Changes in the Rhizosphere Biome Depending on the Variety of Wheat, Timing of Its Growing Season, and Agrochemical Components in the Soils of Italy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Field Experiment and Soil Description
2.2. Experimental Design
2.3. Soil Sampling Experimental Set-Up
2.4. Soil Enzyme Activities and Microbiological Analyses
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. How the Period Affects the Soil Microbiological Properties
3.2. Soil Organic Matter and Microbiological Parameters as a Function of the Treatment along the Period
3.3. How the Soil Organic Matter and Microbiological Parameters Change along the Period in the Commercial Bread Wheat Varieties within the Untreated Field Plots
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | November 2022 | May 2023 | July 2023 |
---|---|---|---|
Air temperature (°C) | 8.8 ± 3.97 | 17.7 ± 4.47 | 24.7 ± 5.15 |
Air humidity (%) | 87.0 ± 0.09 | 73,2 ± 0.13 | 75.7 ± 0.15 |
Precipitation (mm) | 21.5 ± 0.15 | 58.7 ± 0.23 | 145.8 ± 6.40 |
Soil T at 5 cm depth (°C) | 11.0 ± 3.01 | 20.2 ± 2.38 | 25.8 ± 1.42 |
Soil moisture content (%) | 25.2 ± 0.05 | 24.1 ± 0.04 | 23.8 ± 0.06 |
Soil oxygen content (%) | 19.8 ± 0.35 | 18.2 ± 0.49 | 14.3 ± 1.39 |
Year | Date | Type | Commercial Name | Manufacturer | Active Substances | Application Rate (L/ha) | Plot Treatment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2022–2023 | 9 November 2022 | Herbicide | Zodiac DFF® | Bayer CropScience S.r.l. Milan, Italy | Diflufenican | 2 | Treated and untreated |
Chlortoluron | |||||||
16 March 2023 | Herbicide | Traxos® Pronto 60 | Pinoxaden | 1 | Treated and untreated | ||
SYNGENTA ITLIA S.p.A. Milan, Italy | Clodinafop-propargyl | ||||||
Cloquintocet-mexyl | |||||||
Herbicide | Zypar™ | Dow AgroSciences Italy s.r.l. Milan, Italy | Florasulam | 1 | |||
Cloquintocet-mexyl | |||||||
Adjuvant | Codacide | DU PONT DE NEMOURS ITALIANA Srl Milan, Italy | Rapeseed oil | 1 | |||
29 March 2023 | PGR | Trimaxx® | ADAMA Italia S.r.l. Bergamo, Italy | Trinexapac-ethyl | 0.5 | Treated | |
Fungicide | Priaxor® | Fluxapyroxad | 1.5 | ||||
BASF Italia S.p.A. Cesano Maderno, Italy | Pyraclostrobin | ||||||
5 May 2023 | Fungicide | Prosaro® | Prothioconazole | 1 | Treated | ||
Bayer CropScience S.r.l. Milan, Italy | Tebuconazole |
Parameter | Period | Treatment | |
---|---|---|---|
Untreated | Treated | ||
SOM | November 2022 | 2.61 (0.15) a | 2.60 (0.12) a |
May 2023 | 2.45 (0.14) a | 2.52 (0.37) a | |
July 2023 | 2.59 (0.16) a | 2.59 (0.14) a | |
Microbial Biomass | November 2022 | 32.10 (9.08) a | 33.34 (10.67) a |
May 2023 | 26.52 (3.29) a | 25.20 (4.32) b | |
July 2023 | 28.30 (3.72) a | 27.85 (4.20) a |
Antille | Aquilante | Bandera | Bologna | Skyfall | Sy Moisson | Tintoretto | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameters | F | p | F | p | F | p | F | p | F | p | F | p | F | p |
SOM | 8 | ** | 5 | * | 4 | * | 2 | ns | 2 | ns | 9 | *** | 3 | * |
dsDNA | 1 | ns | 3 | ns | 9 | *** | 13 | *** | 1 | ns | 2 | ns | 8 | ** |
β-gluc | 22 | *** | 23 | *** | 19 | *** | 15 | *** | 27 | *** | 7 | ** | 6 | ** |
xylo | 54 | *** | 38 | *** | 28 | *** | 19 | *** | 51 | *** | 17 | *** | 29 | *** |
uroni | 122 | *** | 238 | *** | 240 | *** | 168 | *** | 119 | *** | 207 | *** | 270 | *** |
chit | 2 | ns | 3 | ns | 0.1 | ns | 1 | ns | 3 | * | 1 | ns | 0.2 | ns |
leu | 2 | ns | 1 | ns | 3 | ns | 2 | ns | 1 | ns | 2 | ns | 0.3 | ns |
acP | 166 | *** | 502 | *** | 162 | *** | 118 | *** | 276 | *** | 107 | *** | 237 | *** |
alkP | 64 | *** | 109 | *** | 61 | *** | 53 | *** | 68 | *** | 68 | *** | 76 | *** |
inositP | 172 | *** | 350 | *** | 236 | *** | 220 | *** | 205 | *** | 148 | *** | 389 | *** |
bisP | 18 | *** | 23 | *** | 38 | *** | 8 | ** | 74 | *** | 13 | *** | 24 | *** |
piroP | 8 | ** | 10 | *** | 14 | *** | 5 | * | 10 | *** | 6 | ** | 7 | ** |
aryS | 19 | *** | 22 | *** | 26 | *** | 20 | *** | 15 | *** | 12 | *** | 24 | *** |
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Bardelli, T.; Fornasier, F.; Novarina, E.; Donniacuo, A.; Romano, E.; Bianchi, P.G.; Giulini, A.P.M. Changes in the Rhizosphere Biome Depending on the Variety of Wheat, Timing of Its Growing Season, and Agrochemical Components in the Soils of Italy. Agronomy 2024, 14, 832. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14040832
Bardelli T, Fornasier F, Novarina E, Donniacuo A, Romano E, Bianchi PG, Giulini APM. Changes in the Rhizosphere Biome Depending on the Variety of Wheat, Timing of Its Growing Season, and Agrochemical Components in the Soils of Italy. Agronomy. 2024; 14(4):832. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14040832
Chicago/Turabian StyleBardelli, Tommaso, Flavio Fornasier, Elena Novarina, Antonella Donniacuo, Elio Romano, Pier Giacomo Bianchi, and Anna Pia Maria Giulini. 2024. "Changes in the Rhizosphere Biome Depending on the Variety of Wheat, Timing of Its Growing Season, and Agrochemical Components in the Soils of Italy" Agronomy 14, no. 4: 832. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14040832