Corn (Zea mays L.) Production in Living Mulch Systems Using White Clover (Trifolium repens L.) under Different Nitrogen Fertilization Rates
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Site
2.2. Measurements and Management
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Weather
3.2. Experiment I—Corn Silage
3.2.1. Living Mulch Botanical Composition
3.2.2. Living Mulch Total Mass
3.2.3. Corn Silage Production
3.3. Experiment II—Corn Grain
3.3.1. Living Mulch Botanical Composition
3.3.2. Living Mulch Total Mass
3.3.3. Corn Grain Production
4. Discussion
4.1. Experiment I—Corn Silage
4.1.1. Botanical Composition
4.1.2. Total LM Mass
4.1.3. Corn Silage Production
4.2. Experiment II—Corn Grain
4.2.1. Botanical Composition
4.2.2. Total LM Mass
4.2.3. Corn Grain Production
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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2020 | ||||||
Treatments | May | June | July | August | September | Average Value |
------------------- Living mulch (%) ------------------- | ||||||
† C-0 | 0.0 b,A | 0.0 d,A | 0.0 d,A | 0.0 b,A | 0.0 b,A | 0 |
C-135 | 0.0 b,A | 0.0 d,A | 0.0 d,A | 0.0 b,A | 0.0 b,A | 0 |
CLM-0 | 100.0 a,A | 84.7 ab,B | 49.4 a,C | 23.5 a,D | 16.5 a,D | 54.8 |
CLM-45 | 99.2 a,A | 90.0 a,A | 46.5 ab,B | 1.7 b,D | 18.7 a,C | 51.2 |
CLM-90 | 93.4 a,A | 74.4 bc,B | 35.3 bc,C | 2.5 b,D | 10.1 ab,D | 43.1 |
CLM-135 | 98.6 a,A | 68.2 c,B | 25.2 c,C | 6.4 b,D | 12.5 ab,CD | 42.2 |
Average value | 65.2 | 52.9 | 26.1 | 5.7 | 9.6 | |
ANOVA | ||||||
Sampling month (M) | <0.0001 | |||||
Treatment (T) | <0.0001 | |||||
M × T | <0.0001 | |||||
------------------- Weed (%) ------------------- | ||||||
C-0 | 0.0 a,B | 0.0 d,B | 100.0 a,A | 100.0 a,A | 100.0 a,A | 60.0 |
C-135 | 0.0 a,B | 0.0 d,B | 100.0 a,A | 100.0 a,A | 100.0 a,A | 60.0 |
CLM-0 | 0.0 a,D | 15.3 bc,C | 50.6 d,B | 76.5 b,A | 83.5 b,A | 45.2 |
CLM-45 | 0.8 a,D | 10.0 cd,D | 53.5 cd,C | 98.3 a,A | 81.3 b,B | 48.8 |
CLM-90 | 6.7 a,D | 25.6 ab,C | 64.7 bc,B | 97.5 a,A | 89.9 ab,A | 56.9 |
CLM-135 | 1.4 a,D | 31.8 a,C | 74.8 b,B | 93.6 a,A | 87.5 ab,AB | 52.4 |
Average value | 1.5 | 13.8 | 69.4 | 94.3 | 90.4 | |
ANOVA | ||||||
Sampling month (M) | 0.0002 | |||||
Treatment (T) | <0.0001 | |||||
M × T | <0.0001 | |||||
2021 | ||||||
Treatments | May | June | July | August | September | Average Value |
------------------- Living mulch (%) ------------------- | ||||||
C-0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 b |
C-135 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 b |
CLM-0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 88.3 | 91.7 | 61.6 | 88.3 a |
CLM-45 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 81.8 | 98.0 | 37.5 | 83.5 a |
CLM-90 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 87.8 | 91.3 | 45.8 | 85.0 a |
