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Volume 15
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10.3390/genes15020154
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Article

Molecular Evaluation of the Effects of FLC Homologs and Coordinating Regulators on the Flowering Responses to Vernalization in Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) Genotypes

by
Ju-Young Ahn
1,†,
Saminathan Subburaj
1,†,‡,
Fanzhuang Yan
2,
Jian Yao
2,
Ajithan Chandrasekaran
1,2,
Kyoung-Gu Ahn
3 and
Geung-Joo Lee
1,2,*
1
Department of Horticulture, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
2
Department of Smart Agriculture Systems, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
3
Joen Seed Co., Ltd., Goesan 28051, Republic of Korea
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
‡
Present address: NORCE Norwegian Research Centre AS, Climate & Environment Department, Siva Innovasjonssenter, Sykehusvn 21, 9019 Tromsø, Norway.
Genes 2024, 15(2), 154; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes15020154
Submission received: 15 November 2023 / Revised: 8 January 2024 / Accepted: 20 January 2024 / Published: 24 January 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Research and Plant Breeding 2.0)
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Abstract

The flowering loci of cabbage must be understood to boost their productivity. In this study, to clarify the flowering mechanisms of cabbage, we examined the three flowering repressors BoFLC1, 2 and 3, and the flowering regulators BoGI, BoCOOLAIR, and BoVIN3 of early (CAB1), middle (CAB3), and late (CAB5) flowering cabbage genotypes. Analysis of allele-specifically amplified genomic DNA and various sequence alignments demonstrated that maximal insertions and deletions influenced cabbage flowering behavior, notably in CAB3 and CAB5. Phylogenetic studies showed that BoFLC1, 2, and 3 in the CAB1, 3, and 5 genotypes had the highest homologies to other Brassica species, with CAB3 and 5 the most similar. Although CAB3 and CAB5 have comparable genetic patterns, flowering repressors and flowering regulators were investigated individually with and without vernalization to determine their minor flowering differences. The expression investigation revealed that vernalized CAB5 downregulated all BoFLC genes compared to CAB3 and, in contrast, CAB3 exhibited upregulated BoCOOLAIR. We hypothesized that the CAB3 BoFLC locus’ additional insertions may have led to BoCOOLAIR overexpression and BoFLC downregulation. This study sheds light on cabbage genotypes—particularly those of CAB1 and CAB5—and suggests that structural variations in BoFLC2 and 3 bind flowering regulators, such as COOLAIR, which may affect cabbage flowering time.
Keywords: BoFLC; cabbage flowering; flowering regulator; structural variation; vernalization BoFLC; cabbage flowering; flowering regulator; structural variation; vernalization

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MDPI and ACS Style

Ahn, J.-Y.; Subburaj, S.; Yan, F.; Yao, J.; Chandrasekaran, A.; Ahn, K.-G.; Lee, G.-J. Molecular Evaluation of the Effects of FLC Homologs and Coordinating Regulators on the Flowering Responses to Vernalization in Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) Genotypes. Genes 2024, 15, 154. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes15020154

AMA Style

Ahn J-Y, Subburaj S, Yan F, Yao J, Chandrasekaran A, Ahn K-G, Lee G-J. Molecular Evaluation of the Effects of FLC Homologs and Coordinating Regulators on the Flowering Responses to Vernalization in Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) Genotypes. Genes. 2024; 15(2):154. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes15020154

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ahn, Ju-Young, Saminathan Subburaj, Fanzhuang Yan, Jian Yao, Ajithan Chandrasekaran, Kyoung-Gu Ahn, and Geung-Joo Lee. 2024. "Molecular Evaluation of the Effects of FLC Homologs and Coordinating Regulators on the Flowering Responses to Vernalization in Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) Genotypes" Genes 15, no. 2: 154. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes15020154

APA Style

Ahn, J.-Y., Subburaj, S., Yan, F., Yao, J., Chandrasekaran, A., Ahn, K.-G., & Lee, G.-J. (2024). Molecular Evaluation of the Effects of FLC Homologs and Coordinating Regulators on the Flowering Responses to Vernalization in Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) Genotypes. Genes, 15(2), 154. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes15020154

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