.39 a | 16.06 a | 14.67 a |
MM | 169.9 b | 8.00 ab | 81.57 b | 47.05 b | 46.49 ab | 7.44 ab | 21.57a | 34.97 a | 15.44 ab | 14.04 ab |
FL | 205.4 a | 9.27 a | 88.50 a | 50.92 a | 52.80 a | 8.84 a | 26.08a | 33.96 a | 13.20 b | 13.12 a |
LM | 131.2 b | 6.25 b | 73.82 b | 38.81 b | 36.21 b | 5.34 b | 15.30b | 34.82 a | 15.92 a | 13.54 a |
CT | 163.2 a | 7.73 a | 80.54 a | 43.62 b | 43.90 a | 6.79 b | 19.85b | 34.39 a | 13.76 b | 12.52 b |
RT | 173.4 a | 7.80 a | 81.78 a | 46.11 a | 45.11 a | 7.39 a | 21.53a | 34.40 a | 15.36 a | 14.14 a |
2020/2021 | ||||||||||
NM | 140.6 d | 6.90 c | 75.10 c | 38.81 d | 38.56 d | 5.97 d | 18.02 c | 32.56 b | 11.78 d | 10.67 c |
PFM | 168.1 ab | 7.94 a | 81.28 a | 43.32 c | 40.46 c | 6.46 c | 19.79 b | 32.03 b | 13.05 c | 12.52 b |
WSM | 156.5 c | 7.51 b | 78.14 b | 45.60 bc | 42.37 b | 6.84 b | 19.71 b | 34.86 a | 14.05 b | 12.91 b |
PRM | 172.7 a | 8.13 a | 79.85 ab | 48.89 a | 45.57 a | 7.53 a | 21.09 a | 36.15 a | 15.68 a | 14.50 a |
MM | 163.2 bc | 7.90 a | 79.23 ab | 46.19 b | 44.22 ab | 7.28 a | 20.44 ab | 35.97 a | 15.15 a | 13.91 a |
FL | 195.0 a | 9.20 a | 86.21 a | 50.48 a | 50.05 a | 8.58 a | 24.87 a | 34.50 a | 12.80 b | 12.85 a |
LM | 125.4 b | 6.15 b | 71.23 b | 38.65 b | 34.42 b | 5.05 b | 14.75 b | 34.13 a | 15.09 a | 12.95 a |
CT | 157.2 a | 7.58 a | 78.05 a | 43.10 b | 41.60 a | 6.46 b | 19.00 b | 33.86 a | 13.03 b | 12.10 b |
RT | 163.2 a | 7.77 a | 79.40 a | 46.03 a | 42.88 a | 7.17 a | 20.61 a | 34.77 a | 14.85 a | 13.70 a |
Tillage | Mulching | KyPDW | KyGY | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2019–2020 | 2020–2021 | 2019–2020 | 2020–2021 | ||
CT | NM | 1.37 | 1.34 | 1.68 | 1.69 |
PFM | 0.65 | 0.74 | 1.13 | 1.30 | |
WSM | 1.09 | 1.06 | 1.17 | 1.23 | |
PRM | 0.89 | 0.89 | 0.99 | 0.99 | |
MM | 0.99 | 0.98 | 1.09 | 1.06 | |
RT | NM | 1.22 | 1.24 | 1.39 | 1.45 |
PFM | 0.63 | 0.57 | 0.90 | 0.99 | |
WSM | 0.82 | 0.93 | 0.83 | 0.95 | |
PRM | 0.72 | 0.70 | 0.68 | 0.74 | |
MM | 0.77 | 0.73 | 0.78 | 0.81 |
Days after Sowing | Soil Depths | Equation | Equation | ||
An Increase in PDW and GY for each 10 mm Increase in SWS | |||||
PDW | g plant−1 | GY | ton ha−1 | ||
64 | 0–20 | Y = 0.053x − 1.28 | 0.53 | Y = 0.058x − 2.82 | 0.58 |
20–40 | Y = 0.049x − 1.86 | 0.49 | Y = 0.055x − 3.72 | 0.55 | |
40–60 | Y = 0.030x − 1.39 | 0.30 | Y = 0.032x − 0.056 | 0.32 | |
91 | 0–20 | Y = 0.063x − 1.68 | 0.63 | Y = 0.070x − 3.45 | 0.70 |
20–40 | Y = 0.068x − 3.14 | 0.68 | Y = 0.071x − 4.49 | 0.71 | |
40–60 | Y = 0.051x − 0.496 | 0.51 | Y = 0.053x − 1.70 | 0.53 | |
110 | 0–20 | Y = 0.066x − 1.45 | 0.66 | Y = 0.074x − 3.46 | 0.74 |
20–40 | Y = 0.074x − 3.13 | 0.74 | Y = 0.080x − 4.80 | 0.80 | |
40–60 | Y = 0.055x − 0.938 | 0.55 | Y = 0.058x − 2.13 | 0.58 | |
Days after Sowing | Soil Depths | Optimal SWS for Maximizing IWUE and WP | |||
IWUE | mm | WP | mm | ||
64 | 0–20 | Y = −0.0017x2 + 0.518x − 24.58 | 152.35 | Y = −0.0012x2 + 0.413x − 20.88 | 172.08 |
20–40 | Y = −0.0012x2 + 0.455x − 26.51 | 189.58 | Y = −0.001x2 + 0.416x − 27.27 | 208.00 | |
40–60 | Y = 0.0002x2 −0.087x + 25.79 | 217.50 | Y = 0.00008x2 − 0.0389x + 17.38 | 243.13 | |
91 | 0–20 | Y = −0.0024x2 + 0.672x − 31.31 | 140.00 | Y = −0.002x2 + 0.610x − 31.42 | 152.50 |
20–40 | Y = −0.002x2 + 0.638x − 34.95 | 159.50 | Y = −0.0022x2 + 0.731x − 46.94 | 166.14 | |
40–60 | Y = −0.00006x2 − 0.0194x + 19.07 | 161.67 | Y = −0.0003x2 − 0.086x + 6.50 | 143.33 | |
110 | 0–20 | Y = −0.0017x2 + 0.443x − 14.07 | 130.29 | Y = −0.0018x2 + 0.531x − 24.48 | 147.50 |
20–40 | Y = −0.0028x2 + 0.799x − 40.51 | 142.68 | Y = −0.0027x2 + 0.799x − 45.37 | 147.96 | |
40–60 | Y = −0.0006x2 + 0.165x + 4.64 | 137.50 | Y = −0.0007x2 + 0.236x − 5.13 | 168.57 |
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Alsamin, B.; El-Hendawy, S.; Refay, Y.; Tola, E.; Mattar, M.A.; Marey, S. Integrating Tillage and Mulching Practices as an Avenue to Promote Soil Water Storage, Growth, Production, and Water Productivity of Wheat under Deficit Irrigation in Arid Countries. Agronomy 2022, 12, 2235. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12092235
Alsamin B, El-Hendawy S, Refay Y, Tola E, Mattar MA, Marey S. Integrating Tillage and Mulching Practices as an Avenue to Promote Soil Water Storage, Growth, Production, and Water Productivity of Wheat under Deficit Irrigation in Arid Countries. Agronomy. 2022; 12(9):2235. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12092235
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlsamin, Bazel, Salah El-Hendawy, Yahya Refay, ElKamil Tola, Mohamed A. Mattar, and Samy Marey. 2022. "Integrating Tillage and Mulching Practices as an Avenue to Promote Soil Water Storage, Growth, Production, and Water Productivity of Wheat under Deficit Irrigation in Arid Countries" Agronomy 12, no. 9: 2235. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12092235