CLM-135 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 79.1 | 53.9 | 86.6 a |
Average value | 66.7 A | 66.7 A | 59.7 A | 60.0 A | 33.1 B | - |
ANOVA | ||||||
Sampling month (M) | <0.0001 | |||||
Treatment (T) | <0.0001 | |||||
M × T | 0.3363 | |||||
------------------- Weed (%) ------------------- | ||||||
C-0 | 0.0 a,B | 0.0 a,B | 100.0 a,A | 100.0 a,A | 100.0 a,A | 60.0 |
C-135 | 0.0 a,B | 0.0 a,B | 100.0 a,A | 100.0 a,A | 100.0 a,A | 60.0 |
CLM-0 | 0.0 a,B | 0.0 a,B | 11.7 b,AB | 8.3 b,AB | 38.4 b,A | 11.7 |
CLM-45 | 0.0 a,B | 0.0 a,B | 18.2 b,B | 2.0 b,B | 62.6 b,A | 16.5 |
CLM-90 | 0.0 a,C | 0.0 a,C | 12.2 b,BC | 8.7 b,BC | 54.2 b,A | 15.0 |
CLM-135 | 0.0 a,B | 0.0 a,B | 0.0 b,B | 20.9 b,AB | 46.2 b,A | 13.4 |
Average value | 0.0 | 0.0 | 40.3 | 40.0 | 66.9 | - |
ANOVA | ||||||
Sampling month (M) | <0.0001 | |||||
Treatment (T) | <0.0001 | |||||
M × T | <0.0001 |
2020 | ||||||
Treatments | May | June | July | August | September | Average Value |
------------------- Living mulch mass (DM kg/ha) ------------------- | ||||||
† C-0 | 0.0 a,C | 0.0 b,C | 223.3 b,B | 2510.0 ab,A | 835.0 ab,B | 713.7 |
C-135 | 0.0 a,B | 0.0 b,B | 578.3 ab,B | 2163.3 bc,A | 1525.0 a,A | 853.3 |
CLM-0 | 371.7 a,B | 513.3 ab,B | 881.7 ab,B | 1653.3 c,A | 926.7 ab,B | 869.3 |
CLM-45 | 381.7 a,C | 806.7 a,BC | 1131.7 a,B | 2806.7 ab,A | 1043.3 ab,BC | 1234.0 |
CLM-90 | 425.0 a,B | 781.7 a,B | 873.3 ab,B | 2950.0 a,A | 708.3 b,B | 1147.7 |
CLM-135 | 418.3 a,C | 146.7 ab,C | 1173.3 a,B | 2776.7 ab,A | 895.0 ab,BC | 1082.0 |
Average value | 266.1 | 374.7 | 810.3 | 2476.7 | 988.9 | - |
2021 | ||||||
Treatments | May | June | July | August | September | Average Value |
------------------- Living mulch mass (DM kg/ha) ------------------- | ||||||
C-0 | 0.0 b,B | 0.0 b,B | 456.6 b,B | 1423.3 a,A | 1843.3 a,A | 744.7 |
C-135 | 0.0 b,C | 0.0 b,C | 873.3 ab,B | 1513.3 a,AB | 1690.0 a,A | 815.3 |
CLM-0 | 1776.7 a,A | 1126.7 a,AB | 1170.0 a,AB | 530.0 b,BC | 293.3 b,C | 979.3 |
CLM-45 | 1726.7 a,A | 970.0 a,B | 823.3 ab,B | 586.6 b,B | 546.6 b,B | 930.7 |
CLM-90 | 1903.3 a,A | 1030.0 a,B | 853.3 ab,B | 736.6 b,B | 736.6 b,B | 1052.0 |
CLM-135 | 1770.0 a,A | 1003.3 a,B | 1046.7 ab,B | 781.6 b,BC | 336.6 b,C | 987.7 |
Avarage value | 1196.1 | 688.3 | 870.5 | 928.6 | 907.8 | - |
ANOVA | ||||||
2020 | 2021 | |||||
Sampling month (M) | <0.0001 | 0.1543 | ||||
Treatment (T) | 0.0606 | 0.0107 | ||||
M × T | 0.0430 | <0.0001 |
Treatments | 2020 | 2021 | Average Value |
---|---|---|---|
------------------- Corn silage production (DM Ton/ha) ------------------- | |||
† C-0 | 5.3 | 2.3 | 3.8 bc |
C-135 | 10.0 | 5.5 | 7.8 a |
CLM-0 | 3.8 | 2.4 | 3.1 c |
CLM-45 | 6.1 | 2.2 | 4.1 bc |
CLM-90 | 7.1 | 2.4 | 4.7 bc |
CLM-135 | 8.6 | 2.1 | 5.3 b |
Average value | 6.8 A | 2.8 B | - |
ANOVA | |||
Year (Y) | <0.0001 | ||
Treatment (T) | 0.0025 | ||
Y × T | 0.2488 |
2020 | ||||||
Treatments | May | June | July | August | September | Average Value |
------------------- Living mulch (%) ------------------- | ||||||
† C-0 | 0.0 b,A | 0.0 b,A | 0.0 c,A | 0.0 c,A | 0.0 a,A | 0 |
C-135 | 0.0 b,A | 0.0 b,A | 0.0 c,A | 0.0 c,A | 0.0 a,A | 0 |
CLM-0 | 73.6 a,A | 94.6 a,A | 70.2 ab,A | 42.6 a,B | 24.9 a,B | 61.2 |
CLM-45 | 69.3 a,AB | 92.7 a,A | 64.8 ab,BC | 38.5 ab,CD | 21.3 a,D | 57.3 |
CLM-90 | 94.3 a,A | 69.9 a,AB | 44.5 b,B | 12.0 bc,C | 4.0 a,C | 44.9 |
CLM-135 | 94.6 a,A | 92.0 a,A | 87.3 a,A | 8.0 c,B | 10.0 a,B | 58.4 |
Average value | 55.3 | 58.2 | 44.5 | 16.8 | 10.0 | |
ANOVA | ||||||
Sampling month (M) | <0.0001 | |||||
Treatment (T) | <0.0001 | |||||
M × T | <0.0001 | |||||
------------------- Weed (%) ------------------- | ||||||
C-0 | 0.0 b,B | 0.0 b,B | 100.0 a,A | 100.0 a,A | 100.0 a,A | 60.0 |
C-135 | 0.0 b,B | 0.0 b,B | 100.0 a,A | 100.0 a,A | 100.0 a,A | 60.0 |
CLM-0 | 26.4 ab,BC | 5.4 ab,B | 29.8 bc,BC | 57.4 c,A | 75.1 a,A | 38.8 |
CLM-45 | 30.7 a,CD | 7.3 ab,D | 35.2 bc,BC | 61.5 bc,AB | 78.7 a,A | 42.7 |
CLM-90 | 5.7 ab,C | 30.1 a,BC | 55.5 b,B | 88.0 ab,A | 96.0 a,A | 55.1 |
CLM-135 | 5.4 ab,B | 8.0 ab,B | 12.7 c,B | 92.1 a,A | 90.0 a,A | 41.6 |
Average value | 11.4 | 8.5 | 55.5 | 83.1 | 90.0 | |
ANOVA | ||||||
Sampling month (M) | <0.0001 | |||||
Treatment (T) | 0.0107 | |||||
M × T | <0.0001 | |||||
2021 | ||||||
Treatments | May | June | July | August | September | Average Value |
------------------- Living mulch (%) ------------------- | ||||||
C-0 | 0.0 b,A | 0.0 b,A | 0.0 b,A | 0.0 b,A | 0.0 c,A | 0 |
C-135 | 0.0 b,A | 0.0 b,A | 0.0 b,A | 0.0 b,A | 0.0 c,A | 0 |
CLM-0 | 100.0 a,A | 100.0 a,A | 100.0 a,A | 100.0 a,A | 76.8 a,B | 95.4 |
CLM-45 | 100.0 a,A | 100.0 b,A | 100.0 a,A | 100.0 a,A | 47.2 b,B | 89.4 |
CLM-90 | 100.0 a,A | 100.0 a,A | 89.7 a,A | 100.0 a,A | 60.5 ab,B | 90.0 |
CLM-135 | 100.0 a,A | 100.0 a,A | 84.9 a,A | 99.3 a,A | 63.9 ab,B | 89.6 |
Average value | 66.7 | 66.7 | 62.4 | 66.6 | 41.4 | |
ANOVA | ||||||
Sampling month (M) | <0.0001 | |||||
Treatment (T) | <0.0001 | |||||
M × T | 0.0330 | |||||
------------------- Weed (%) ------------------- | ||||||
C-0 | 0.0 a,B | 0.0 a,B | 100.0 a,A | 100.0 a,A | 100.0 a,A | 60.0 |
C-135 | 0.0 a,B | 0.0 a,B | 100.0 a,A | 100.0 a,A | 100.0 a,A | 60.0 |
CLM-0 | 0.0 a,B | 0.0 a,B | 0.0 b,B | 0.0 b,B | 23.2 c,A | 4.7 |
CLM-45 | 0.0 a,B | 0.0 a,B | 0.0 b,B | 0.0 b,B | 52.8 b,A | 10.6 |
CLM-90 | 0.0 a,B | 0.0 a,B | 10.3 b,B | 0.0 b,B | 39.5 bc,A | 10.0 |
CLM-135 | 0.0 a,B | 0.0 a,B | 15.1 b,B | 0.7 b,B | 36.1 bcA | 10.4 |
Average value | 0.0 | 0.0 | 37.6 | 33.5 | 58.6 | |
ANOVA | ||||||
Sampling month (M) | <0.0001 | |||||
Treatment (T) | <0.0001 | |||||
M × T | <0.0001 |
2020 | ||||||
Treatments | May | June | July | August | September | Average Value |
------------------- Living mulch mass (DM kg/ha) ------------------- | ||||||
†C-0 | 0.0 c,C | 0.0 b,C | 179.3 a,C | 2086.7 bc,A | 1120.0 b,B | 677.2 |
C-135 | 0.0 a,C | 0.0 b,C | 211.7 a,BC | 1750.0 c,A | 880.0 b,B | 568.3 |
CLM-0 | 691.7 a,A | 933.3 a,A | 746.7 a,A | 1400.0 c,A | 836.7 b,A | 921.7 |
CLM-45 | 570.0 a,B | 941.7 a,AB | 781.7 a,B | 1663.3 c,A | 871.7 b,AB | 965.7 |
CLM-90 | 348.3 a,B | 876.7 a,B | 711.7 a,B | 2873.3 ab,A | 2086.7 a,A | 1379.3 |
CLM-135 | 628.3 a,C | 693.3 a,BC | 626.7 a,C | 3586.7 a,A | 1516.7 ab,B | 1410.3 |
Average value | 373.1 | 574.2 | 542.9 | 2226.7 | 1218.6 | - |
2021 | ||||||
Treatments | May | June | July | August | September | Average Value |
------------------- Living mulch mass (DM kg/ha) ------------------- | ||||||
C-0 | 0.0 c,A | 0.0 a,A | 416.7 a,A | 1426,7 a,A | 1266.7 a,A | 622.0 |
C-135 | 0.0 c,B | 0.0 a,B | 616.7 a,AB | 1696.7 a,A | 1253.3 a,AB | 713.3 |
CLM-0 | 1813.3 b,A | 906.7 a,A | 770.0 a,A | 553.3 a,A | 790.0 a,A | 966.7 |
CLM-45 | 1373.3 bc,A | 647.0 a,A | 803.3 a,A | 740.0 a,A | 1036.7 a,A | 920.1 |
CLM-90 | 1276.7 bc,A | 1070.0 a,A | 643.3 a,A | 743.3 a,A | 730.0 a,A | 892.7 |
CLM-135 | 4160.0 a,A | 1040.0 a,B | 776.7 a,B | 596.7 a,B | 726.7 a,B | 1460.0 |
Average value | 1437.2 | 610.6 | 676.1 | 959.4 | 967.2 | - |
ANOVA | ||||||
2020 | 2021 | |||||
Sampling month (M) | <0.0001 | 0.0984 | ||||
Treatment (T) | 0.0027 | 0.2435 | ||||
M × T | 0.0381 | 0.0337 |
Treatments | 2020 | 2021 |
---|---|---|
------------------- Corn grain production (DM Ton/ha) ------------------- | ||
† C-0 | 3.4 b,A | 0.1 a,B |
C-135 | 4.7 a,A | 0.2 a,B |
CLM-0 | 1.1 c,A | 0.1 a,B |
CLM-45 | 1.4 c,A | 0.3 a,B |
CLM-90 | 1.5 c,A | 0.1 a,B |
CLM-135 | 1.8 c,A | 0.1 a,B |
ANOVA | ||
Year (Y) | <0.0001 | |
Treatment (T) | <0.0001 | |
Y × T | <0.0001 |
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Quinby, M.P.; Nave, R.L.G.; Sykes, V.; Bates, G.; Sams, C.; de Almeida, O.G. Corn (Zea mays L.) Production in Living Mulch Systems Using White Clover (Trifolium repens L.) under Different Nitrogen Fertilization Rates. Agronomy 2023, 13, 2377. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092377
Quinby MP, Nave RLG, Sykes V, Bates G, Sams C, de Almeida OG. Corn (Zea mays L.) Production in Living Mulch Systems Using White Clover (Trifolium repens L.) under Different Nitrogen Fertilization Rates. Agronomy. 2023; 13(9):2377. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092377
Chicago/Turabian StyleQuinby, Marcia Pereira, Renata La Guardia Nave, Virginia Sykes, Gary Bates, Carl Sams, and Otávio Goulart de Almeida. 2023. "Corn (Zea mays L.) Production in Living Mulch Systems Using White Clover (Trifolium repens L.) under Different Nitrogen Fertilization Rates" Agronomy 13, no. 9: 2377. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092377